Geography of Mexico

Mexico is a country located at the southern tip of North America. It has an eastern coast bathed by the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea, which are part of the Atlantic Ocean. To the west, it has a huge coastline bathed by the Pacific Ocean. It limits to the north with the United States and to the south with Guatemala and Belize. Mexico shares a long northern border with the United States of America and one to the south with Guatemala and Belize. To the east it is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Approximately 85% of the country (with the exception of the Yucatán Peninsula and the eastern and northwestern coastal plains) is made up of mountain ranges, plateaus, and numerous valleys. The Sierra Madre Occidental and the Sierra Madre Oriental run parallel to both coasts. Among them is a vast region of valleys, plateaus and plateaus (average altitude 2000 m.a.s.l.). At the southern end of the plateau are the highest peaks in Mexico: the peak of Orizaba or Citlaltépetl, Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl. The Mexican territory includes numerous islands located in its patrimonial sea, of which Guadalupe Island and the Revillagigedo archipelago stand out. The approximate area of the country is 1,964,375 km², which places it in fourteenth place worldwide and fifth in America, after Canada, the United States, Brazil and the Argentine Republic. Mexico is just over 3,200 km long between its furthest land points. Mexico's longest border is the one it shares with the United States, with a length of 3,326 linear km, most of which is defined by the Rio Grande, which is also the longest in the country. The rest of this border is defined by a series of artificial and natural marks. The border with Guatemala is formed by the Suchiate and Usumacinta rivers and three artificial lines. The length of this border is 871 km. The 251 km border with Belize coincides with the bed of the Hondo River.

Mexico's heritage sea is made up of two regions: the territorial sea, which is measured from the coastline up to 25 km offshore; and the exclusive economic zone, which reaches 200 nautical miles from the coast. The surface of the Mexican patrimonial sea is about 2.7 million km².

Natural relief

Physical map of Mexico, where some of the most notable accidents and regions of the country are noted.

Two large mountain ranges shape the relief of Mexico. In the west, parallel to the Pacific coast, rises the imposing Sierra Madre Occidental, which stretches for about 1,250 km between the border with the United States and the mouth of the Lerma River. The Sierra Madre Occidental reaches its highest point in Cerro Gordo, in the south of the state of Durango, with an altitude of 3,340 meters above sea level. no. m.. The distance that separates this mountain range from the coasts of the Gulf of California is about 300 kilometers maximum, in the north of Sonora, although the Pacific coastal plain gradually contracts to the south, where in Nayarit (Sierra del Nayar) reaches its minimum width, about twenty kilometers with respect to the Pacific coast.

To the east is the Sierra Madre Oriental, which begins at the border between Coahuila and Texas and extends 1,355 km in a northeast-southeast direction, with an average width of 50 kilometers and an average elevation of 2,200 meters above sea level. sea. In some sections the amplitude reaches 80 and even 100 kilometers. This mountain range extends from Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Hidalgo, Veracruz and Puebla. In the north of the latter it joins the Neovolcanic axis. To the east it borders the Gulf Coastal Plain, and to the west is the Mexican High Plateau. The mountain range has a rugged topography in which valleys, canyons, and ravines are frequent. The highest peak is Cerro El Potosí with 3,713 meters above sea level.

The Paricutin in time of activity.

Between these two large mountain ranges and the Neovolcanic axis, which we are going to talk about below, is located the Mesa del Centro. It is a wide plateau, at an average altitude of 1200 m a.s.l. no. m.. Due to the presence of high mountains on all flanks it is quite dry, it contains the deserts of Chihuahua and the Mapimí pocket (the latter also known as Comarca Lagunera), which are some of the points where it rains less throughout the country. The Mesa del Centro is divided by a series of small, narrow ranges, collectively known as Sierras Transversales, a group that includes the Sierra de Zacatecas, the Sierra de San Luis and the Sierra de la Breña. These mountains divide the highlands into two halves, which some specialists have wanted to call Northern Highlands and Southern Highlands. The Bajío is located in this last region, a rich agricultural region shared by the states of Guanajuato, Querétaro, Jalisco, Michoacán and Aguascalientes.

The Mesa del Centro is limited to the south by the neovolcanic axis. It is a chain of volcanoes that are part of the so-called Pacific ring of fire, characterized by its great volcanic activity. It begins in the state of Nayarit, and runs to the east approximately on the 19th parallel line. The Hub forms numerous highland valleys, including those of Toluca, Mexico, and the Poblano-Tlaxcalteca, which together house 24 million people, equivalent to just under 25% of the Mexican population. Some of the highest elevations in the country are located in this mountain range, such as the Orizaba peak, Popocatépetl, and Iztaccíhuatl. Although the Fuego de Colima and Nevado de Colima volcanoes are located further south, they are usually considered to be part of this axis. Both the Fuego volcano and the Popocatépetl are monitored for their incessant volcanic activity. The famous Paricutín is part of this mountain range, the youngest volcano in the world, which was seen being born by a Purépecha peasant from Michoacán, and buried the town of San Juan Parangaricutiro.

To the south of the Neovolcanic Axis is the lowest region of the entire country. This region corresponds to the middle channel of the Balsas-Atoyac river, and is known precisely as Depresión del Balsas; It is a region with a very hot climate, with subtropical vegetation. Although it is an extensive region with abundant water resources, it is one of the most unpopulated in the country, due, among other things, to the fact that it is surrounded by high mountains that make communication difficult. The Balsas basin begins in the Poblano-Tlaxcalteca valley, but because this is a highland area, it is not considered part of the depression. To the east, the area is limited by the Mixtec Shield, which joins the Sierra Madre del Sur with the Neovolcanic Axis.

Between the Balsas Depression and the Pacific Ocean is another large mountain range, this is the Sierra Madre del Sur, which runs almost level with the Pacific coast of the states of Jalisco, Michoacán de Ocampo, Guerrero and Oaxaca, where it ends at the isthmus of Tehuantepec. The Sierra Madre del Sur is linked to the Neovolcanic mountain range and the Sierra Madre Oriental by the Mixtec shield, which, as deduced from the last paragraphs, constitutes one of the central points of the Mexican orogeny. The Mixtec Shield is one of the oldest areas of the country. Around it, remarkable geological processes developed that gave rise to the four great mountain ranges that run through the country.

To the east of this Mixtec Shield is another notable mountain range, the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, also known as the Sierra de Juárez. It stretches across the north of Oaxaca and forms the natural border with its northern neighbor, Veracruz. The relief of the Sierra de Juárez is abrupt, reaching peaks of more than 3000 m s. no. m.. It ends at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a low area where the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean are at a shorter distance in the Mexican territory. The plain of the isthmus is interrupted by the Sierra Atravesada, which, as its name indicates, crosses the region from north to south. To the east of it are the Sierras Madre de Chiapas and the Serranías de Soconusco, which frame the Central Table of Chiapas, an area of about 1200 m a.s.l. no. m. cold climate in the middle of the tropics. The Sierra Madre de Chiapas has its culminating peak in the Tacaná volcano, at 4117 m a.s.l. no. m., on the Chiapas border with Guatemala.

The Gulf Coastal Plain is considerably wider than its Pacific counterpart. It begins in the northeast of Coahuila and ends in the Candelaria river basin, in the state of Campeche. It is a region of more or less flat relief (barely interrupted by the Sierra de los Tuxtlas and the mountains of Tamaulipas), which is usually divided into two parts: the northern plain, which is located north of the Pánuco River; and the southern one, in Veracruz and Tabasco. To the east of the Tabasco plain is the Yucatan Platform, an extensive limestone peninsula that emerged from the sea after the impact of a meteorite at the end of the Mesozoic era, only topographically characterized by a slight mountain range of 130 m altitude in its highest point, called La Sierrita.

In the northwest, the separation between the Baja California peninsula and the rest of the continental territory is occupied by the Gulf of California, declared a World Heritage Site. The Baja California peninsula is crossed from north to south by a mountain range known generically as the Sierras de Baja California, although it receives different names depending on the region. A geological fault passes very close to the coastline of the peninsula, which causes it to slowly separate from the American continent. This same process has generated, to the north, between the Sierra de Juárez and the Sierra Cucapá, a depression known as: Laguna Salada, which is the lowest area in the country. In a few centuries, the San Andreas fault will turn Baja California and California into one huge island.

Coastline of Mexico

Mexico has 11,122 km of continental coastline bathed by two large oceans, the Pacific and the Atlantic, both the Gulf of Mexico and the sea Caribbean. Seventeen states have a coastline and fifteen do not: Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Nuevo León, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Hidalgo State, Puebla, Mexico State, Mexico City Tlaxcala and Morelos.

The longest coastline is the Pacific, which covers 10 states and is 7828 km long. The main feature of the Pacific coastline is the California peninsula, which creates a 1,200 km long inlet, the Gulf of California or Sea of Cortez, sheltered from direct ocean currents. On this long coastline there are all kinds of coasts, from rocky and steep with high cliffs, through flat areas with extensive and sandy beaches to tidal flats with valuable ecosystems. The Pacific coast can be considered divided into two: the coast of the California peninsula, with more than 3,600 km in length and two very different shores, the one open to the ocean and the more protected interior; and the fully continental coastline, which would begin in the extreme northwest at the mouth of the Colorado River and would first extend in a southwesterly direction to Cape Corrientes, and then it would go more and more to the east until it reached the mouth of the Ocós, in the Gulf of from Tehuantepec, the southern coast of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

The coastline of the Atlantic slope is 3294 km and covers six states. It can also be considered divided into two parts: the north, corresponding to the shore of the Gulf of Mexico, which would begin at the mouth of the Rio Grande and would describe a wide arc in a southerly direction until closing again to the north at the end of the peninsula of Yucatan; and the one that corresponds to the Caribbean Sea, of less than 1000 km, in the eastern part of the Mexican Yucatan peninsula and that would go from Cape Catoche to the mouth of the Hondo River in the Chetumal Bay.

The table on the side, arranged geographically, shows the state coastlines of the country.

Extreme points of Mexico

The extreme points of the country, referred to its latitude and longitude, are, for continental Mexico:

• northernmost point: Monument 206, in the Mexican village of Los Algodones, Baja California, border with the United States (U.S.)32°38′N 114°45′O / 32.633, -114.750)
• Westerner point: near Tijuana, Baja California (32°32′N 117°5′O / 32.533, -117.083)
• southernmost point: The mouth of the Suchiate river near Ciudad Hidalgo, on the border with Guatemala, south of Tapachula, Chiapas (14°32′27′N 92°13′0′ / 14.54083, -92.21667)
• easternmost point: near Cancun, Quintana Roo (21°8′N 86°44′O / 21.133, -86.733).

If the insular zones are considered, only change:

• westernmost point: Elephant rock on Guadalupe Island, in the Pacific Ocean (29°4′N 118°26′O / 29.067, -118.433).
• easternmost point: southeast tip of female island, Quintana Roo (21°11′N 86°42′O / 21.183, -86.700).

Hydrology

Hydrological Regions of Mexico
Map of watersheds
Administrative	Hydrological regions
I. Baja California Peninsula	1. Baja California Noroeste (Ensenada)
	2. Baja California Centro Oeste (El Vizcaíno)
	3. Baja California Suroeste (Magdalena)
	4. Baja California Northeast (Laguna Salada)
	5. Baja California Centro Este (Sta. Rosalía)
	6. Baja California Sureste (La Paz)
	7. Colorado River
II. Northwest	8. North Sonora
	9. South Sonora
III. North Pacific	10. Sinaloa
	11. Presidio-San Pedro
IV. Balsas	17. Costa de Michoacán
	18. Balsas
V. South Pacific	19. Costa Grande
	20. Costa Chica-Río Verde
	21. Costa de Oaxaca (Puerto Ángel)
	22. Tehuantepec
VI. Rio Bravo	24. Bravo Conchos
	24. Under Bravo
	24. Bravo (Falcon Friendship)
	34. Closed basins of the North (Casas Grandes)
VII. Northern central basins	35. Mapimí
	36. Nazas-Aguanaval
	37. The Salado
VIII. Lerma Santiago Pacific	12. Lerma-Santiago
	13. Huicicill
	14. Ameca
	15. Costa de Jalisco
	16. Armería-Coahuayana
IX. Northern Gulf	25. San Fernando Soto La Marina
	26. Pánuco
X. Gulf Centre	27. Tuxpan-Nautla
	28. Papaloapan
	29. Coatzacoalcos
XI. South border	23. Costa de Chiapas
	30. Grijalva-Usumacinta
XII. Yucatan Peninsula	31. Yucatan West (Campeche)
	32. Yucatan Norte (Yucatan)
	33. Yucatan East (Quintana Roo)
XIII. Aguas del valle de México	Part 18 (Balsas)

The presence of huge mountain ranges in the vicinity of the coasts causes Mexico's rivers to be generally short, unnavigable and with a relatively modest flow. This is especially true of the Pacific, into whose slope, however, some of Mexico's longest rivers flow.

Mexico has forty-two main rivers, which can be grouped into three streams:

• the western side corresponds to the Pacific;
• to the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea;
• and there is also an inner slope, made up of all rivers that have no exit to any of the seas or flow into a basin with marine drainage.

The National Water Commission (Conagua) has divided Mexico, hydrologically, into 13 Hydrological-Administrative Regions, which are groups of basins that seek to respect municipal limits, to easily integrate socioeconomic management. In turn, these administrative regions are subdivided into 37 hydrological regions, which have a similar level of runoff (they reach 33 in number, but number 24 is repeated) in which the 718 hydrographic basins of the country are grouped. Conagua is the administrative, regulatory, technical and consultative body in charge of the management of said hydrological regions. The attached table includes both the 13 Hydrological-Administrative Regions and the 37 hydrological regions, using the following color code to reflect the slope:

The most humid are the Usumacinta-Grijalva, the Papaloapan, the Coatzacoalcos, and the so-called Chiapas Coast. The first three correspond to the slope of the Gulf of Mexico, and the last to the Pacific. All four are located in the southeastern states of Mexico. At the opposite point, the driest are those of El Vizcaíno, Magdalena and Laguna Salada, on the Baja California peninsula; and that of Sonora, in the state of the same name.

According to the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Information Technology (INEGI), the largest rivers are the Usumacinta, which discharges 900,000 l/s into the Gulf of Mexico, and the Grijalva, with 700,000 l/s, also in the gulf Both are part of hydrological region 30, Usumacinta-Grijalva, the wettest in the country. However, these are relatively short rivers.

The Rio Grande, the longest of those that irrigate the country, barely evacuates 120,000 l/s on the eastern slope. The Lerma-Chapala-Santiago system, which irrigates one of the most densely populated areas of the country, barely has a runoff capacity of 8,500 m³ per year, compared to more than 50,000 for the Usumacinta River.

The inland slope is made up of closed regions that prevent its waters from flowing into the sea. The most important are those of the Nazas and Aguanaval rivers, which are located in the states of Zacatecas, Durango and Coahuila. Its waters are channeled to provide water to cities as important as the metropolitan area of Torreón, which is home to more than a million people, as well as the extensive crops of the Comarca Lagunera. However, these are rivers with low flow, which are not sufficient to supply the region's demand.

There are also numerous small lake basins, among which we must highlight those of lakes Pátzcuaro and Cuitzeo, in Michoacán de Ocampo. The Texcoco lake basin was part of this group, which, however, was artificially opened towards the Tula river, with the purpose of drying out the more than a thousand kilometers of lake surface, on which Mexico City is located today.

Climate

The Mexican territory is located at the height of the Tropic of Cancer. Its climatic conditions vary: aridity in the north of the territory, hot, humid and sub-humid climates in the south, southeast and cold or temperate climates in the elevated geographical regions. In the north of the country, on the border with the United States, the territory is semi-desert, with an arid climate. To the south-southeast are tropical forests, swampy areas in the northern region of the state of Tabasco.

Mexico's climate, like that of any other part of the planet, is the result of the interaction of various atmospheric and geographical phenomena, and is one of the most influential features of the physical environment in human activities. The different relationship between atmospheric and geographic phenomena causes climatic diversity.

Mexico's location near the Equator and the fact that it is crossed by the Tropic of Cancer are very important, since between 50 and 60 percent of the sun's rays fall on its surface, which allows it to have a climate that, in principle, could be classified as tropical and temperate.

The country's temperatures are not only a function of the impact of the sun's rays, since they increase as the altitude approaches sea level and decrease due to its increase. For example, Mexico City is located at 2,240 m s. no. m. and has an average temperature of 15 °C, while the port of Veracruz, which is located at sea level, is 25°C.

Other important factors in determining climate are weather barriers (which limit the entry of moist air), distance from the sea (which determines aridity to some extent), and ocean currents (such as the California Cold Current and the warm one of the Gulf), that modify the climate in the coasts of the country, since they transport the heat of Ecuador towards the poles.

• Use of soil
• Significant geographical altitudes and depressions of Mexico

Map of Mexico with the Climate Classification of Köppen

According to the Köppen climate classification, Mexico has the following climates:

Tropical Climates

• Af, Tropical with rains all year round or Equator, It is home to the high perennifolia rainforests that is distributed mainly on the border of the states of Tabasco and Chiapas as well as of Veracruz and Oaxaca (seping of the Chimalapas). Some characteristic cities are Palenque, and the municipality of Martínez de la Torre in Veracruz.

• Am, Tropical monzónico, develops around the Af climate as a transition with the Aw and includes the same states of Tabasco, Chiapas, Veracruz and Oaxaca. Minatitlán, Tuxtepec, Coatzacoalcos, Heroica Cárdenas and Villahermosa are characteristic cities of this Climate

• Aw., Tropical with rains in summer, is mainly developed along the Pacific coast from the south of Mazatlan to the border with Guatemala, and surrounding lowlands, as well as on the Yucatan peninsula and remnants of the Gulf of Mexico Planicie in Veracruz. Many have this climate, cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants are: Acayucan, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Playa del Carmen, Puerto Vallarta, Acapulco, Colima, Chetumal, Iguala, Manzanillo, Campeche, Mérida, Ciudad del Carmen, Cancun, Tapachula, Lázaro Cárdenas and Tehuantepec.

Dry Climates

• BWh, Arido Cálido, are the most arid nucleus or center of the 2 main deserts of Mexico, the Sonora desert (including the Baja California peninsula), and the lowlands of the Chihuahua desert, characterized by the Nazas basin or the Mapimí Bag. Delicias, Mexicali, Torreón, San Luis Rio Colorado, Río Verde, Monclova, Guaymas, Hermosillo, La Paz, Ciudad Obregón, Los Mochis and Los Cabos make up a group of cities that have this climate.

• BWk, Arido Frío, develops mainly in the north of Chihuahua, forming part of the desert of Chihuahua. Also available in high areas of the San Pedro Mártir mountain range and the Mexican highland in San Luis Potosí, as an important note, this climate is located on Guadalupe Island at sea level. Ciudad Juárez is the most important city in Mexico that belongs to this climate.

• BShSemiárido Cálido, of course, is a climate of transition between the arid and the subhumid and is located mainly in the northeast and northwest of the country as well as in mid-high areas around the Mexican highlands as they are in important areas of the basidium and San Luis Potosí. In the south, the area of Tierra Caliente and the Oaxaca Valley have this type of climate. It is the second most populous climate in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, which makes it very characteristic in Mexico. The cities are listed below with this climate: Ciudad Acuña, Saltillo, Nuevo Laredo, Piedras Negras, San Francisco del Rincón, Monterrey, Tehuacán, Celaya, Santiago de Querétaro, Reynosa, Ciudad Victoria, Navojoa, Culiacán, Mazatlan and Tecomán.

• BSk, Semiarido Frío, like the warm semi-arid, is a transitory area, but it is located mainly in high areas of the center-north of the country, characterized by its stepanic vegetation, but also includes a semi-arid with Mediterranean characteristics in northern Baja California. Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Parral, Durango, Pachuca, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Fresnillo, Tulancingo, San Juan del Río, San Luis Potosí, Tula de Allende, Tijuana and Ensenada are cities with this climate.

Temporal and Temperate Climates

• Csa, Mediterranean with warm summer (subtropical), this climate is rare in Mexico and is located in Baja California in the Mediterranean region characterized mainly by a semi-arid climate, however this climate develops at medium heights capable of catching the moisture from the ocean. On the other hand, there is a peculiar region in the north of Sonora, which does not fully comply with the typical Mediterranean climate, such as dry summers. This region where Nogales and Cananea are located, is in summer where the most precipitation has, however the season of precipitation is late, and has intermittent droughts. The phenomenon of intermittent droughts also occurs in winter, it is finally detected that due to the conditioned evapotranspiration at temperature, this region has a more pronounced punctual drought in summer, just after spring, which in winter gives it the characteristic of Mediterranean climate. Tecate is the main exponent of this climate, while the city of Nogales travels between this climate and the BSk depending on the historical period of its climate charter.

• Csb, Mediterranean with mild summer (tempered), is developed mainly in the mountains of Juarez and San Pedro Mártir, as well as in the so-called "south islands" in the mountains of northern Sonora, near Cananea.

• Cwa, Subtropical with dry season, This climate is scattered all over the country, the tamaulipeca coast, the Chapala Lake basin and the Bajío are the main areas with this climate, there is also the piedemonte of the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Huasteca Potosina. It is the third climate with more population in the cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, including: Guanajuato, La Piedad de Cabadas, Salamanca, León, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Moroleón, Ocotlán, Irapuato, Zamora de Hidalgo, Guadalajara, Tepic, Cuautla de Morelos and Oaxaca de Juárez.

• Cwb, Templado with dry winter, is the main exponent of the most important mountain ranges in the country, La Sierra Madre Occidental and the Neovolcanic Axis, also includes the northern part of the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Sierra Madre del Sur in the highest parts. The vegetation is very characteristic for its oaks and pines. It is the climate with the largest population in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants (38 per cent of the population), such as: Valle de México, Toluca de Lerdo, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Tlaxcala, Puebla de Zaragoza, Orizaba, Morelia, Uruapan, Santiago Tianguistenco.

• Cwc, Subpolar with dry winter, is an extremely strange climate in the country, the Conagua has no weather station with these characteristics, however it is deduced by interpolations and climatic models, as well as the characteristics of the flora that coexists that this climate exists in the Sierra de Arteaga, only in the highest mountains of the region as in La Marta. It also deduces that there are concentric circles between the Cwb climates and the Neovolcanic Axis glaciers that present these characteristics.

• Cfa, Subtropical wet, is located in the middle regions of the Sierra Madre Oriental in the states of San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz and Oaxaca, better known as the Mesofilo Forest, and in transition with the Forest. There are areas in the Sierra Madre Occidental, between Chihuahua and Sinaloa, which find no other category that can describe them and by exclusion enter this climate, as this area has a small dry season in the spring. It also exists on the border between Tamaulipas and Texas, in the corner that exists with the Gulf coast of Mexico, the same area is an extension of this very characteristic climate in the south of the USA. U.S. The cities with this climate are Matamoros and Córdoba.

• Cfbcommonly called oceanic, by the places in the world where it is located, this climate is located mainly in the Sierra Madre Oriental, capturing all the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico, and preventing it from reaching the plateaus. This area is the best exponent of the mesophilic forest in Mexico. There are also areas in the Sierra Madre Occidental that have been assigned this climate by exclusion, since even having a small dry season in spring, it does not coincide with other climates. The city of Xalapa is the main exponent of this climate.
• Cfc, also called Subpolar with rains all year round, It is located in the highest area of the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir according to the record of a weather station called Observatory at a height of 2830 m. n. m. and mainly in the chest of Perote in the community of El Conejo.

Cold Climates

• ET, Tundra that in the case of Mexico has a characteristic Alpina, is located mainly on top of 4000 msnm in the peaks of Popocatépetl, Iztaccíhuatl, Pico de Orizaba, Malinche and Nevado de Toluca.

• EF, Glacier, are the glaciers located in the highest peaks of the above-mentioned mountains.

the letter x' in Enriqueta García's modification to the Köppen classification, officially used by Mexican government entities, explain some of the meanings or climates that were granted by exclusion to the characteristics initially described, mainly in the Sierra Madre Occidental and in the Tamaulipas plain..

Climate change

This section is a climate change extract in Mexico.[chuckles]edit]

Average annual preference in several countries

Climate change in Mexico refers to the effects of climate change in Mexico. The projections indicate that Mexico will suffer a significant decline in annual rainfall and increases in temperatures. This will put pressure on the economy, people and biodiversity of many parts of the country, which have great arid or warm climates. Climate change has already affected agriculture, biodiversity and the livelihoods of farmers, which has pushed migration. They have also been affected "water, health, air pollution, disruption of flood traffic and vulnerability of homes to landslides."

The altered precipitation patterns and the rise in temperatures have led to economic insecurity in Mexico, particularly for small farmers who produce the crops of Mexico economically and culturally important: corn and coffee. The impacts of climate change are especially severe in Mexico City due to increased air pollution. The ecological impacts of climate change within Mexico include reductions in landscape connectivity and changing migratory patterns of animals. Furthermore, climate change in Mexico is linked to global trade and economic processes that are directly related to global food security.

In 2012, Mexico approved a comprehensive law on climate change that established the goal for the country to generate 35 per cent of its energy from clean energy sources by 2024 and reduce emissions by 50 per cent by 2050, based on the 2000 emissions. During the 2016 North American Leaders Summit, the goal was announced that 50% of electricity will be generated from renewable sources by 2025. Several climate mitigation efforts have been implemented throughout the country. Mexico is considered a leading country in climate mitigation and adaptation.

Geology of Mexico

The territory contains a great diversity of geological formations. In the center it contains forested areas, lakes and mountains with volcanic activity being the strip of the "Volcanic axis", which crosses the states of Colima, Michoacán, the State of Mexico, Mexico City, Puebla, Tlaxcala and Veracruz, the busiest at present. the yucatan peninsula

Constitutional definition of national territory

According to article 42 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States: "The national territory includes: that of the integral parts of the Federation; that of the islands, including the reefs and keys in the adjacent seas; that of Guadalupe Island and the Revillagigedos located in the Pacific Ocean; the continental platform and the submarine bases of the islands, keys and reefs; the waters of the territorial seas in the extension and terms established by international law and internal maritime, and the space located on the national territory, with the extension and modalities established by international law itself."