Geography of Spain

Spain is a transcontinental country located in southwestern Europe and north Africa. In addition to occupying most of the Iberian Peninsula, Spain is made up of two archipelagos (the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea) and two autonomous cities (Ceuta and Melilla) in the north of Africa, apart from several smaller islands in this area and others close to the peninsula, such as the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, the Peñón de Alhucemas, the Chafarinas Islands and the Perejil Island. Spain limits to the west with the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal; to the north with the Cantabrian Sea, to the northeast with France and Andorra, on the other side of the Pyrenees mountain range; to the east with the Mediterranean Sea and to the south with Morocco, on the borders of Ceuta and Melilla on the African continent.

Physical geography

It is found on two continents in Europe and Africa and between two areas of influence, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, which will give rise to significant diversity in several areas:

• Relieve: all the gold and sedimentation cycles that have been given throughout history are manifested and the materials and forms of each gold-genic cycle are manifested.
• Climate: derived from its peninsular situation, which would be exposed to cold and hot air masses, the predominance of each of them is a climate, in the north there is an oceanic climate (more cold and humid) propitiated by the drunken and Mediterranean in the south giving a dry and warm climate in summer.
• Vegetation: climate-influenced, species adapted to aridity (xetrophiles), common in southern Spain, to humidity (hydrophiles) in the north.
• Human: populations that have made incursions in Spain as Romans, or Muslims with improved cultivation. The confluence of these peoples is what culture and human values have determined.

Geographic landmarks:

• Northerner point: Bars Stack, Grand Canyon, La Coruña.
• Southernmost point: La Restinga, El Pinar de El Hierro, Iron Island, Santa Cruz.
• Westerner point: tip of the Orchilla, La Frontera and El Pinar de El Hierro, island of El Hierro, Santa Cruz.
• More Eastern point: tip of La Mola, Mahón, island of Menorca, Balearic Islands

Emboss:

Relieve de la España peninsular y Baleares.

The relief of the Iberian Peninsula is articulated around a large central unit, the Meseta Central, with a high average altitude (650 m a.s.l.).

The Central Plateau is almost completely surrounded by mountain systems:

The Meseta is divided by the Central system, which extends from the Iberian mountain range to Portugal. It comprises, from east to west:

South of the Central system:

• Mounts of Toledo that culminate in the Sierra de Guadalupe (1603 m).

Main mountain ranges in Spain
System	Cordillera	Highest peak	Altitude
Cantabrian	Picos de Europa	Torre de Cerredo	2648 msnm
	Macizo Galaico	Peña Trevinca	2127 msnm
	Montes de León	Teleno	2183 msnm
	Basque mountains	Aitxuri	1551 msnm
Pyrenean	Pyrenees		msnm
	Navarre Pyrenees	Table of the Three Kings	2442 msnm
	Aragonese Pyrenees	Pico Aneto	3404 msnm
	Catalan Pyrenees	Pica d'Estats	3148 msnm
Catalan cost	Cordillera Litoral	Turó Gros	773 msnm
	Cordillera Prelitoral	Montseny	1712 msnm
Iberian	Sierra del Moncayo	Moncayo	2316 msnm
	Sierra de la Demanda	Monte San Lorenzo	2270 msnm
	Picos de Urbión	Monte Urbión	2228 msnm
	Sierra de Albarracín	Caimodorro	1921 msnm
Central	Sierra de Ayllón	Wolf Pico	2272 msnm
	Sierra de Somosierra	Hanging	1834 msnm
	Sierra de Guadarrama	Peñalara	2428 msnm
	Sierra de Gredos	Pico Almanzor	2592 msnm
	Sierra de Béjar	Canchal de la Ceja	2428 msnm
	Sierra de France	The Hastiala	1735 msnm
	Sierra de Gata	Jálama	1492 msnm
Toledo	Sierra de Guadalupe	Pico Villuercas	1601 msnm
Sierra Morena	Sierra Madrona	Bañuela	1324 msnm
	Sierra de Aracena		msnm
	Sierra Hornachuelos		msnm
Subbetic	Sierra de Cazorla	Empanadas	2106 msnm
	Sierras Orce-María		2045 msnm
	Sierra de Huétor	Rock of the Cross	2027 msnm
	Sierra de Castril	Pico del Buitre	2013 msnm
	Sierra de Segura	The Banderillas	1993 msnm
	Sierra Sur de Jaén	Pandera	1872 msnm
	Sierra de Grazalema	The Torreón	1654 msnm
	Sierra de Las Estancias		msnm
Prebetic	Sierra de La Sagra		2382 msnm
Penibbean	Sierra Nevada	Mulhacén	3480 msnm
	Sierras Baza-Filabres	Barbara	2269 msnm
	Sierra de Gádor	Lagunilla morron	2249 msnm
	Sierra de las Nieves	Torrecilla	1919 msnm
	Sierra Espuña	Moron of Totana	1585 msnm

The northern limit of the plateau:

• Macizo Galaico
• Cordillera Cantabrica, which culminates in the Picos de Europa (2648 m).

The Iberian mountain range, which closes the plateau in a northwest-southeast direction, separating it from the Ebro depression, successively forms the following sierras:

To the southeast extends the Teruel depression, which divides the mountain range into a western chain:

• Sierra de Albarracín
• Serranía de Cuenca

And an eastern one:

• Teacher (2024 m)

The southern sector of the Meseta is limited by Sierra Morena:

• Sierra Madrona (1323 m)
• Wake up.

The Pyrenees, on the isthmus that joins the Iberian Peninsula with the continent, presents the most outstanding peaks:

• Pico Aneto (3404 m)
• Pico Posets or Llardana (3375 m)
• Pica d'Estats (3115 m)

In the Pre-Pyrenees:

• Sierra del Cadí (2642 m)

To the south, the Betic Cordilleras are divided into two large groups:

• The Penibbean Cordillera and the Cordilleras Subbéticas

Cordillera Penibética:

Subbéticas mountain ranges:

El Teide, in Tenerife, Canary Islands, is the highest point in Spain.

The Mulhacén, Sierra Nevada, in the province of Granada, Andalusia, is the highest peak of the peninsula.

Insular relief

On the one hand you have the Balearic archipelago and on the other the Canary archipelago.

Relieve of the Balearic Islands

The relief of the islands of the archipelago is varied.

• Mallorca
  • Sierra de Tramuntana to the north; here are the highest peaks of all the islands that are: Puig Major (1445 m), Puig de Massanella (1348 m), Puig dels Tossals Verds (1115 m), Puig de sa Rateta, Puig Tomir (1103 m), Puig de l'Ofre and Puig des Teix.
  • Sierras de Levante, southeast, with the peak of Sa Talaia (561 m) as the highest point.

• Menorca

It is an almost round island in its middle and with hills of less than 300 msnm on its north side. Only El Toro reaches 355 m.

• Ibiza

It has a relief of soft shapes.

The highest altitudes are: Sa Talaiassa (475 m), Puig Gros (415 m) and Puig Fornàs (410 m).

Relieve of the Canary Islands

Volcanic areas of the peninsular Spain.

The Canary Islands archipelago is located in the oceanic crust of the African lithospheric plate. The archipelago is of volcanic origin, and there are several inaccurate theories that try to explain this formation. The islands are characterized by their high mountains compared to their surface area. From the ocean floor, some exceed 6,000 m in height. In the easternmost islands, which are the oldest, sedimentary rocks and coral origin abound, while in the western ones volcanic manifestations are very common. The islands do not have rivers in general, only La Palma and La Gomera have permanent streams, although in all the ravines that run sporadically are very abundant. The main peaks are:

• Tenerife

• La Palma

Roque de los Muchachos (2426 m)

• Gran Canaria

Rivers, lakes and coasts

Rivers

Main rivers of Spain
#	Name	Length
01	Rio Tajo	1007 km
02	Rio Ebro	910 km
03	Rio Duero	895 km
04	Guadiana River	818 km
05	Rio Guadalquivir	657 km
06	Rio Júcar	498 km
07	Genil River	337 km
08	Safe River	325 km
09	Rio Miño	310 km
10	Río Turia	280 km
Note 1: Total length of the river, including stretches that run through Portugal.

Watersheds of the Iberian Peninsula.

The river Guadalquivir at its pass through the city of Córdoba, Andalusia.

Vertiente cantábrica

Atlantic view

Mediterranean

Lakes and lagoons of Spain

Coasts

In satellite view of the Iberian peninsula it is appreciated that most of its coast is open and rectiline.

The peninsular part of Spain has some 3,167 km of coastline. To which should be added the 956 of the Portuguese coast, to complete the peninsular coast. In this layout, if we do without the fairly articulated coast of Galicia, and despite the Mediterranean ovals, there are no large inlets or nooks.

The ancients already observed the different tonality of the coastal waters, in the Mediterranean Sea, intense blue: in the Atlantic Ocean, green; but the opposition also occurs in the shape of the coast: on the one hand, in the Atlantic, the straight line predominates, the wide tide, there are long sections of rivers and submarine canyons. In the Mediterranean, arcs replace straight lines, there are no appreciable tides, only a few estuaries or coves, but many deltas and long beaches.

Cabo de San Vicente can be considered as the point of separation of one form of coast and another, including the Gulf of Cádiz in the Mediterranean ones due to its special characteristics that are closer to these than to the Atlantic ones.

In the Cantabrian Sea, for about 770 km the coast has an east-west direction, is rectilinear, and its layout reflects a large geological accident oriented in the same direction, the Cantabrian Mountains. In Galicia, it makes a 90° turn and takes a north-south direction, up to the tip of Cape San Vicente, in Portugal. This coast is also rectilinear for another 800 km. From here the coastal contour is more sinuous and the Mediterranean ovals or great arcs begin that begin with the Gulf of Cádiz, the oval of the Alborán Sea continues, here the coast turns to the northeast and draws another two very open ovals between the capes of Gata and Palos and between this and that of La Nao and finally the extensive and open Gulf of Valencia, which we can consider to end with the salient of the Ebro delta. From here on the coast is fairly straight again and runs almost parallel to the Catalan Coastal Chain up to Cape Begur, where it enters to form the Gulf of Roses, extended to Cape Creus.

Cabo Ortegal, Galicia.

Corporals

Gulfs

Exclusive economic zone.

Territorial sea and exclusive economic zone

The region of the sea whose right to exploit marine resources depends on Spain is called the Spanish exclusive economic zone. The EEZ of Spain borders with those of Portugal, France, Italy, Algeria, Morocco and Western Sahara. It occupies an area of 1,039,233 square kilometres, which would be approximately twice the surface of the Spanish emerged lands.

Climate

Climate classification of Köppen.

In the Iberian Peninsula there are many climates due to the orography and the layout of the coasts, which is why we can talk about local microclimates on many occasions. Broadly speaking we find:

• Atlantic climate: is given in Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, Basque Country and Navarra. It is characterized by abundant rainfall throughout the year and mild temperatures both in winter and in summer (La Coruña: 10.4 °C in January, 19.2 °C in August and 1008 mm; Bilbao: 7.1 °C in January, 20.3 °C in August and 1195 mm).

• Continental oceanic climate: is given in Castilla y León, Madrid, La Rioja, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura and Andalusia. It is a climate of sparse rainfall, concentrated in winter and greater oscillation both daily and interannual. In the higher zones are given very cold winters and mild summers (Soria: 2.9 °C in January, 20.0 °C in July), while in the south and lower areas the winters are softer and the very hot summers (Córdoba: 9.2 °C in January, 27.2 °C in July).

Average climate parameters of Madrid, capital of Spain
Month	Ene.	Feb.	Mar.	Open up.	May.	Jun.	Jul.	Ago.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Annual
Average temperature (°C)	9.7	12.0	15.7	17.5	21.4	26.9	31.2	30.7	26	19	13.4	10.1	19.4
Temp. medium (°C)	2.6	3.7	5.6	7.2	10.7	15.1	18.4	18.2	15.0	10.2	6.0	3.8	9.7
Total precipitation (mm)	37	35	26	47	52	25	15	10	28	49	56	56	436
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• Continental climate: or Mediterranean interior is given in Aragon, Catalonia, Valencian Community, Murcia Region, Castilla-La Mancha and Andalusia. Precipitations are scarce and are mostly given in spring and autumn. It follows the same thermal trend as the continental ocean (Murcia: 10.1 °C in January, 26.7 °C in August). Daily thermal oscillations in some areas become more than 25 °C.

• Mediterranean climate: se da en Cataluña, Baleares, Comunidad Valenciana, Región de Murcia y Andalucía. Precipitations are scarce, mainly concentrated in autumn (sometimes in a torrential way) and are decreasing from north to south from the moist Mediterranean to the arid (Barcelona 640 mm, Tortosa 524 mm, Valencia 454 mm, Alicante 336 mm, Almeria 196 mm). Temperatures are mild in winter and warm in summer, with a lesser oscillation than in the continental climates but greater than in the ocean (Barcelona: 8.9 °C in January, 23.6 °C in August; Alicante: 11.5 °C in January, 25.5 °C in August).

• Subtropical climate: is given in the Canary Islands and is characterized by mild temperatures throughout the year and the absence of a thermal winter precipitation varies greatly depending on the orography of the area.

Average annual temperature map (°C) in Spain during the period 1981-2010.

Weather extremes

• Maximum temperature: was reached in Montoro, Córdoba, on 14 August 2021, with 47.4 °C. If the data recorded in the nineteenth century are taken into account, there are very higher temperature records, such as the 51.0 °C in Seville on July 30, 1876, but it is doubtful of its validity when the conditions under which the measures were made are unknown.

• Minimum temperature: -32 °C on Lake Estangento (in the Pyrenees of Lérida) on February 2, 1956, followed by the -30.0 °C of Calamocha (Teruel) on December 17, 1963.

• Annual top priority: 4346mm collected in Grazalema in 1963.

• Maximum precipice in one day: 817mm collected in Oliva (Valencia) on 3 November 1987, followed by the Puebla del Duc (Valencia) with 790 mm on 3 November 1987. The maximum rainfall collected in one hour in Spain was recorded in Santa Cruz de Tenerife on March 31, 2002, with 129.9 mm.

Environment

According to the WWF, in Spain the following terrestrial ecoregions can be distinguished: mainly Mediterranean forest, temperate broadleaf forest and temperate coniferous forest. There are also marine ecoregions: the Mediterranean Sea and the marine current of the Canary Islands.

The vegetation of the Iberian Peninsula is classified into four groups:

• Vegetation of the wet Spain: typical Atlantic forest, with oaks and beech trees, as well as meadows.
• Vegetation of dry Spain: Mediterranean forest, with trees such as holm oak, alcornoque and pine, and bushes (carrasca, jara), including aromatics such as thyme, spliego, retama or rosemary.
• Mountain vegetation according to its altitude: oak, oak, chestnut, meadow
• the flora of the Canary Islands, where there is a subtropical vegetation marked by the various altitudes: on the coast, palms; in the middle, the Canarian laurisilva and at the summits, the canary pine.

The fauna presents a wide diversity that is largely due to two factors: the geographical position of Spain, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea and between Africa and Eurasia, and the great diversity of habitats and biotopes as a result of a considerable variety of climates and well differentiated regions.

In Spain it is also possible to find a series of species that have already disappeared in other European nations. This is due to the fact that historically it has been a sparsely populated territory when compared to countries like Germany, Great Britain or Italy, all of which are smaller, and to late industrialization, which led to the decline of numerous species and the extinction of some others were a documented phenomenon throughout the 20th century. Also noteworthy are the large number of species present due to the influence of African fauna (common chameleon, racer, Moorish hedgehog, genet, purple swinden, mongoose, etc.) and the number of endemic species present in the Balearic Islands (ferreret, Balearic shearwater) and the Canary Islands (laurisilva pigeons Columba junoniae and Columba bollii, the perenquen, the Canary shrew, the houbara, the Canary stonechat or the tagarote falcon).

Certain native species have spread throughout the world, such as the rabbit (an animal that gave its name to Spain itself, according to one of the etymological theories) or the canary in the Modern Age.

According to the regulations of the European Union, the territory of this country is divided into three biogeographical regions: Mediterranean, Atlantic and the Canary Islands archipelago, in the Atlantic Ocean it belongs to the Macaronesian.

Laurisilva canaria, in the national park of Garajonay, of the island of La Gomera, Canary Islands, a natural heritage of Humanity.

In Spain there are three natural heritage sites: Garajonay and Teide in the Canary Islands, and Doñana in Andalusia. And two mixed properties: "Pyrenees-Monte Perdido" (1997, 1999, shared with France) and "Ibiza, biodiversity and culture" (1999).

It has some forty biosphere reserves that reflect the diversity of habitats, flora and fauna in Spain.

• On the one hand, there are those of the cantabrian area: Urdaibai, Muniellos, Somiedo, Terras do Miño, Redes, Valle de Laciana, Picos de Europa, Babia, Area of Allariz, the Valleys of Omaña and Luna, Alto de Bernesga, Los Argüellos, the Ancares leoneses and the Lucenses, the River Eo, Oscos and Oscos.
• In the Mediterranean climate zone: Grazalema, Sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Las Villas, Marismas del Odiel, Sierra Nevada, Doñana, Cabo de Gata-Níjar, La Mancha Húmeda, Cuenca alta del Manzanares, Menorca, Bardenas Reales, Las Dehesas de Sierra Morena, Valles del Jubera, Leza, Cidacos and Alham. Morocco shares the Mediterranean Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve.
• Mountain areas: Ordesa-Viñamala, Sierra de las Nieves and its surroundings, Montseny, Sierra del Rincón, Sierra de Aracena and Picos de Aroche, Sierras de Candelario-Béjar and France.
• Finally, in the Canary Islands they are the subject of this special protection: La Palma, Lanzarote, Isla de El Hierro and Gran Canaria, Gomera, Fuerteventura and Anaga; in Tenerife.

281,768 hectares of the territory are protected as wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, in total, 63 Ramsar sites. It has thirteen national parks: Aigüestortes and San Mauricio Lake, the Cabrera Archipelago, Cabañeros, the Caldera de Taburiente, Doñana, Garajonay, the Atlantic Islands of Galicia, the Tablas de Daimiel, Monfragüe, Ordesa and Monte Perdido, Picos de Europa, Sierra Nevada, Teide and Timanfaya.

The main natural risk in Spain is drought and the desertification of large areas of its territory, since more than two thirds of it belong to the categories susceptible to desertification: arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas.

Regarding environmental problems, the contamination of the Mediterranean Sea by wastewater discharges and others of an industrial nature due to the underwater production of crude oil and gas; the quality and quantity of water throughout the country; the atmospheric pollution; deforestation and desertification.

Human Geography

Autonomous Communities of Spain.

Provinces of Spain.

Main cities in Spain.

The official population of Spain is 47,326,687 inhabitants, which means a population density of 93.53 inhabitants per square kilometer. However, the distribution of the population is very irregular, concentrating on the coast and leaving large areas of the interior sparsely inhabited. 77% of the population lives in urban areas. According to the CIA's The World Factbook, ethnically the population is made up of a mix of Mediterranean and Nordic types. As for religion, 94% are Catholic, another 6%. The official language throughout the country is Spanish or Castilian, which is spoken as mother tongue by 74% of the population; In addition, there are other co-official languages in some autonomous communities, such as Catalan, which is spoken as their mother tongue by 17% of the population, Galician 7%, and Basque 2%. By law, in accordance with the Valencian Academy of Language, which is the linguistic authority included in the Statute of Autonomy in the Valencian Community, it is recognized that Valencian is the same language as Catalan. In addition, the Asturian language is recognized in the Statute of Autonomy of Castilla y León and Asturias. In Catalonia, Aranese, a variant of Occitan, is also official.

The capital is Madrid, with a population of 3,334,730 inhabitants (January 1, 2020). Other provincial capitals with more than half a million inhabitants are: Barcelona (1,636,732 inhabitants), Valencia (789,744 inhabitants), Seville (684,234 inhabitants), Zaragoza (675,301 inhabitants) and Málaga (577,405 inhabitants).

Spain is administratively divided into 17 autonomous communities or autonomies and 2 autonomous cities (Ceuta and Melilla): Andalusia, Aragon, Principality of Asturias, the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Community of Madrid, Region of Murcia, Navarra, Basque Country and Valencian Community.

A lower administrative level is that of the provinces. There are 50 provinces formed by the peninsular and insular territory. Ceuta, Melilla and the sovereignty squares are not part of this regime. The provinces are the base on which the creation of the autonomous communities was established. The provinces are further subdivided into municipalities.

To unify the territorial units according to all the members of the EU, they correspond to those established by the NUTS system. This system establishes the division of hierarchical territorial units into three levels, of which level II corresponds to the autonomous communities and cities and level III to the provinces.

Economic geography

Natural resources of Spain. In blue: Fe — iron, Cu — copper, Mn — magnesite, Hg — mercury, W — wolframio, U — uranium, PM — lead, zinc, PY — pirita. In red: C — coal, L — lignite, O — oil, G — natural gas, OS — lutita bituminosa. In yellow: K — potash, P — phosphoite.

Historically, Spain has mainly had mining as natural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrite, magnesite, fluorite, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin and potash. In addition, the mountainous terrain allows obtaining hydroelectric energy. Regarding the different uses of the land, it is distributed as follows:

• Agricultural land: 11,884,252 ha, less than 24 per cent of the country ' s geographical area.
• Irrigation surface: about 3,700,000 ha, or about 7% of the total area and almost 20% of the useful land area.

Weight of the different economic sectors on GDP (first quarter 2022):

• Primary sector (agriculture, livestock, fishing, etc.): represents 32.5% of GDP.
• Secondary sector (construction, industry, etc.): represents 20.9 per cent of GDP.
• Tertiary sector (services): accounted for 66.6 per cent of GDP.

Spain's capitalist mixed economy is the 12th in the world, and its per capita income roughly corresponds to that of Germany or France. However, after almost fifteen years of above-average GDP growth, the Spanish economy began to slow down at the end of 2007 and entered a recession in the second quarter of 2008. Spain's unemployment rate rose from a relatively low 8% in 2007 to more than 19% in December 2009 and still growing. Its fiscal deficit worsened from 3.8% of GDP in 2008 to around 11% of GDP in 2009, more than three times the EMU limit. GDP contracted by 3.6% since 2008, ending a sixteen-year trend of growth.

The Viaducto de Montabliz, in the A-67, in Cantabria, is the highest bridge in Spain and the sixth in Europe, with 150 meters of height (in its highest part) on the Bisueña River.

The economy is expected to recover modest growth sometime in 2010, with Spain being the last major economy to recover from the global recession. The change in Spain's economic growth reflects a significant decline in the construction sector, an oversupply of houses, falling consumer spending, and a drop in exports. The government's efforts to relaunch the economy by stimulating consumption, expanding unemployment benefits and guaranteed loans have not prevented a sharp growth in the unemployment rate, which was the highest in the European Union in 2009. The sector Spain's banking system has been relatively insulated from the global financial crisis, due in part to the conservative supervision of the Bank of Spain. Government intervention to bail out banks on the scale seen in the rest of Europe in 2008 and 2009 was not necessary in Spain, although the high risk for Spanish banks from the fall in domestic construction and the real estate market poses a continuing risk to the sector. The government intervened in a regional savings bank in 2009 and others have merged out of necessity, or are discussing this possibility.

The main agricultural products are: cereals, vegetables, olives, vines for the production of wine, sugar beets and citrus fruits. Livestock is obtained from beef and pork, poultry and dairy products. The fishing sector also retains its importance. As for industrial products, it is worth mentioning: the textile and accessories industry, including footwear; food and beverages, metals and metal manufacturing, chemical industry, shipbuilding, automobiles, machinery, tourism, ceramic products, the parapharmaceutical industry and medical equipment.

There are 7,738 km of gas pipelines and 560 km of oil pipelines, pipelines for refined products represent 3,445 km (2009). It has 15,288 km of railways, mostly broad gauge, although it retains around 10% narrow gauge. It has an extensive road network (681,224 km) which places it 10th in the world; 13,872 km are expressways. Waterways in 2008 represented 1000 km. The most prominent ports and terminals are: Algeciras, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cartagena, Huelva, Tarragona Valencia and Vigo.