German mark

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The Deutsche Mark (German: Deutsche Mark) was the official currency of West Germany (1948-1990) and Germany (1990- 1999) until the adoption of the euro in 1999. A German mark was divided into 100 pfennig.

The Germans used to call it the "D-Mark." In Berlin, before the construction of the wall and in the months following its fall, it was called "Westmark" (west frame) to distinguish it from the frame of the German Democratic Republic, called "Ostmark" (east frame).

First issued under the Allied occupation in 1948 to replace the Reichsmark, it served as the official currency of the Federal Republic of Germany from its founding the following year until 1999, when the mark was replaced by the euro. Its coins and notes remained in circulation, defined in terms of euros, until the introduction of euro notes and coins in early 2002. The Deutsche Mark ceased to be legal tender immediately after the introduction of the euro, in contrast with the other nations of the Eurozone, where the euro and the national currencies came to circulate at the same time for a period of two months. German notes and coins continued to be accepted as valid forms of payment in Germany until February 28, 2002.

The Deutsche Bundesbank has guaranteed that all Deutsche Marks can be effectively exchanged into Euros indefinitely, and one can do so at any Bundesbank branch in Germany. The banknotes can even be sent to the bank by mail.

On December 31, 1998, the European Central Bank (ECB) fixed the irrevocable exchange rate of the Deutsche Mark, effective January 1, 1999, at 1.95,583 DM = €1.

History

Background

The mark has been the unit of currency since the first German Unification in 1871. Before this date, the different German states issued a variety of different currencies, many of which were linked to the Vereinsthaler, a silver coin containing 16⅔ grams of pure silver. Although the mark was based on gold rather than silver, an exchange rate was created between the Vereinsthaler and the mark at the rate of 3 marks per Vereinsthaler.

The first mark, known as the gold mark, was introduced in 1873. With the outbreak of World War I the mark abandoned its gold base. The currency became known as the Papiermark. The Papiermark was replaced by the Rentenmark at the end of 1923 and by the Reichsmark in 1924.

Monetary reform of June 1948

The Allied occupation authorities introduced the German mark on June 21, 1948. The old Rentenmark and Reichsmark were exchanged into a new currency at the rate of 1 RM = 1 DM as an essential currency for payment of wages, rent, etc., and a rate of 1 DM = 10 RM for the rest of the credits not deposited in public banks. Large numbers of RM10 notes were changed to 65 pfennig. In addition, each person received a subsidy of 60 DM in two parts.

The introduction of the new currency was intended to protect West Germany from a second hyperinflation and to stop the growing black market in exchange, in which even American cigars were used as bargaining chips. Although the new currency was only distributed among the three Allied-occupied zones outside of Berlin, the change did not please the Soviet authorities, who saw it as a threat. The Soviets quickly cut off all road, rail, and canal communications between the western areas and West Berlin, beginning the Berlin Blockade. In response, the United States also distributed the new currency in West Berlin.

Monetary reform in the zone occupied by the USSR

In the Soviet-occupied zone, which would later form the German Democratic Republic, the GDR mark was introduced a few days later by using special stamps on the former Rentenmark and Reichsmark to prevent the entry of banknotes from the west. In July 1948 a new series of East German marks was printed.

Bank Deutscher Länder and Deutsche Bundesbank

At the end of 1948, the Bank of the German States took over responsibility for issuing currency, followed in 1957 by the Deutsche Bundesbank. The German mark gained much of a reputation as a reserve currency at the same time that other foreign currencies succumbed to periods of inflation. It became a source of national pride and the basis of the country's economic prosperity, particularly during the German economic miracle years of the 1950s. In the 1990s, public polls revealed a clear majority of people opposed to adoption. of the euro, and even today, show a significant number of people who would prefer to return to the framework.

Monetary union with Saarland

The population of the Saar protectorate decided in a referendum to join the Federal Republic of Germany. Thus, the incorporation of the Saarland into the FRG was stipulated by the Germans and France for January 1, 1957. The new state incorporated into Germany maintained its currency, the Saarland franc, which was in a monetary union linked to the French franc.. On July 9, 1959, the Deutsche Mark replaced the Franc with an exchange rate of 100 Francs = 0.8507 DM.

The role of the framework in German reunification

The German mark played an important role in the reunification of the country. It was introduced as the official currency in East Germany in July 1990, replacing the GDR mark in preparation for complete unification on October 3, 1990. The GDR marks were exchanged at a rate of 1 to 1 for the first few 4,000 marks, and 2 RDA to 1 DM for higher amounts. Before reunification, each East German citizen was given a Begrüßungsgeld, a 100 DM cash allowance for moving to the FRG.

Stability of the Deutsche Mark

The German mark had a reputation as one of the most stable currencies in the world, due to the monetary policy on which the Bundesbank relied. Policy was tough compared to that of other European central banks, playing out along the paths of inflation and central government intervention. This policy is the founder of the current policy of the European Central Bank in relation to the euro. This stability was apparent in 1993, when speculation in the French franc and other European currencies caused a change in the European exchange rate mechanism.

Coins

The first coins were minted by the Bank deutscher Länder between 1948 and 1949. Since 1950, the legend changes to the official name of the country: Bundesrepublik Deutschland.

Before the adoption of the euro, the coins in circulation were those of the following denominations:

DenominationPeriod of circulationMetalDiameter (mm)Weight (g)ReverseReversalImage
1 Pfennig1948-1949Copper deposited in steel16,502.00Oak branch (Quercus robur)Facial value between wheat ears1Pfennnig1949.JPG
1950-2001
Pfennig1.JPG
2 Pfennig1950-2001Bronze (until 1968), Copper deposited in steel19,253,25Oak branch (Quercus robur)Facial value between wheat earsPfennig2.JPG
5 Pfennig1948-1949Brass deposited in steel18,503,00Oak branch (Quercus robur)Facial value between wheat ears5Pfennig1949.JPG
1950-2001
Pfennig5.JPG
10 Pfennig1948-1949Brass deposited in steel21.504,00Oak branch (Quercus robur)Facial value between wheat ears10Pfennig1949.JPG
1950-2001
Pfennig10.JPG
50 Pfennig1948-1949Cupronique20,003.50Woman sowing oakFacial value50Pfennig1949.JPG
1950-2001
Pfennig50.JPG
1 Framework1950-2001Cupronique23,505,50German weapons shield (Bundesadler)Facial value between two oak leavesMark1.JPG
2 Marcos1951Cuproníquel (up to 1969), Cuproníquel deposited in nickel25,507.00German weapons shield (Bundesadler)Facial value between two ears of wheat and grape clusters1951Mark2^--..O o.JPG
1957-197127,007.00Max Planck PortraitFacial value and German arms shield (Bundesadler)Mark21.JPG
Portrait of Konrad AdenauerMark22.JPG
Portrait of Theodor HeussMark23.JPG
Portrait of Kurt SchumacherMark24.JPG
1969-2001Portrait of Ludwig ErhardMark25.JPG
Portrait of Franz Josef StraussDEU-2m7.jpg
Portrait of Willy BrandtDEU-2m8.jpg
5 Marcos

1951-1975

Silver (until 1975), Cuproníquel deposited in nickel

29,0011,20German weapons shield (Bundesadler)Facial valueDEU-5m1.jpg

1975-2001

10,00Mark5.JPG

Mints

Each German coin highlights a place, there being 5 different mintages per year that only differ in a letter that appears near the date or below it. The letters indicate the place of minting:

  • A: Berlin
  • D: Munich
  • F: Stuttgart
  • G: Karlsruhe
  • J: Hamburg

It should be noted that the minting houses bearing the letters "B", "C", "E" and "H", have been closed. The letters correspond to the following cities:

  • B: Vienna
  • C: Frankfurt am Main
  • E: Muldenhütten
  • H: Darmstadt

Tickets

First series

The first series of banknotes was issued in 1948 under the sovereignty of the Western Allies. The shape of the bills was very similar to that of US dollars.

Value Image Dimensions
1⁄2 DM
0,5 BDR Mark.JPG
112 mm × 67 mm
1 DM
1 BDR Mark.JPG
112 mm × 67 mm
2 DM
2 BDR Mark.JPG
112 mm × 67 mm
5 DM
5 BDR Mark.JPG
112 mm × 67 mm
10 DM
10 BDR Mark.JPG
141 mm × 67 mm
20 DM
20 BDR Mark.JPG
146 mm × 67 mm
20 BDR MarkB.JPG
156 mm × 67 mm
50 DM
50 BDR Mark.JPG
151 mm × 67 mm
50 BDR MarkB.JPG
156 mm × 67 mm
100 DM
100 BDR Mark.JPG
156 mm × 67 mm

Second series

The second series, printed during 1949, also continued to be published by the Bank deutscher Länder. The banknotes with the denominations of 10 and 20 German marks are practically identical to those of the first series.

Value Image Dimensions
5 Pf
FunfPfennigNote.JPG
112 mm × 67 mm
10 Pf
10PfennigNote.JPG
112 mm × 67 mm
5 DM
5marcos49.JPG
112 mm × 67 mm
10 DM
10Mark.JPG
112 mm × 67 mm
20 DM
20MarkNote.JPG
141 mm × 67 mm
50 DM
50Marcos.JPG
146 mm × 67 mm
100 DM
100Murcos.JPG
156 mm × 67 mm

Third series

It was issued by the German Federal Bank between 1960 and 1965 and withdrawn at the beginning of the 90s. Due to the long period of time that these banknotes were in circulation and their conservative and solemn design, the German people once again consolidated the value of the German mark. The different denominations are shown below:

Series of 1960-1989
Denomination Description Preferred color Dimensions Picture of the reverse Picture of the back
5 MarcosReverse: Portrait of a young Venetian, based on a painting by Alberto Durero (1505)
Reverse: Oak leaves
Green 60 × 120 mm 5 DM Serie3 Vorderseite.jpg5 DM Serie3 Rueckseite.jpg
10 MarcosReverse: Portrait of a young man, according to ancient opinion, based on a painting by Alberto Durero or Anton Neupauer, or according to subsequent investigations, in an early painting by Lucas Cranach the Old (c. 1500)
Reverse: School Gorch Fock (1958)
Violeta 65 × 130 mm 10 DM Serie3 Vorderseite.jpg10 DM Serie3 Rueckseite.jpg
20 MarcosReverse: The Nurembourgeois patriotic trader Elsbeth Tucher, based on a painting by Alberto Durero (1499)
Reverse: A violin and a clarinet
Green 70 × 140 mm 20 DM Serie3 Vorderseite.jpg20 DM Serie3 Rueckseite.jpg
50 MarcosReverse: Portrait of man, based on the picture Image of Hans Urmiller with his sonof Barthel Beham (c. 1525)
Reverse: Holsten Gate in Lubeca
Brown 75 × 150 mm 50 DM Serie3 Vorderseite aligned cropped.jpg50 DM Serie3 Rueckseite aligned cropped.jpg
100 MarcosReverse: The cosmographer Sebastian Münster, based on a painting by Christoph Amberger (c. 1550)
Reverse: Eagle with extended wings (Federal Eagle)
Blue 80 × 160 mm 100 DM Serie3 Vorderseite.jpg100 DM Serie3 Rueckseite.jpg
500 MarcosReverse: Portrait of man, based on the picture Picture of a man without a beard by Hans Maler zu Schwaz (1521)
Reverse: Eltz Castle in Renania-Palatinado
Red 85 × 170 mm 500 DM Serie3 Vorderseite.jpg500 DM Serie3 Rueckseite.jpg
1000 MarcosReverse: The mathematician and astronomer Johannes Schöner, based on a painting by Lucas Cranach the Old (1529)
Reverse: Cathedral of Limburg del Lahn
Brown 90 × 180 mm 1000 DM Serie3 Vorderseite.jpg1000 DM Serie3 Rueckseite.jpg

Fourth series

The third and last series was issued from 1989 in order to avoid the continuous counterfeiting of current banknotes. Thanks to technological advances, the new banknotes were implemented with a series of new security measures. The front face of all the denominations represents an important historical person in the life of the country, and the back face shows motifs related to the life and work of the person in question.

Before the entry of the euro, the denominations that circulated were the following:

1989-2001 Series
Denomination Efigie Preferred color Dimensions Picture of the reverse Picture of the back
5 MarcosBettina von Arnim Green 62 × 122 mm DEU-5m-anv.jpgDEU-5m-rev.jpg
10 MarcosCarl Friedrich Gauss Violeta 65 × 130 mm 10 DM Serie4 Vorderseite.jpg10 DM Serie4 Rueckseite.jpg
20 MarcosAnnette von Droste-Hülshoff Turquoise 68 × 138 mm DEU-20m-anv.jpgDEU-20m-rev.jpg
50 MarcosJohann Balthasar Neumann Yellow 71 × 146 mm DEU-50m-anv.jpgDEU-50m-rev.jpg
100 MarcosClara Schumann Blue 74 × 154 mm DEU-100m-anv.jpgDEU-100m-rev.jpg
200 MarcosPaul Ehrlich Red 77 × 162 mm DEU-200m-anv.jpgDEU-200m-rev.jpg
500 MarcosAnna Maria Sibylla Merian Rosa 80 × 170 mm DEU-500m-anv.jpgDEU-500m-rev.jpg
1000 MarcosBrothers Grimm Brown 83 × 178 mm DEU-1000-anv.jpgDEU-1000-rev.jpg

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