Hispanic era
Hispanic era is the computation of the years (era) that starts from the year 716 Ab urbe condita (since the founding of Rome), that is, 38 to. C. (before the Christian Era). It is also known as the Era of Augustus, Era of Caesar or Gothic Era. It was instituted as the official chronology of the Visigothic kingdom of Toledo at the Council of Tarragona (516) or during the reign of Atanagildo (555-567) and was used until the end of the Middle Ages. Its first recorded use occurs in the Chronicon of Hydatius in 468. It is used by documents from the Visigothic period, such as the Historia Gothorum of San Isidoro, and almost all those of the Spanish-Christian kingdoms of the Reconquista, and it was even used in some Andalusian documents (under the name Tarij as-Safar —translation into Arabic of "era hispánica"—). From in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands, the Hispanic Era was used in the south of France, a former Visigothic province, and in North Africa.
Origin
The cause of the choice of such a date is unknown, and has produced many chronological errors even among the most important scholars (controversy between Enrique Flórez and Gregorio Mayans in the middle of the century XVIII); it has been proposed to identify it with the declaration of Hispania as a tributary province, which would have occurred at the time of the dissolution of the second Triumvirate (43 to 38 BC)
The dominant triumvirate in the West, Octavio, who still did not hold the title of Augustus, would have decreed the Aera Hispanica after the official pacification of Hispania, given as concluded the civil wars in those provinces, although the confrontation with Marco Antonio in Oriente continued until the battle of Actium, 31 BC. C. In no case can the date be identified with the culmination of the Roman conquest of Hispania, since it occurred years later, with the Cantabrian wars (29 to 19 BC), which was celebrated with the Ara Pacis, inaugurated in Rome on 9 a. c.
One of the theories that explain the origin of this word is the one that identifies aera ("era" in Latin) with aeris, the plural from aes (Latin, bronze" or "copper"), from which as, the Roman bronze coin, also derives.
Abandonment
In the Catalan counties the Hispanic Era ceased to be used after the III Council of Tarragona in 1180; while in the rest of the Crown of Aragon the use of the Hispanic Era was abandoned during the reign of James I, but since the reign of Alfonso el Casto it was dated together with both eras, Christian and Hispanic, and before only with the Hispanic one; or, as other sources point out, the Hispanic Era was abolished in 1349 in the kingdom of Aragon and in 1358 in the kingdom of Valencia.
In the Crown of Castile, its use was abolished during the reign of John I, by virtue of an agreement of the courts of Segovia in 1383, put into practice on December 25 of the following year.
In the kingdom of Portugal it ceased to be used on August 22, 1422 by decree of King John I. However, a Portuguese tombstone is preserved in Olivenza dated "na era de mil quinhentos e vinte e three years", that is, 1485.
In the kingdom of Navarre, usage from the Hispanic Era survived throughout the 15th century.
Conversion of dates to the Christian era
To the dates that appear in documents with the expressions era or sub era, which denotes reference to the Hispanic Era, prior to the century XIV, 38 years must be subtracted to obtain the corresponding dates of the Christian Era, which in the documents is denoted by the expression Anno Domini and the initials AD, and in current bibliographic use with the abbreviations a. C. and d. C. ("before" and "after Christ").
ÆRA HISPANICA initium sumit ab anno 716. ante Æ. V. annis 38. Appio Claudio pulchro, & Norbano Flacco Consulibus (Pagius in Apparatu pag. 18): nam Hispania in Cæsaris Octaviani potestatem per Domitium Calvinum Proconsulem anno 715. essay (Dio lib. 48), Kalendis Januariis sequentis anni 716. Æram suam Hispanienses duxere. If igitur annis Æræ Christianæ annos 38. addideris, aut ex Æra Hispanica totidem annos detraxeris; annum Christi Vulgarem invenies.
The legend (considered false) inscribed in the Tizona is I'm sorry.which refers to the year 1002 d. C.
Maravedí de Alfonso VIII, with Arabic inscription, dated in Toledo "the year nine and twenty and two hundred and thousand of the Hispanic Era" (Safar). This year 1229 corresponds to 1191 AD.
Chapters of the marriage of Petronila de Aragón with Ramón Berenguer IV of Barcelona, anno incarnationis Dominice CXXXVII post millesimum, era millesima centesima LXXV ("year of the incarnation of Lord 1137, was 1175").
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She was Hispanic and she was a consular
Some of the inscriptions from Asturias present an absolute dating formula of difficult interpretation. This is a consular era expressed in figures that, according to traditional interpretation, is comparable to the Hispanic Era (Vives, 1942, D'Ors, 1962, etc.) If this is correct, it is extremely late inscriptions, dated in the 3rd to 5th centuries. This has led to the thinking that it may not be the Spanish Era, but rather of a system of dating of the area that according to the various authors responds to different criteria (Navascués, 1970, Knapp, 1986, etc.).
The Hispanic inscriptions that use the so-called consular era or the Hispanic era as a dating system are manifestations of the same phenomenon, probably related to the political instability of the West during the reign of Póstumo. The chronology that follows from these texts shows the existence in Hispania of a pagan epigraph until the fifth century AD, and allows to establish some guidelines for the dating of other epigraphs.