God

Representation (for art or for worship) of gods in (from the upper left, in time sense) Christianity, Islam, atonism, monad, Balkan Hinduism and Zoroastrianism.

The theological, philosophical and anthropological concept of God (from the Latin: Deus, which in turn comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *deiwos~diewos, 'brightness', 'radiance', like the Sanskrit deva, 'celestial being', 'god') refers to a supreme deity. The Dictionary of the Spanish language defines it as the "supreme being that in monotheistic religions is considered the creator of the universe".

God is the name given in Spanish to an omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient, and personal supreme being in theistic and deistic religions (and other belief systems) who is: either the only one deity, in monotheism, or the chief deity (monolatry) in some forms of polytheism, such as henotheism.

God can also mean a non-personal supreme being as in pantheism, and in some conceptions it is a mere idea or reasoning without any subsisting reality outside of the mind, as in materialistic systems.

Often, God is conceived of as the supernatural creator and overseer of the universe (theism). Theologians have ascribed a variety of attributes to the many different conceptions of God. Among these, the most common are omniscience, omnipotence, omnipresence, omnibenevolence (perfect goodness), divine simplicity, and eternal existence. God has also been conceived of as incorporeal in nature, a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable being in existence". These attributes were described to varying degrees by early Jewish, Christian, and Muslim philosopher-theologians, including Maimonides, Saint Augustine, and Al-Ghazali, respectively. Many leading medieval and modern philosophers developed arguments for the existence of God. Similarly, numerous renowned philosophers and intellectuals have developed arguments against the existence of God.

Conceptions of the supreme being

Often God is imagined as a force of nature or as a conscious entity that can be manifested in a natural aspect. Both light and penumbra are recurring symbols to represent God.

The most common definition of God is that of a supreme being, omnipotent, omnipresent and omniscient; creator, judge, protector and, in some religions, provident and savior of the universe and humanity.

There are variations on this definition.

God defined as a personal supreme being

The Work "God blessed the seventh day," a watercolor from the deist version of God by William Blake (1757-1827).

According to the different visions, there may be varied characteristics that are not always harmonized with each other. In addition, there are those who believe in a personal God, based on philosophical arguments, but without the need to resort to a religion (Deism), while others consider God with religious arguments without excluding other arguments such as philosophical, a being with whom they deal and hope. a saving action in favor of human beings (Theism).

Characteristics assigned in different beliefs:

• God is able to insuflate the proper breath that allows his worshipers to sustain the system of self-government that he himself defines in a compendium of laws, norms and principles listed in a collection of books defined as sacred by his followers, and whose human editors declare to have been guided by divine enlightenment. By underestimating that power, it does not cause added suffering to the routine life system.^{[chuckles]required]}
• In some religions, God is the creator of the universe.
• Some traditions hold that, in addition to creator, God is conservative (theism), transformative and immutable, while others believe that God is only creator (deism).
• Some philosophers claim that God is the inconditional principle that explains the existence of everything. It is therefore not a concept to which thought comes, but a postulate of thought, or, as Thomas would say, a prolegómeno to faith.

In monotheistic religions -Bajaism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Krishnaism and Sikhism-, the term "God" refers to the idea of a supreme, infinite, perfect being, creator of the universe, who is therefore the beginning and the end of all things. Among the main characteristics of this supreme God are mainly:

• Omnipotence: absolute power over all things;
• Omnipresence: power to be present everywhere;
• Omniscience: absolute power to know the things that have been, that are and that will happen.

They postulate that God is a being who is loving to his creation and just^{[citation needed]} and, in Christianity, that through the Holy Spirit he can instrumentalize chosen people to carry out his work and that God is also intelligence and can express emotions such as joy, anger or sadness. God's work would be to give human beings the gift of salvation and eternal life.

Image of the God Beating two lions, carved in the handle of the ceremonial knife of Gebel el-Arak. According to a semitic word from the northwest, which is traditionally translated as ‘God’, referring to the highest deity. Sometimes, depending on the context, it remains untranslated (being simply He) to refer to God's own name.

• Some conceptions of God focus on a vision of this as an eternal, transcendent, immutable and ultimate reality, in contrast to the visible and continually changing universe.
• Mainly, God is ascribed omnipotence (everything can), omnipresence (everything encompasses), omniscience (everything knows), and omnibenevolence (it is absolutely good). However, not all claim that God is morally good. While some consider that God represents morally good, admitting that there is an objective definition of good and evil, for others God is above morality, or has his own definition, so that it is good what God wants to be good. Not all their attributes match, appearing contradictions that make critics deny that God can have the four attributes indicated at the time. For example, it is stated that if God is the omnipotent, omniscient creator and the only judge, then by creating humanity, including atheists, pagans and false religions, he knows how his behavior will be and will have to send them to hell.^{[chuckles]required]} This God could not, therefore, be good from the point of view of all humans, just as some will claim that not all humans are good from the point of view of God. This, the problem of the existence of evil, is one of the obstacles posed by the skeptics to accept that concept of God. Believers often claim the "free will" of human beings to explain evil in the world, although that argument does not serve to explain evil in nature (although the concept of evil in nature is not fully defined, because there is the problem that, if good and evil is a matter of choice made (for freedom or reasoning), Nature lacks this kind of choice, it is simply as it is); and on the other hand, all-knowing critics do not consider In respect of omnipotence, the omnibenevolent characteristic of God is opposed, that in power everything does not necessarily do so, but it leaves the human being to act in accordance with the free characteristic with which he created it in a beginning and does not interfere, either by apathy or pleasure (which again contradicted the benevolence of God), or by respect (born of his benevolence) to the human nature with which he was created.^{[chuckles]required]}
• Negative (or negative) theology argues that conclusive assertions on God's attributes cannot be determined, while agnostics consider that limited human knowledge does not allow for conclusive proof of what or what God is. Some customs related to mysticism set limits to the power of God, considering that the supreme nature of God leaves no room for chance.
• The conception of God and its characteristics either of monotheism or polytheism depend on the tradition of peoples (see Trinity, dualism and henoteism).^{[chuckles]required]}

God defined as a non-personal supreme being

The god Ra, was god of heaven, god of the Sun and the origin of life according to Egyptian mythology.

• God as supreme, but not necessarily as a personal being; as a concept equivalent to the concept of absolute Brahman in some schools of Hinduism.
  • Some ideas about God may include anthropomorphic attributes: gender, concrete names and even ethnic exclusivity, while other ideas are merely philosophical concepts.
  • God's idea is often mixed with the definition of truth, in which God is the sum of all truths. From this perspective, science is only a means of finding God.
  • There are divergences in defining God, either as a person or, rather, as an impersonal force or impulse. There are also various forms in which it is understood that God would relate to the human being and the appearance that God would have.
• Some argue that there is only one valid definition of God, while for others, it is possible that several definitions of God are possible at once.^{[chuckles]required]}
• An explanation of God's existence from psychology can be built, trying to establish what external reality corresponds to his mental recreation.^{[chuckles]required]} Thus, from the introspective study of consciousness, it would come to the conclusion that this arises associated with the experience of a certain void.^{[chuckles]required]}

Etymology

Exhibition

In Spanish, as in the other Romance languages, the word «god» comes directly from the Latin deus, 'deity, god'. The Latin term derives in turn from the Indo-European *deiwos, from the root *deiw-, 'to shine, to be white', from which the Greek term Ζεύς also derives. (Zeus). In fact, the Spanish word dios is identical in pronunciation to the Greek Διός (Diós), a genitive form of Zeus (the main God of earth). Greek mythology, father of the "theos", which are the minor gods). From this same Indo-European root derive the Latin dies ('day') and the Greek δῆλος ('visible, patent'). Despite its resemblance to the analogous Greek term, θεός (theós, 'deity, god'), it derives from the Indo-European root *dhēs-, meaning unknown, but which originated in Latin words of initially religious meaning such as fair or fanaticism.

Percentages of belief in God in Europe. The darker colors denote a greater worship, while the clearest mark a lesser belief, as a result of other religious practices.

The Indo-European form *deiw-os appears in many Indo-European families systematically associated with *pəter ('father') in the compound form *dyeu-pəter . In late Sanskrit the form already appears as Diaus Pitar, while in Greek there is the form Ζεὺς Πατῆρ (Zeùs Patḗr), analogous to the Latin Iu Piter (Jupiter). The Latin deus, in other Romance languages, derived into deus (Galician-Portuguese), dieu (French), dio (Italian), déu (Catalan) or [dumne]zeu (Romanian), among others.

In the Germanic languages, the word to designate the deity comes from the Proto-Germanic root *ǥuđan, from which god (English and Dutch) or Gott (German). This root would derive from the reconstructed Indo-European form *ǵhu-tó-m, from the root *ǵhau(ə)-, 'to call, invoke'. The name of the Gothic people could be derived from this same root^{[citation required]}. The origin of the word got is very old, and does not extend to any other Indo-European family except Iranian. Thus in modern Persian it is joda (خدا), and in Kurdish, xhwedê.^{[citation required]}. There are also those who associate the origin of god with the Proto-Indo-European root *ghu-to-, and this one from *gheu-, &# 39;to pour, to make a libation', and its origin would be due to the taboo of naming the gods, changing their name to that of the rite used.

Capitalization

The word "God" when used by antonomasia —that is, when it is not used as a common name—, like any proper name, is written in capital letters. Written like this, it never receives an article and, in the great majority of cases, neither possessive nor demonstrative. Examples: "I believe in God"; “Jehovah/Allah is God”; "After God manifested himself in his dreams"; etc.

When «god», on the other hand, is used as a regular noun, it is written in lowercase like any noun (except at the beginning of a sentence or title). This is always the case when it receives an article (definite or indefinite) or when it is written in the plural (since in Spanish, unlike some languages like Hebrew, the name of god is always singular). Examples: "He is not a vengeful god"; "Jehovah and Allah are gods"; "He is the god of Jews and Christians"; "Their gods of him have forsaken them"; etc.

In some cases, although rare, the name of God (with a capital letter) can be preceded by a possessive or a demonstrative, depending on the meaning and intonation of the sentence:

- This god you speak of vs. This God you speak of or This “God” you speak of – in the first option it is a god in general, while in the second (with intonation in the word God) refers to the name of God mentioned as such by the speaker (hence, a quote or repetition).

- This is my god vs. This is my God – in the first option it is a generic statement, while the second (with intonation in the possessive my) is a comparative statement, as would be the case of other names (I know Juan helps you, but this here is my Juan).

All title names are written in capital letters, for example, the Lord, the Creator, etc. In religious texts, pronouns and adjectives related to God are also written with a capital letter, as a formula of respect. For For example, it is written "He", "His", "You", "You", "Almighty" (both as a noun and adjective of God), etc. When it comes to a metaphorical use, it is written in upper or lower case depending on the case, for example: "God is believed" vs. "He thinks he's a god."

Names of God

In the Spanish language, the word "God" in monotheistic religions, is used as a title to refer to the supreme deity. Over time, various cultures have given proper names to these deities and, therefore, many words in different languages with which they are identified.

The following is a list according to their respective denominations:

Image of Krisna, the creator God according to Hinduism playing the flute, covered by the serpent-gods Ananta Shesha. Bajorrelieve in the temple of Somnathpur, in Karnataka, India.

• Achaman in the Guanche religion—in the Canary Islands—the sustaining god of the heavens and supreme god.
• Ahura Mazda God's name for Zoroastrianism.
• Allah (in Arabic:الله Al-Alah) in Islam. Although the opposite is often believed, it is not a proper name but the word "God" in Arabic. With this word, the Arabic speakers (whether Muslims, Christians or Jews) refer to the unique God of monotheistic religions (see 99 names of God).
• Amaterasu O-Mikami (‘venerable great deity that shines in the heavens’), in sintoism.
• Ameno Minakanushi (‘Mr. God Heavenly Father’) in ancient symptoism.
• Avalokiteshvara (in Sanskrit) according to Lamaism.
• Ayyavazhi South India.
• Brahmā(literally ‘evolution’ or ‘development’ in the Sanskrit language) is the creator god of the universe and member of the Trimurti (‘three forms’), the triad made up of Brahma (creative gods), Visnú (preservative god) and Shiva (destor).
• Brahman (pronounced /brahman/) is a Sanskrit term that refers to the absolute divinity of Hinduism. Etymologically, brahman has the meaning of ‘expansion’ in Sanskrit.
• Cao Đài (Vietnamese) God's name in caodaism.
• Elohim God's name and title used in the Bible.
• Igzi'abihier (literally ‘sir of the universe’) in the Orthodox Church of Ethiopia.
• Yah the apocope of Yahweh, the name of God who uses the rastafaris.
• Yahweh Yahveh's supposed pronunciation.
• Krishna (in Sanskrit) within the krisnaist Hinduism.
• Mulungu God's name in the Kamba people of Africa.
• Temáukel God's name in the Selknam people of Chile.
• Bajá God's name in Bahaism.
• Ngai God's name in the Masai people.
• Shangdi: ‘Sir of heaven’, in the traditional Chinese religion.
• Shiva name of God in shivaist Hinduism
• Most Holy Trinity (sing) God the Father, God and Holy Spirit) represents God in almost all Christian confessions.
• Visnú (in Sanskrit) within the Visnuist Hinduism. See the thousand names of Visnu.
• Waheguru It is the term of sikhism for God.
• Wiracocha. Supreme and creative God of Incaic Mythology
• Yahveh (Hebrew:ה) is the name that is most mentioned in the Tanach to refer to God in Judaism, traditionally it is indicated that God manifested Himself before Moses (Exodus 3:13-15), while in other passages other names such as Elohim are mentioned. In the Jewish cult this name is never pronounced and is said, instead, "Adonai", which means "My Lord", this practice was adopted for translation in Greek in the Septuagint using Κ. KyriosIn the Vulgate latina Dominus, and equivalent words in many other translations, old and modern.

Due to the absence of vowels, the masorets added the vowels of "Adonai" to tetragamaton (Yhwh/Jhvh) and around the centuryXII "Jehovah" appeared. There is an academic consensus that the original vocalization is "Yahweh".

In Antiquity

• Aton God's name in the ancient atonist religion.
• Assur God's name in the ancient Assyrian religion.
• Ometéotl God's name in the ancient Mexican religion.
• Odin supreme god of the ancient Nordic religion
• Zeus supreme god of the ancient Greek religion.
• Anu supreme god of the ancient Sumerian religion.
• The supreme god in the ancient Canaanite religion.
• Yahweh God of the ancient Yahwist religion.
• Dhātar monotheistic philosophy of India in the Vedic Period. It was regarded as the uncreated creator, the first cause.

Attributes of God

Christian monotheistic position

Achamán and his varians in Amazigh Island: Achuhuran, Achahucanac (Great God and Sublime) Achguayaxerax, Achoron, Achaman (the Sustainer of the Heavens and the Earth), was the name received by one of the divine mythological entities in which the former inhabitants of the island of Tenerife, the Guanches believed. According to mythology, Achaman's physical body was heaven.

Within shivaism the God Shiva is considered the supreme.

According to Christian monotheism, knowledge of the nature of God could be done in two ways: an ascending one, based on what could be known about God from nature; and another descending, which supposedly God reveals.

Apu Qun Tiqsi Wiraqucha or the Viracocha God in the Inca culture, is the creator. In quechua, apuj' means sir, tiqsi means foundation, base, beginning; while wiraqucha comes from the fusion of two vocablos: wira (wari metathesis = sun)1 and qucha (water container, lake, lagoon). Last Illustration of The Temple of the Sun, Hergé.

The following section classifies the alleged attributes of God based on their relationship with creation:

• non-related attributeswhich are completely independent of creation (such as spirituality) and
• related attributeswhich manifest themselves in creation (such as omnipotence). Depending on whether the relationship is established with what is created in general or with rational creatures, the latter are in turn subdivided into:
  • active attributes what God is in relation to the universe. God would be omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient, wise and sovereign.
  • moral attributesinherited from Judaism, ethical belief, which maintains that morality comes from God.

Unrelated attributes

They are those divine attributes that are completely independent of what is attributed as created.

Spirituality

This view presents a God who is neither material nor limited to the conditions of material existence. He says that he is spirit, that he thinks, feels, speaks and communicates with his rational creatures, does not possess bodily members or passions, is not composed of material elements, and is not subject to the conditions of natural existence. According to the Bible, Jesus of Nazareth would have said that God is Spirit, as stated in the Gospel of John:

God is Spirit; and those who worship Him, in spirit and truth, need to worship.

A supposed consequence of God's spirituality would be that God lives. He lives as a moral being in the likeness of Homo sapiens, but in the highest perfection. A. Strong states:

If the spirit in man implies life, then in God the spirit implies eternal and inexhaustible life.

Infinity

God is absolutely not limited by anything, and therefore would be infinite. Infinite in relation to space (immensity of God) or time (eternity of God). In relation to space, God would be infinite because he is present everywhere and even outside of it; such an attribute would be related to omnipresence. As for time, it would be infinite because it is eternal.

Unity

God would be completely simple, and in him there would be neither composition nor parts.

Omnipotence

The omnipotence of God would mean:

• Freedom and power to realize everything that would be consistent with its nature.
• Control and sovereignty over everything done or what can be done.

Omniscience

God's knowledge is perfect, in theory he possesses all knowledge.

Wisdom

God's wisdom would be a combination of his omniscience and his omnipotence. he has power to apply his knowledge in such a way that the best purposes are accomplished or accomplished by the best possible means.

History

In the ancient Orient, many cities had their own local god, although this worship of a single god did not imply a denial of the existence of other gods.

The iconoclastic cult of the Egyptian sun god Aten was promoted by Pharaoh Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV), who ruled from 1358 to 1340 B.C. C. The cult of Aten, the god of the Sun, is often cited as the oldest known example of monotheism. As pharaoh, Akhenaten left his hometown and in the desert built the new religious and political center (Akhetaten "the horizon of aten) arguing to follow the instructions of the god Aten, where he named him the Supreme before the other gods. In the ninth year of his reign, Akhenaten declared that Aten was not a superior god, but the only one.

How many are your works, they are before the hidden man, O only God, on whose side there is no other.

Aton text fragment

Though Akhenaten decreed that the Aten was the only god, the worship of other gods never ceased in Egypt, and as soon as Egypt ended, the ancient polytheistic cults soon regained precedence.

Theology

In some societies, religious believers often assume that the system of behavioral morality is inspired by the revelation of the majority religion, which can be collected in a book: for Christianity it is the Bible, for Judaism it is the Tanakh and for Islam the Koran.

Judaism

In the Jewish religion, God revealed 13 attributes of divine mercy; In addition to the relative revelations, God wants the devotee to approach Him in prayer and almost in all the passages of his daily life, therefore, every day. The greatest achievement of human wisdom coincides with the knowledge of God.

He is exposed in the Torah and in the Prophets that Hashem is not corporeal or material, as he exposes: “That Hashem is the Elohim; in heaven above and on earth below” (Ieoshua 2: 11); and a body cannot be in two places (at the same time). And he exposes: “For you did not see any image” (Devarim/ Deut.4: 15). And also: “Who will compare me to and match me?”Ieshaiahu/Is. 40: 25). If He were a body, He would be like other bodies. If so (that Hashem is uncorporeal), what does the Torah say: “Under His feet” (Shemot/Ex. 24: 10). “Written with Elokim’s finger” (Shemot/Ex. 31: 18). “The Hand of Hashem” (Shemot/Ex. 9: 3). “The eyes of Hashem” (Zejaría/ Zac. 4: 10). “The ears of Hashem” (Bamidbar/Num. 11: 1etc.? Rather, it is an adaptation to human understanding, which knows only the corporeal, and the Torah is expressed as the human language; and all of them are metaphorical expressions, as it says: “I will give the glitter of My sword.”Devarim 32: 41). Is it that He has a sword, or with a sword causes death? No, they're just allegories! And the same applies to other expressions. The proof of this is that a prophet declares to have seen Hashem with “white robes like snow” (Daniel 7: 9), while another prophet saw him with “red clothes of Botzra” (Ieshaiahu/Is. 63: 1). The very Moshe Rabenu saw him “in the sea as a warrior who was fighting a battle.”Mejilta Beshalaj 15: 3), and in the Sinai “like a Jazan (official) wrapped in a Talit (folder)” (Talmud Rosh Hashana 17b). It turns out that Hashem has neither image nor form, and that all these (verses) are prophetic visions. (The very fact that every prophet saw Him differently means that he has no image or form, and that they are only allegorical and prophetic visions.) Human understanding is not capable of grasping or investigating the true existence (of Hashem). This is what the Scriptures say: “Will you find the understanding of Hashem? Will you find limits to the Almighty?” (Iov 11: 7)

Christianity

Christians consider God as a being who intervenes and participates in human history, who reveals himself. In addition, most Christian denominations have considered since ancient times that in God there are three Persons in a single substance, which is collected under the formula that God would be One and Triune.

In the writings of the Patristics, the difference between the pagan gods, considered full of vices and contradictions, and the God known both by the best pagan thinkers (for example Plato and the Platonists, whom Saint Augustine quotes in his work The City of God) and by Christians.

From the Middle Ages to the present, the Catholic tradition makes God an object of theological study, at the same time that it considers it inaccessible to a full rational understanding (as explained, for example, by Saint Anselm of Aosta). Since the time of Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), the Catholic Church has assumed that the existence of God can be demonstrated in the field of metaphysics. Thomas Aquinas in his work Suma theológica (1266) maintains that the existence of God can be understood by five paths or paths (pathways are understood as "ways to reach", not as concrete proofs):

• Way of the first motor
• Efficient cause path
• Way of the need
• Way of the degrees of perfection
• Way of the Smart Being and the World Government

Islamic

In Islam, the Quran does not discuss in depth the issue of proving the existence of God, as it says this is confirmed by pure and healthy human instinct (as well as by the uncontaminated mind). with "the impurity of polytheism"). Furthermore, the affirmation of divine unity is something natural and instinctive.

Theology and Laws

In various ways and throughout history, states have established relations that are not always easy with religious beliefs and with the idea of God that is dominant in society. There are, therefore, different modalities, ranging from the theocratic state, where the vision of God (or of the gods, in places where polytheism dominates) is something that should be accepted (according to the laws) by all (under penalty of losing some or many rights) to the opposite extreme, which considers the belief in God (or in the gods) as something that must be completely eradicated or, at least, excluded from any presence in the public sphere.

In confessional states, civil society and religious society are separate entities, but there is an official religion and civil laws are required to be subordinate to ecclesiastical ones, with morality and the common good defined by religion. Confessionality may be compatible with freedom of worship, but not with equality between religions, moving the differences between simple ceremonial pre-eminence or tax privileges for the official religion and the prohibition of exercising public offices for members of other religions or the non-religious. In theocratic states the highest authority of the government corresponds to the clergy, and all political life is subordinated to religion. Some modern regimes, such as the Catholic-inspired authoritarian regimes of Francisco Franco, Ante Pavelić or Jorge Rafael Videla, exceed the limits of the confessional state without becoming theocracies.

Existence of God

Itzamná (also called Zamnah): His name means "house of iguanas", and he was the master of the "red or substance of heaven", the Creator God and supreme among the Yucatecan Mayas. He was lord of heaven, night and day. Lee Lawrie, Itzamná Representation (1939). Library of Congress John Adams Building, Washington D.C.

Agnosticism

Agnosticism (from the Greek a: 'not' and gnosis: 'knowledge') is a religious or philosophical position on religion according to which existence whether or not of a God or a mythology of deities, is unknown. In some versions (weak agnosticism) this lack of certainty or knowledge is a personal position related to skepticism. In other versions (strong agnosticism) it is affirmed that the knowledge about the existence or not of superior beings is not only not known but that it is not knowable. Finally, there are versions (apatheism) in which it is stated that the existence or not of superior beings is not only unknown but also irrelevant or superfluous.

Deism

Allāh, since God is not representative to Muslims, writing is used in a semiotic way. Recorded in stone and written in Arabic.

Deism is the position that is based on the philosophical belief in a God, supreme being, or principle established by reason and evidence, without accepting the additional information supposedly revealed, both that contained in certain books, and Bible or the Koran, as received through certain people. The deist usually believes in a creative being or that has established the universe and its processes, but that does not communicate with the human being and to whom prayers cannot be raised.^{[citation required]}

Atheism

The term atheism can refer to two different attitudes: indifference to the existence of divinities or their precepts, and non-belief in the possibility or reality of their existence.

Agnosticism is a variety of atheism in which the existence of one or more gods is held to be doubtful, improbable, or insufficiently proven. This aspect corresponds to the absence of belief in the existence of divinities and can be better understood when compared with strong atheism. It is also known as weak (as opposed to strong) atheism or negative atheism (as opposed to positive atheism) or implicit (as opposed to explicit) atheism. It is called skeptical atheism in the sense that without proof you cannot give credit to even strong atheism.

Zoroastrianism

Since the VI century B.C. C., Zoroastrians have believed in the supremacy of one main deity, Ahura Mazda as the "Maker of all" and the first before all, this new concept was introduced by the religious leader Zoroaster when he reformed the earlier polytheistic religion called Mazdeism. Zoroastrians tend to believe that God himself revealed to Zoroaster the true monotheistic belief.

Judaism

According to the Tanakh, God himself chose Abraham to leave his father's lands and establish a new nation traditions that were later adopted by Christianity and Islam.

Go from your land and from your kinship, and from your father's house to the land that I will show you.And I will make you a great nation, and bless you, and I will magnify your name, and you will be a blessing.

Genesis 12

After that event, God continues to choose the Jewish people to carry his message, even writing his own laws that were given through Moses.

Christianity

The irrefutable proof of the existence of God for Christians is; Jesus Christ. Its adherents share the belief that Jesus is the Son of God and the Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament, he was crucified, descended into hell and rose from the dead for the salvation of mankind.

For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him may not perish, but have eternal life.

John 3:16

.*For other divinities who have died and risen for the salvation of the world See Deity of life, death and resurrection.

Islamic

Similar to Judaism, Muslims believe in the existence of God, who through the archangel Gabriel, God himself chose Muhammad to spread his message.

There is no more God than Allah and Mohammed is his prophet.

Shahada

Other beliefs

There are several religious systems, such as Buddhism, Advaita and Discordianism, in which the existence of God is neither mentioned nor studied.

For the doctrine of spiritism, God is the supreme intelligence, the first cause of all things, eternal, immutable, immaterial, unique, omnipotent, sovereignly just and good.

Pantheism holds that the entire universe is God himself. Elements of pantheism have been identified in some early nature-worshipping cults.

God and neurobiology

“God the Father”, a representation of the theistic version of God, by Ludovico Mazzolino (1480 - 1528).

Neurologist Michael Persinger (1945-2018) collected accounts of religious hallucinations from his patients with temporal epilepsy. Two of the frequently alluded accounts are those of Rudi Affolter and Gwen Tihe. Both suffered from temporal epilepsy. Rudi Affolter was an atheist and reported that he hallucinated as if he were really dying. Gwen Tihe was a Christian and the hallucination she suffered was that of giving birth to Jesus Christ.

Some have wanted to experimentally reproduce these epileptic auras by stimulating the temporal cortex. Michael Persinger did it with a weakly intense magnetic field and the experimental subjects reported that they felt as if there were some non-corporeal being in the room they were in, they sometimes experienced sudden illumination, or spiritual fear, loss of notion of time etc For his part, a Swiss researcher,^{[citation needed]} applied electric zaps to an epileptic patient at the level of the angular gyrus (an area of the brain). The patient experienced the sensation of being outside her body.

If temporary epilepsy produces religious experiences, some authors have thought that the mystical experiences of certain saints, such as Saint Paul, Joan of Arc, Saint Teresa of Jesus, etc. possibly they were caused by the "petit mal" (weak epileptic seizures), that is to say that what is attributed to a mystical union with God is reduced, according to them, to a pathological activity of the cerebral cortex. The case of Ellen G. White (born 1827) is cited, who at the age of 9 suffered a head injury and began to have religious visions. These led him to found the Seventh-day Adventist Movement.

The moment in which a believer feels in communion with God, or with a superior entity, was studied by Dr. Andrew Newberg and D'Aquili. What they discovered is that most of the experimental subjects – when they are not meditating – show the association area of orientation much more active than when they meditate. That is, they are able to concentrate so deeply that they no longer perceive external sensory stimuli. According to the researchers, by not receiving sensory information, the orientation association area becomes incapable of determining the limits of the individual. And that would be what causes the meditator to perceive sensations related to "God", the "infinity" or "unity with the Universe".

Uffe Schjødt studied brain reactions, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain analysis, in a total of 20 Pentecostalists and 20 other non-believers, while all participants listened to religious sermons engravings. All the volunteers were told that six of the recorded prayers had been read by non-Christians, another six by ordinary Christians and the other six by a healer. Actually, all of them had been read by ordinary Christians. The scientists found that only in the case of devout volunteers did changes in recorded brain activity occur in response to the sermons heard. Specifically, in this group, neural activity was reduced in parts of the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain, which are areas that play a key role in the state of vigilance and skepticism in situations in which we are judging the truth and importance of what people tell us. Likewise, the activity of the guidance association area was reduced, reaffirming what was raised by Andrew Newberg. Additional neural activity in what is considered the area of faith, in the right prefrontal lobe, was also observed in the believers, which was not presented by those who declared themselves non-believers.