Hentai
Hentai (態, 'Hentai's?) 
Listen. (?·i) It is a Japanese word that can be translated as “pervert” or “perversion”. Plus, hentai is the name that receives the genre of manga and anime of pornographic content. Its appearance and development is due to the Japanese cultural and historical attitude towards aesthetics and sexuality; some of Japan's legal and economic realities also played their role. The word hentai is widespread in the Western world, but in Japan itself other equivalent terms are often used, for example, Juhachi-kin (18 ▼, Prohibited [until] 18?).
As with regular anime, most hentai anime productions are based on pre-existing manga (in this case, hentai manga). As a general rule, hentai animes tend to be of lower quality compared to regular animes, either in the amount of detail in the animation and graphics; showing various paraphilias. The plots used can be simple and straightforward as well as intricate and complex. The hentai productions are not intended to be broadcast on television, so they are marketed in OVA format (animated productions intended for video consumption). It also exists in the form of computer video games and dōjinshis. There is also a wide variety of manga and anime, not related to hentai, but that do contain erotic scenes or a large number of jokes with connotations. sexual, called ecchi (エ ッ チ, Etchi? ).
Terminology
Hentai is a kanji composed of 変 (in Japanese, 変, romanized: Hen, lit. ''change' or 'strange'&# 39;) and 態 (Japanese: 態, romanized. Tai; lit. 'appearance' or 'condition'), and means "metamorphosis" or "transformation". In sexual contexts, it has additional meanings of "perversion" or "abnormality", especially when used as an adjective; in these usages, it is the shortened form of the phrase hentai seiyoku (変 態 性欲, 'hentai seiyoku'?) meaning "sexual perversion". The character hen is a general term for oddity as a quirk, it does not carry an explicit sexual reference. While the term has expanded in use to cover a variety of publications, including homosexual publications, it remains primarily a heterosexual term, as terms indicating homosexuality entered Japan as foreign words. Japanese pornographic works those are often tagged simply as 18-kin (18禁, 18-banned?), which means "forbidden to those under 18 years of age", and seijin manga (成人漫画, adult manga?). Less official terms also in use include ero anime (エロアニメ, 'ero anime' ?), ero manga (エロ漫画, 'ero manga' ?), and the English initialism AV (in English, Adult video, lit. 'Adult video'). The use of the term hentai does not define a genre in Japan.
Hentai is defined differently in English. The Oxford Dictionary Online defines it as "a subgenre of the Japanese manga and anime genres, characterized by overtly sexualized characters and sexually explicit images and plots". The origin of the word in English is unknown, but John Oppliger of AnimeNation points to In the early 1990s, when an erotic dōjinshi by Dirty Pair titled H-Bomb was released, many websites sold access to selected images from Japanese erotic visual novels and games. The first English use of the term dates back to rec.arts.anime boards; with a 1990 post on Happosai from Ranma ½ and the first discussion of the meaning in 1991. A 1995 glossary on the rec.arts.anime boards contained a reference to the Japanese usage and definition in evolution of hentai as "perverted" or "perverted sex". The Anime Movie Guide, published in 1997, defines ecchi (エッチ, etchi?) as the initial sound of hentai (ie, the name of the letter H, as pronounced in Japanese); it included that ecchi was "softer than hentai". A year later it was defined as a genre in the Good Vibrations Guide to Sex. In early 2000, hentai was listed as 41.er Internet's most popular search term, while anime ranked 99th. Attribution has been applied retroactively to works such as Urotsukidōji, The Blue Girl and Cool Devices. Urotsukidōji had previously been described with terms such as "Japornimation", and "erotic grotesque", before being identified as hentai.
Etymology
Although hentai is generally referred to in the West as manga and anime pornographic productions, in Japan the word is not widely used in that sense.Hentai » consists of two characters: Hen (変, Strange ?) and Tai (態 , Behavior?), literally means "metamorphosis" or "anomaly". Until the end of the XIX century, it had no sexual connotation. In 1894, a translation of Richard von Kraft-Ebing's book on sexual deviance, Sexual Psychopathies (1886), was published in Japan. In Japanese, the name was translated as “Hentai seiyoku shinrigaku”, introducing into medical terminology a phrase popularized in the postwar Japanese press: Hentai seiyoku (変態 性欲, Sexual Perversion?). The word hentai, borrowed into Western culture by fans of manga and anime, is a shortened version of the term hentai seiyoku. In Japan, this is the name given to people who suffer some form of sexual perversion. It has a negative connotation and can be used to refer to erotic and pornographic professions, but only those in which paraphilias are shown. In other cases, ero is used (for example, ero- manga - erotic manga), Seijin (成人, Adult?) or Juhachi-kin (18 禁, 'Juhachi-kin'?). Thus, the word "hentai" has acquired its own broader meaning abroad.
The term ecchi is derived from the word hentai and was once synonymous with it. Ecchi is the Japanese pronunciation of the letter "H" in English, this being the first letter in the word hentai. Soon the mere mention of the letter "H" » alone began to replace the whole word, however its meaning began to change. Ecchi began to mean the designation of something obscene, in a broad sense, in contrast to the term hentai, which still strongly retained its meaning linked to certain paraphilias.
History
Most researchers agree that erotic manga dates back to the Edo period (1600-1868), when a new trend in the visual arts emerged: Ukiyo-e prints. Erotic prints -shunga - were banned after the Meiji Restoration (1868), but have greatly influenced the images and plot lines of modern Japanese pornography. Modern hentai developed in the 1970s. The pioneer in the world of erotic manga was Gō Nagai, whose humorous work Harenchi Gakuen (1969) was severely criticized as vulgar, and involved protests by associations and committees of family mothers. In 1969, the first erotic anime, Senya Ichiya Monogatari, was shown. The erotic gekiga gained popularity.
The most classic hentai productions would be Lolita Anime, Cream Lemon, and Urotsukidōji. In the 1980s and 1990s, derivative genres and trends of their own emerged and developed: yaoi, yuri, futanari and others.
The massive worldwide discovery of this type of anime took place in the late 1980s and, thanks to the expansion of the Internet, hentai became widely known and popular in the continents of America North and Europe due to the naivety of the female characters and the quality of the graphics used. In 1994-1995, hentai manga was first published outside of Japan. Some works such as La Blue Girl (1992) and Kite (1998) have gained cult status due to their interesting storylines and carefully crafted characters. Due to a lack of competition in the West, the expansion of the consumer and distribution market in Japan, erotic computer games gave another impetus to the genre. In 2000, the word "hentai" was the 41st most popular search term on the Internet. Internet. As of February 2012, the Anime News Network database contained information on 1,700 hentai manga and anime series., of which more than 1,400 were produced between 2000 and 2012.
Censorship
Japanese laws in force since World War II and up to the 1990s, prohibited the inclusion of any type of overly graphic image of the genitals, so different types of censorship were invented in this genre, for example, retouching genitals or making them appear symbolically. This explains the large number of fantastic characters in hentai productions: monsters, demons, androids, aliens, etc., whose genitals are apparently somewhat different from humans. In addition, the artists of this genre began to represent characters with a minimum of anatomical detail and without showing pubic hair (until 1991 it was forbidden to show representations of pubic hair), which led to the spread of hentai with apparently very young girls, almost teenagers, who to the eyes of a westerner could seem like girls.
The lifting of these bans in the early 1990s allowed the inclusion of more explicit images in manga, anime, cinematography, and photography, but censorship of genitalia continued in Japan, unlike releases of anime abroad, which were almost always uncensored (the original producers did not add censorship when marketing these anime productions in the United States and European territories). During the translation of these types of productions, other subtleties emerged: for example, UK law prohibits sexual acts between minors, even in drawn form. Therefore, in the premieres of the films, some scenes are cut and in some cases the age of the characters is changed. This happened with the OVA production of The Blue Girl, whose heroine in the English translation went from being a schoolgirl to a student, in addition, all the pornographic scenes with the participation of the ninja, the companion of the protagonist, were cropped, because he looked like a child due to his short stature. In France and Spain cuts were also made in some scenes.
Categories
Pornographic scenes in hentai productions are extremely varied. Just like regular pornography, themes can include oral sex, anal sex, group sex, masturbation, first-time sex, etc..; the protagonists are usually teachers, housewives, domestic workers, nurses, etc; the most common places portrayed are usually schools, trains and train carriages, houses, apartments, etc. In hentai, there is also homosexual sex and where minors are, although these receive specific names, since be it yaoi, yuri, lolicon or shotacon. hentai.
It is incorrect to classify hentai solely by the content of erotic scenes, since it is also distinguished by plot genres: comedy, mysticism, science fiction, fantasy, romance and others. The most popular are science fiction, fantasy and romance. Although a large number of works are dedicated to certain mystical events and the fight between good and evil. There are also works about everyday life, including some quite realistic ones. The best known action hentai are U-Jin Brand, New Angel and G-Taste. In the same way there are hentai parodies, the best known are Balthus: Tia's Radiance, Tokio Private Police, Venus 5 and Hooligan.
Tentacles
In hentai productions, tentacles were used due to their phallic similarity to the penis, since explicit display of genitalia is prohibited in Japan. An image of the style was illustrated as early as in 1814 by Hokusai, who described the sexual relations of a woman and a pair of octopuses in the engraving "The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife". However, it is the mangaka Toshio Maeda who is considered the inventor of the modern genre, whose manga Urotsukidōji (1986) brought great popularity to tentacle hentai, while its corresponding anime version became one of the most recognized in the world.
Toshio Maeda explained that he was forced to invent a fantastical creature (a tentacled demon) as one of the main characters due to restrictive Japanese law, which prohibits the depiction of explicit erotic scenes between people. At the time, the manga's plots and scenes had similar themes and were very standardized, since not everything was approved by the editors, so Maeda wanted to come up with something special for his work. After Urotsukidōji, Maeda continued with Demon Beast Invasion and the iconic The Blue Girl. Tentacles are a frequent theme in this type of manga.
Yaoi
The yaoi is a Japanese term used to refer to artistic, erotic, sexual, or romantic depictions of relationships between 2 male characters. Also known as BL (in English: Boy's Love, lit. 'Amor de chicos'). The main characters of the genre commonly fit the stereotype of the seme (active) and uke (passive). The material usually focuses on love relationships between male characters, although it is also common to find content of a homoerotic nature. always adolescents, the age of these can vary and include more mature adults. The authors and the target audience of yaoi are girls and heterosexual women. Not all yaoi contains explicit pornography. In the 1970s, some shōjo manga authors created stories featuring some platonic relationships between boys, which were known as shōnen-ai.
The yaoi are classified according to their characteristics:
- Shōnen-ai: It refers to series and sleeves with stories of homosexual content that do not have any kind of sexual content. It is also important to mention that this genre has as protagonists men of thin bodies and somewhat feminine characteristics, which is known as bishōnen (beautiful kid).
- Hard yaoi: Just like the shōnen-aibut without the restriction of sexual content. This subgender shows sexual scenes and you can even see the genitals of the characters.
- Bara: Also known as ML: Men’s Love, lit. 'Love of men' is a technical term used to describe Yaoi whose characters are more masculine and close to what is known as "oso" type bodies. This means that the bodies of the characters are more muscular or large in general and can also have body beauty.
- Josou Seme: It is a Yaoi subgener in which the dominant character of the relationship seems to mere sight to be female by its appearance or personality. It also includes stories where the dominant is transvestite.
- Oyaji (meaning 'father' or 'uncle'): Incestuous sexual relations where the father or uncle are middle-aged or elderly.
It should be noted that yaoi extends to manga and anime strictly classified in this genre, with the exception of some manga or anime that parodies or refers to it.
Women interested in yaoi are often referred to as Fujoshi (腐女子). The literal translation in Spanish of this term would be "rotten girl", due to the ideal assumption that they were not pure women before their sinful desires. In Japan it is a derogatory term used to refer to women who consume this type of content.
Yuri
The yuri, shōjo-ai (少女 shōjo, young girl; 愛 ai, love, 'shōjo-ai'?) or GL (in English: Girl's Love, lit. & #39;Girls' love') are anime and manga depicting homosexual relationships between women. The term shōjo-ai,, in the West, traditionally refers to non-lesbian series and manga. have no sexual content, on the other hand, when there is sexual content, the word yuri is used. It is believed that Senya Ichiya Monogatari (1969) was the first anime to depict the sexual act between girls, while the first manga entirely dedicated to lesbian relationships was Shiroi Heya no Futari (1971), by Ryōko Yamagishi. yuri began in the 1970s. In the 1990s, as Japanese society became more tolerant of lesbian relationships, the first pornographic scenes appeared in yuri. Although not all yuri manga and anime have erotic content, explicit scenes have become so traditional for works of this genre that in the minds of manga and anime fans, the concept of yuri is usually closely linked to the concept of hentai., this genre is not as widespread as yaoi. The yuri is designed for the most part for the male audience.
There are special manga magazines that publish yuri, such as Comic Yuri Hime, Comic Lily, Tsubomi, among others. The yuri, like the hentai, is divided into several genres: romantic love (Shōjo Sect), comedy (Nageki no Kenkou Yuuryouji), drama (G-Taste), horror (Hotaruko), etc.
Futanari
The hentai Futanari (二 形, Hermaphroditism ?) is one that includes intersex characters or characters with a female body structure, but with male sexual characteristics. These include, first of all, girls who have a penis. In addition to the penis, it can feature female genitalia as well. Futanari characters often have sexual relations with women, and occasionally with men, as this genre is primarily aimed at a male audience.
A futanari character appeared in one of the episodes of Cream Lemon in 1987. In the 1990s, the genre gained popularity, rapidly shifting from a specific hobby to of individual fans to a popular and massive phenomenon. In Japan, the magazines Issuisha, Akane Shinsha, and others publish specialized manga in the futanari genre. In the West, the most famous futanari mangaka is Toshiki Yui.
Ero-guro
The Ero-guro (エログロ, Ero-guro?), also simply Guro, were developed in Japanese literature and painting of the 1970s. 1920 and 1930. This trend focuses on the manifestation of extreme forms of violence, aesthetics and the eroticism of murder and death and, in general, everything that goes beyond the norm. Ero-guro hentai is also known as "hardcore hentai" or "violent". Despite the lack of a clear classification, in ero- Surely several main themes can be distinguished: scenes of rape, beatings, necrophilia, description of suicide, amputation of limbs, suffocation, cannibalism, murder rituals, immobilization is of the body, torture and other variants on the violent death of the victim.
The most famous ero-guro magazine was Garo, which ceased to exist in 2002. Katsuichi Nagai, who created this magazine in 1964, did not pay authors at first, due to not making enough profit. Sales of Garo were often only 7,000 copies per month, and in the 1980s it dropped to 150 copies per month. However, many Garo mangakas, including ero-guro mangakas, later became widely known. Among the recognized authors of ero-guro include Kazuichi Hanawa, Toshio Saeki, Suehiro Maruo, Hammaru Matino, Shintaro Kago, and the aforementioned Toshio Maeda. Additionally, horror manga artists such as Hideshi Hino and Junji Ito are sometimes referred to as artists. from ero-guro.
Lolicon and shotacon
According to statistics, 30% of hentai contains shotacon and lolicon, erotic scenes involving depictions of children. In Japan, the law prohibiting the production and distribution of child pornography does not cover illustrated productions.
In shotacon, children are portrayed in an erotic context. Psychologist Tamaki Saito believes it originated in the early 1980s, originally being a subgenre of yaoi. Over time they stopped being just boys, adding girls as well: Saito writes that a shotacon manga created by women is structurally identical to yaoi, while male mangakas represent girls. little boys "like girls with penises". Most shotacon manga is published, unofficially, as dōjinshi in ML-specialized magazines or anthologies. The most common are: Shōnen Roman (少年 浪漫, 'Shōnen Roman'?), Shōnen Shikō (少年 嗜好, 'Shōnen Shikō'?), Shōnen Ai no Bigaku. From 1995 to the present, the annual festival of dōjinshi shotacon Shotaket (ショタケット, Shotacon + Ket from "Market" (Market)?).
Lolicon is the Japanese name for the "Lolita complex". The manga and anime hentai lolicon portray sexual activities involving girls. The genre also appeared in the 1980s, being Lolita Anime (1984), the first hentai lolicon. In Japan, the word lolicon does not have very negative values, since the word manga is not necessarily pornographic and appeals not only to men, but also to women, for example, among the best-known lolicon manga authors are: Kaworu Watashiya (Kodomo no Jikan) and Yukiru Sugisaki (Rizelmine). In Western culture, however, the terms lolicon and shotacon are more commonly associated with child pornography. Researcher Roland Kilts believes that Japan's tolerance for them stems from national traditions that value freedom of human fantasy and the right to express it: "Sex between adults and schoolgirls is prohibited, but it is absurd to deny that such ideas sometimes take over some people's minds."
Other genres
In hentai, certain popular terminologies of Japanese pornography are widely represented:
- Bakunyū ( , Huge fish?): As the name says well, they are hentai where there are women with big breasts.
- Shibari ( , Hooray?): It is a Japanese style of bondage that involves binding according to certain technical and aesthetic principles, and employing strings generally of natural fibers.
- Bukkake: A series of males take turns to ejaculate on a person, whether male or female. Usually, at the end, the person on whom the semen was ejaculated swallows, previously emptied in a glass or other container.
- Omorashi (##, Get on?): Paraphilia of Japanese origin, related to urinary incontinence.
- Mazacon (♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫, Maternity Complex?): Complex of Edipo with the mother. Sexual intercourse between mother and child. The incest brother-brother is also popular.
- Netorare: A woman who cheats on her partner. The concept is popular in computer video games and genre sleeves.
Industry
Anime
The hentai anime is produced to be viewed through the Internet, DVD or Blu-ray (see OVA format). The most famous animation studios are Green Bunny (グリーンバニー, Gurīn Banī?), A1c (エイ・ワン・シー, A1c ?), Pink Pineapple and Milky (ミルキー , Mirukī? ), the latter being a trademark of MS Pictures (ズピクチャーズ , Zupikuchāzu?). Unlike commercial animation that hopes to generate significant profits, hentai only seeks to recoup the cost of creation. These projects are designed on a low budget and are completed in the shortest possible time (which explains the poor quality of the animation), but are sold at a high price and with few copies. Publishers try to get more income from the individual sales at minimal production cost, with rare exceptions such as director Masami Obari, director of Angel Blade (2001), who used a large budget for the work., the conventional strategy (creation rapid n of a cheap product and then the implementation of a high price) provokes a negative reaction from the consumer. Only the production company Pixy actively opposed this tradition, producing high-quality erotic anime and selling DVDs at low prices, but the initiative was not supported by other studies.
Many companies are licensing and distributing hentai abroad: ADV Films, SoftCel Pictures, Critical Mass, NuTech Hentai, Central Park Media, Anime 18, JapanAnime.
Manga
A large number of hentai manga magazines are published in Japan, covering a wide variety of topics. The largest publishers, as of 2009, are Core Magazine, Akane Shinsha, TI Net, Kubo Shoten, and Kill Time Communication. Competing publishers include Touen Shobou and Tsukasa Shobou, which filed for bankruptcy in 2007, and Shoubunkan, which in the early 2000s was the leader in the number of manga manufactured, but later took the development of its business in other directions.
Akane Shinsha publishes such magazines as Comic Tenma (1998), Comic choiS! (2006), Comic RiN and Comic LO (2002). Comic LO is one of the company's most expensive lolicon magazines ("LO" in the title stands for "Lolita Only" Lolita)). Core Magazine prints Comic HOTMiLK (2007), Comic MegaStore, Comic the Zero EX (2007), Comic Nyan2 Club GOLD (2006) and Manga Bangaichi. Issues of hentai manga over 600 yen include 2D Dream Magazine and Comic Unreal (published by Kill Time Communication), Comic Momohime (by Fujimi Shuppan), Angel Club (by Angel Shuppan), Buster Comic (by TI Net), Comic Pheromone (by Tokyo Sanseisha), and Sun Publishing Magazines. Several non-specialist companies also have hentai publications. >, for example, Futabasha with the monthly magazine Men's YOUNG.
In the 1990s, the most popular women's magazines were Comic Amour and June, owned by Sun Publishing, which are published since 1978. By the late 1990s, the circulation of June was between 80 and 100 thousand copies, costing twice as much as any other manga magazine. Comic Amour, in turn, reached 450 thousand copies per month. Both magazines are printed to this day. From the late 1980s until its bankruptcy in 2006, Biblos was a major yaoi publisher, producing, among other magazines, BExBOY and Be-Boy. Gold.
Japanese law
Article 175 of Japan's penal code prohibits the posting of "morally harmful" material, which as currently interpreted includes the exposure of genitalia, so it's common to see a bar covering the genitalia, or blurred genitalia. Before 1994, the interpretation of this law included the prohibition of exposing pubic hair, a rule that was circumvented by drawing characters without pubic hair.
However, this caused problems when hentai videos were distributed to places like Europe and the United States. Because the characters in the anime look younger than characters of the same age in Western cartoons, this gave some the impression that the videos contained child pornography.
A lesser-known fact is that Japanese censorship is very strict when it comes to drawings of sexual activity between humans and animals.[citation needed] Although it is allowed While acts with imaginary monsters (which often have the familiar phallic tentacles in order to circumvent the law regarding real genitalia) circulate relatively freely, zoophilic sex with existing animals has been seen as something to be prosecuted.
There are organizations that regulate the titles of works. Although prosecution is rare, Suwa Yuuji was fined 500,000 yen for his work Misshitsu and avoided jail time by pleading guilty.
Contenido relacionado
Seiyū
Henohenomoheji
Rococo