Gender violence

Gender-based violence is a type of physical, psychological, sexual and institutional violence, exercised against any person or group of people on the basis of their sexual orientation, gender identity, sex or gender that negatively impacts their identity and social, physical, psychological or economic well-being. According to the United Nations Organization, the term is used "to distinguish common violence from that which targets individuals or groups on the basis of their gender", constitutes a violation of human rights. It includes violence and discrimination against women and LGBT+ people, as well as sexism, misandry, misogyny, homophobia and transphobia. In the early 2000s, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees pointed out that gender-based violence could be classified as a violation of human rights, and indicated that this scourge affected women, men, children and girls, although it is women and girls who are predominantly victims.

Gender violence presents different manifestations, such as acts that cause suffering or harm, threats, coercion or other deprivation of freedoms. These acts manifest themselves in all spheres of social and political life, including find their own family, the State, education, the media, religions, the world of work, sexuality, social organizations, coexistence in public spaces, culture, etc. "Women and children/ The women, who are often the most vulnerable to suffering abuses against their human rights, are the ones who suffer the most from sexual and gender violence"; while according to some studies they maintain that men would be underrepresented in the statistics.

Some studies affirm that the LGBT+ population would be underrepresented in statistics and some groups would even show higher prevalence at a comparative level. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has indicated that homophobic and transphobic violence constitutes a «form of gender-based violence, driven by the desire to punish those seen as defying gender norms."

UN Women indicates that gender violence "refers to that directed against a person because of the gender he or she has as well as the expectations about the role that he or she must fulfill in a society or culture" warning about the common mistake of considering the expression "gender violence" as synonymous with the expression "violence against women" since the former is broader and includes various manifestations of violence where gender is the central axis.

The notion of gender violence includes acts such as sexual assaults or rapes, forced prostitution, employment discrimination, selective abortion by sex, physical and sexual violence against people who practice prostitution, gender-based infanticide, castration partial or total female genital mutilation, human trafficking, rape in wars or situations of state repression, harassment and sexual harassment —including street harassment—, patterns of harassment or harassment in situations of war conflicts, homophobic and transphobic attacks against LGBT+ individuals or groups, the concealment and impunity of gender crimes, isolating gender violence, symbolic violence against women disseminated by the mass media, among others.

Specific features

Gender-based violence presents various characteristics that are different from other types of interpersonal violence, and is normally associated with violence against women, although they are not synonymous due to the breadth that the different forms of violence cover and the fact that not all studies focus on gender definitions, identities and relations; Thus, not all violence against women can be identified as gender violence, since the term refers to that type of violence that has its roots in the dominant gender relations existing in a society, so it is common for there to be there is some confusion in this regard and therefore, there is a certain lack of consensus.

On the other hand, some authors equate it with intimate partner violence, a narrower term than gender violence: the latter "is a very broad problem and that not only encompasses relationships", and such equivalence of these concepts would bring negative consequences for women who require institutional support resources. In the case of relationships between people of the same sex, gender violence —in the context of intimate partner violence— could be hidden "under the cloak of the heteronormativity".

In addition, it also tends to be confused with domestic violence, a more restricted term that, although closely related, includes violence "in the field of family or assimilated coexistence, by one of the members against others, against some of the others or against all of them", and which includes, in addition to women, children, the elderly and even men. For some jurists both terms are "confusingly used in a large part of legal studies and even of the laws or norms that have been in charge of regulating it". Some investigations use "gender violence in the family space" in order to differentiate it.

Conceptualization

Gender

It is difficult to determine the theoretical evolution of the term «gender» in the social sciences, an expression derived from the Anglicism gender. The category of gender would have its roots in the anthropological and sociological debates of the first half XX century indicating that human behavior was learned and not predefined by genes, while the insertion of the concept within the field of social sciences would be later. Such debates preceded the "medicalization of sex" that occurred approximately between 1885-1910, phase where "a new way of understanding and talking about human sexuality" appeared, a new perspective that it moved away from the merely practical judgments of sexual acts —offspring, pleasure, what was socially acceptable—, and that it was born jointly with psychology and psychiatry, for which reason the authorized voices to speak of sexuality came from the world or doctor. It was around this time that terms such as "homosexual" and "heterosexual" began to be used.

The distinction between the medicalized «sex» and the psychological category «gender» appeared from the second half of the XX century. One of the first authors who would have used this term in a sense other than grammatical was John Money in 1955 to refer to the behaviors associated with the masculine and feminine identity of people, where sociobiological factors would intervene; years later —in 1963 — Robert Stoller would be the one to introduce the sex/gender distinction at the 23rd.er International Psychoanalytic Congress of Stockholm after looking for "a word to be able to diagnose those people who, although they had a man's body, felt like women", becoming the first author who explicitly contrasted both terms in order to specify the concept of gender identity with respect to to the term sexual identity, which in his opinion was more ambiguous. Part of Ralph Greenson's vision would have influenced the Stollerian conception.

The rise of feminist studies in the 1970s appropriated the vision that Stoller developed, and began to promote in the Anglo-Saxon world the term gender from a specific point of view of gender. the social and cultural differences, as opposed to the biological ones, between men and women; here you can find the works of Kate Millett, Germaine Greer, Ann Oakley and Nancy Chodorow, among others. The use of the term "gender" also became general in the middle of that decade in the Spanish feminist world, especially with a social and social meaning. culture.

Then, when talking about gender, one is referring to a relational category and not to a simple classification of subjects into identity groups, so that this "is related to the social differences between men and women in any society."

The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas has established that this term —in terms of «sociocultural category»— is acceptable, provided it is used in a technical sense. Some authors have argued that the term «gender» should only be used in Spanish to refer to grammatical gender. For its part, the Royal Spanish Academy and the Spanish newspaper La Vanguardia advise against its use, considering that it is a misuse of the word «gender» as a mere calque of the English gender that has no translation in Spanish.

Violence

Violence is a concept with multiple dimensions and connotations, which according to the World Health Organization includes “the intentional use of force, physical power, or threats, against oneself, another person, or against of a group or community, the result of which leads to injury, death, psychological sequelae, or bad behavior with a high probability." Studies that address this topic use various terms to refer to it, such as aggression, conflict, delinquency, disorder of conduct, criminal behavior, antisocial behavior, violence or others; in addition, they refer to various multidisciplinary theories, which have tried to define from their point of view, whether violent behavior is constitutive of the human being or arises from the influence of culture.

The World Health Organization distinguishes three types of violence according to the characteristics of those who carry out the violent act: self-inflicted violence (based on suicidal behavior and self-harm) interpersonal violence (violence both between family members and between people without kinship) and collective violence (social, political, economic...).

The American Psychological Association points out that the diverse existing evidence suggests that violence is a learned behavior, which does not mean that psychological or temperamental factors are not related to the manifestation of aggressive or violent behavior, but rather, for many individuals, violence is subordinated to a set of sociocultural norms and role expectations that a person should have in society.

Definition

In the case of official organizations, gender violence as a concept would have its core in resolutions 34/180 of December 18, 1979 and 48/104 of December 20, 1993 approved by the General Assembly of the Nations United States; particularly the latter —under the title Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women— defines what is understood as violence against women, which would allow gender violence to be contextualized for this group of people:

(...) "violence against women" means any act of violence based on women ' s membership that has or may result in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering for women, as well as threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether they occur in public life or in private life.

(UN General Assembly. Resolution 48/104, 20 December 1993).

This declaration did not specifically define the concept of «gender violence», nor did the document emanating from the Fourth Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995 that used violence «from a gender perspective» as a strategic element to promote equality between women and men.

In 1987, in the framework of the follow-up to the Third World Conference on Women held in Nairobi, the Commission on the Legal and Social Status of Women assumed the leadership of the work of coordinating and promoting the work of the women's system. United Nations in economic and social affairs for the empowerment of women. Their efforts managed to elevate gender issues to the category of cross-cutting issues, ceasing to be independent issues. During the same period, the Commission contributed to bringing the problem of violence against women to the forefront of international debates for the first time. These efforts crystallized in the Declaration on the elimination of violence against women, approved by the General Assembly on December 20, 1993. In 1994, the Commission on Human Rights appointed a Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, with a mandate to investigate and report on all aspects of violence against women.

In the report of the Secretary General in advance of the session in implementation of the results of the Fourth World Conference on Women and the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, entitled Women in the year 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the 21st century, the importance of clarifying the concept of "gender-based violence" towards women is recognized, following the logic of general recommendation no. 19 (1992) of the Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination against Women:

Gender-based violence is a form of discrimination within the meaning of article 1 of the Convention and that discrimination against women is one of the main causes of such violence. Moreover, she stressed that gender-based violence seriously prevented women from enjoying rights and freedoms on an equal basis with men. General recommendation No. 19 places gender-based violence within the framework of human rights. States, United Nations system agencies, non-governmental organizations and civil society, as well as researchers and women individually use this framework to prevent and combat violence against women and to improve accountability.

In the early 2000s, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees pointed out that gender-based violence could be classified as a violation of human rights, and indicated that this scourge affected women, men, children and girls, although they are the ones who are predominantly victims. This organization indicates that it is a type of violence "that is directed against a person based on their gender or sex", a definition that is shared by various international organizations, including UNICEF, the European agency EIGE —which advises the European Community and its member states on matters of gender equality—, The Women's Health Council and the Irish Department of Justice and Equality, the International Criminal Court, the International Council of Voluntary Organizations or Human Rights Watch.

Regarding the Rome Statute, when referring to gender-based violence in articles 42(9), 54(1a) and 68(1), the term “gender” must be understood exclusively as a term that “refers to to both sexes, male and female, in the context of society" according to what is stated in article 7(3); thus, gender violence:

(...) encompasses any detrimental act perpetrated against the will of a person and based on the differences of social (gender) attribution between men and women. VG acts violate a certain number of universal human rights protected by international conventions and instruments. Many forms of gender-based violence — even if not all — are considered illegal and criminal acts in national policies and laws

(UNFPA, 2012).

Online gender violence

Online gender-based violence is the harassment and prejudice directed through technology against people, mostly women, based on their gender. The term is also similar to online bullying, cyberbullying, and cybersexism, but the latter terms are not gender-specific. Gender-based violence differs from these by the attention it draws to online discrimination and violence directed specifically at their gender, most often those who identify as women. Online gender-based violence can include unwanted sexual comments, non-consensual sexual media posts, threats, doxing, cyberbullying and stalking, and gender-discriminatory posts and memes, among other things. Online gender-based violence derives from gender-based violence, but is perpetuated through electronic means. Vulnerable groups include asexual, bisexual, gay, intersex, trans, intersex, queer, and lesbian. Online gender-based violence can occur in a number of ways. These include spoofing, hacking, spamming, tracking and surveillance, malicious sharing of intimate messages and photos.

Shapes

Since the introduction of the Internet, the presence of gender-based violence online has grown exponentially. While online gender-based violence can affect anyone, it disproportionately targets those who identify as women. This targeted violence and harassment comes in many forms. A common space where gender-based violence occurs online is the blogosphere. This is a male-dominated space where female bloggers are criticized more than male bloggers. There are frequently comments on blogs written by women that are sexually violent in nature. Another common place where gender-based violence takes place online is in the form of trolling. This includes derogatory comments, and sexist and inflammatory remarks. This is online gender-based violence masquerading as harmless, aimless activity. It also includes cyber-sexism interpreted as humorous and harmless when in reality it reinforces harmful stereotypes, violence, and gender-based power structures that dominate both the online and offline world. Memes are another form of dissemination of gender violence online. These are images created to present sexist jokes, sexual violence and gender stereotypes while being interpreted as simply humorous. Hashtags are used to make sexist comments and topics go viral, which then embeds sexist ideology on major social media.

Types

Within the broadest definition, there are various types of gender-based violence online. One type is online domestic violence, where perpetrators use the Internet to exploit their private, intimate knowledge of their partner in order to hurt them. They also use intimate photos and videos to exercise power and violence over their partner. Cyberbullying is another type of gender-based violence online. It has been reported that 26% of women aged 18-24 reported having been harassed through the use of telecommunications tools offered by the Internet and social networks.

Causes

Online gender-based violence stems from misogyny in physical spaces and the cultural norms that guide our lives. The accepted forms of gender violence include personal contact such as: partner violence, street harassment, rape and others described in violence against women. All this has resulted in the creation of online forms of gender violence. Other causes of violence include the practices of online communities and the lack of regulations addressing gender-specific harassment and violence in these communities.

Cultural

The social acceptance of norms that are considered 'misogynistic' has a large impact on the prevalence of gender-based violence online. Cultural norms and beliefs are brought from physical communities to online spaces by actors who engage in this behavior in person or already agree with misogynistic ideas. People who use physical violence against women are also likely to engage in forms of violence online. Through cultural causes, scholars argue that instead of technology generating violence online, it simply provides a new platform that users use to accommodate the desired action, some of which may include acts such as doxing, threatening, or harassing women. Culture can also influence the popularity of violent activities against women when these behaviors are perpetrated or normalized by celebrities. This is also true when acts of gender-based violence against female celebrities and public figures are normalized. These cultural causes can have large or small impacts depending on the identity of the victim or the context. For example, acts of gender-based violence may be more common in fields such as politics, where strong ideologies about the role of women and misogyny are already present. This would include cases where the victim is working in politics or the threats and violent behavior were made in response to a political post.

Algorithmic

While cultural norms are one cause of GBV that may entice some actors to perpetrate these behaviors, algorithms and online behavior may drive another factor that causes violent behavior. Public comments on social media apps like Twitter and Facebook can get other users to agree and add their own comments. In cases of online bullying, these additional user actions occur when the original threat or Internet troll comment is perceived as acceptable or when it normalizes and becomes more common in user newsfeeds. These threads gender trolling can be inflated from algorithm behaviors; in many cases, online systems “push” negative posts, leading them to reach a broader audience and garner more violent responses. Instances where violence is instigated and escalates due to perceived lawlessness, as well as cases where online algorithms are responsible for the increase in bullying, are examples of how GBV can be instigated online.

Structural

Some forms of gender-based violence online are caused by the availability of online spaces for communities with misogynistic and violent ideas about women. Systems that provide online formats such as Reddit or Tor can often become popular with groups with violent ideas or who wish to remain anonymous. Anonymous online spaces allow subcultures such as incels to grow. In many of these spaces, misogyny and rape fantasies are commonly discussed, and these spaces can teach people that violent acts and behaviors are acceptable. In some cases, incel forums have played a role in encouraging violent behavior among members. The spread of gendered and violent rhetoric is not isolated to a subculture and can be normalized and taught in a variety of groups.

The structural inequalities that exist within technological landscapes reproduce discriminatory practices directed at women. Women are kept offline due to the possibly insecure digital field that has been cultivated due to misogynistic, aggressive and threatening practices. Schemes that classify women as less valuable knowledge generators and less relevant performers in social spaces give as Knowledge gaps result online through the generation of feelings of unsafe spaces online for women to participate. Trends of women and people of low socioeconomic status producing less content online pose a threat to the democratization of the Internet.

Impact

Online gender-based violence can affect the development and mental health of victims in ways similar to physical forms of violence and bullying. Unlike those physically attacked, online formats allow victims to receive hundreds or thousands of threats and violent comments in a short period of time. This may have different effects than expected in cases of physical aggression or violence.

Youthful experience

Among minor victims, these experiences and impacts are similar. Along with experiences of cyberbullying, young people may experience specific impacts of GBV online. This most commonly appears as difficulty forming healthy or trusting relationships after receiving violent threats. Young people may also fear for their safety after violent events online, and many become less involved in online communities or activities out of fear. that these actions may lead to more violence against the victim.

Adult Experience

Online acts of violence and harassment can cause victims to withdraw from social settings, both online and in person. Young women ages 18-24 are much more likely to experience online harassment than young women. older women, most likely due to their level of access and participation in online communities and makes them more likely to experience the negative impacts of gender-based violence online. Victims of other impacts may experience depression and other issues of mental health.

Gamergate

One of the most notorious cases of widespread gender violence is the Gamergate controversy. Beginning in August 2014, this controversy escalated into a widespread harassment campaign against Internet users who identify as women. Proliferated through the #Gamergate hashtag, this controversy shows how women who identify as Internet users and content creators risk harassment, death threats, and sexually derogatory attacks, among other things. These online threats translated into the personal lives of the women attacked; many were forced to relocate, remain in close contact with the police, and cancel scheduled in-person events. The Gamergate controversy shows how pervasive and damaging online gender-based violence is, and how quickly this type of harassment and abuse can spread online. This is also an example of online gender-based violence where women were attacked while trying to raise issues related to gender-based violence online. Impacts of gender-based violence online can have effects both online and offline. Online violence and abuse can silence and detect the voices of women. It can also threaten the offline security of women. Violence and threats online can make the affected gender fear for their safety offline. It can also affect your offline jobs due to the fear of being physically attacked. Online gender-based violence and abuse is an intersectional challenge. Perpetrators of online gender-based violence target vulnerable members of a particular gender, including LGBTQ and women of color.

Addressing gender-based harassment

Internationally

There are organizations around the world that seek to address the issue of gender-based violence online. These include United Nations organizations such as UNESCO and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) is a Swedish government agency that works to raise awareness about gender-based violence online in hopes of increasing regulations. They also published a report that found that, in recent years, online gender-based violence has gained recognition within the international community. The SIDA report serves as a source of information to advance the regulatory process. She also noted the role of organizations such as the Progressive Communication Association's Women's Rights Program in advocating for increased substantive policy regarding gender-based violence online. This report also points out the discrepancies between international regulations and state implementation.

The Association for Progressive Communications (APC) has been working since 2005 to end violence against women in the online space by strengthening women's rights organizations and activists working to end end gender-based violence online. One of her projects in particular, "End Violence: Women's Rights and Safety Online" focuses on strengthening women's safety "preventing the increasing violence against women through ICT". It is being carried out in seven countries in the world, the countries are: Bosnia Herzegovina, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Mexico, Pakistan and the Philippines. Some other APC projects include websites such as Take Back the Tech! and "GenderIT.org", which focus on providing tools to address gender-based violence online and defend against Internet users spreading gender-based violence online.

Statistical data by country

Argentina

It is worth noting the creation in the Argentine Republic of the Ministry of Women, Gender and Diversity, created on December 10, 2019, through Decree 7/2019 that modified the Law on Ministries, transferring the powers of the National Institute for Women (INAM).

In Argentina, line 144 assists women and LGBT+ people in situations of gender-based violence.

According to article 23 of Law 22,520, the powers of the Ministry are to assist the President of the Nation, and the Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers in order to their powers, in all matters inherent to human relations regarding design, execution and evaluation of national public policies on gender, equality and diversity policies. The two main axes include the prevention and eradication of gender violence, with a focus on assistance to victims. The second focuses on national public policies aimed at promoting the autonomy of women and individuals.

The direct line of communication in order to put into operation the protocol established for cases of gender violence is through 144.

For statistical purposes, it is relevant to highlight that in 2020 the Ministry received 29,706 communications that were referred to different assistance channels for follow-up (interventions).

In March 2020, 1,152 fewer communications were received for gender-based violence than during the same month of 2019 (-20%). Based on the effects of Social, Preventive and Mandatory Isolation, the monthly communication totals for 2020 always exceeded those for 2019.

In April 2020, already during the isolation, a total of 1,739 more communications (+23%) were received than in April 2019.

In May the increase was 2,039 communications (+27%), in June 1,217 (+18%); in July 1859 (+25%); in August 1856 (+25%); in September 1048 (+16%) and in October 843 (+16%).

That is why, since the Social, Preventive and Mandatory Isolation came into effect, Line 144 at the Nation headquarters incorporated new service channels (e-mail and WhatsApp).

Likewise, the Buenos Aires City Prosecutor's Office has been keeping official records of gender violence since 2010. Since that year, the increase in complaints has been exponential, going from 2,018 cases in 2010 to 16,883 in 2016. The data partial reports of 2017 showed a new increase, with 8,982 complaints of gender violence, only in the first five months. Women were the vast majority of victims of such violence, reaching 88% in 2016 and 89% in 2017.

Bolivia

Gender violence has become a growing problem that affects millions of women around the world, and Bolivia is no exception. Until April 2021, 11,133 cases related to crimes of violence against women were reported.

Mexico

According to data provided by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI):

1. In 2021, 20% of women 18 or more reported perception of insecurity at home.
2. In 2020, 23.2% of women's murder deaths occurred in housing.
3. The main crimes against women are those related to sexual abuse (42.6%) and rape (37.8%)

These data are widely related to the National Survey on the Dynamics of Household Relations (ENDIREH) 2016, which mentions:

1. 66 out of every 100 women aged 15 or over have suffered at least one incident of violence of any kind throughout their lives.
2. 43.9% of them have suffered violence on the part of the current partner during their relationship.
3. 53.1% have suffered at least one incident of violence by other offenders other than the couple throughout life.

Similarly, according to the Executive Secretariat of the National Public Security System, it estimates that in Mexico 10 women are murdered every day, of which only 26% of the cases are investigated as femicide.

Ecuador

According to the National Survey of Family Relations and Gender Violence against Women, in Ecuador 6 out of 10 women have experienced some type of gender violence. The women who suffer the most from this gender violence are divorced women, with 85.4% being divorced women who have suffered gender violence at the hands of their ex-partners who have had children in their previous relationships. However, single women should not be ruled out, since 47.1% of them suffer from gender-based violence, either by their family or by their partner.

In Ecuador, the most recurring form of violence is psychological with 53.9% of the statistics, but many of the women do not think or do not want to separate from their partner, either because they love or need them despite these abuses.

On the other hand, investigations of intrafamily violence against men are very scarce, at least 50% are real victims of violence. However, this figure cannot be fully confirmed due to shame, possible humiliation or mockery that men can have when making the complaint against this problem. Generally, the repercussions in men tend to be low self-esteem, guilt for what happened, they begin to devalue themselves, anxiety and stress appear.

Spain

According to data from the Institute for Women and Equal Opportunities of Spain (updated as of October 22, 2019), fatalities due to gender violence (according to characteristics related to institutional protection) are classified as according to the number of cases in total (49); of which, there are some who already have previous complaints (22.4%), whether imposed by the victim (81.8% of the complaints) or by third parties (18.2%), yielding as final results that the 77.6% of the cases presented did not have previous complaints. Victim-aggressor family relationships were mainly couples (71.4%), or ex-partners/in the process of breaking up (28.6%).

The autonomous communities with the highest number of cases of fatalities are (in order): Andalusia (11), Catalonia, the Valencian Community, and the Canary Islands (7 in each), and Madrid (6), while Those with the fewest cases (none) were Asturias, Castilla - La Mancha, Extremadura, Navarra, the Basque Country, La Rioja, Ceuta and Melilla.

The age group of both aggressors and victims that presented the most aggressions was 41 to 50 years old (20/49 and 24/49, respectively). Some of the aggressors even committed suicide, which in percentages is expressed as: completed suicide (28.6%), attempted suicide (6.1%) and no attempt (65.8%).

According to the macro-survey carried out by the same institution in 2015, between 85.1% and 95% of the respondents (according to age groups; 16-75 years or older) claimed not to have suffered physical damage by any partner had throughout their lives, while the percentage of respondents who claimed to have suffered moderate to severe violence ranges between 1.6% -5.4% and 2.6% -9.1%, correspondingly.

According to the 2020 Report of the State Attorney General's Office, in 2019, there were 7 false complaints out of a total of 168,057 complaints that were filed.

Venezuelan

In recent years, gender violence in Venezuela has increased despite the great efforts that the Venezuelan state has made to create institutions that legislate for their protection, integrity and human dignity.

According to data provided by the Attorney General of Venezuela Tarek William Saab, in the delivery of memory and account 2021 of the Public Ministry, a total of 7,498 accusations were made and 8,454 accusations were presented.

Legislation

Internationally

In this regard, the Manual of legislation on violence against women (UN 2010) warns:

However, gender-related legislation on violence against women does not permit the prosecution of violence against men and children, and in some countries it may be challenged as unconstitutional. Several countries have adopted gender neutral legislation, which applies to both women and men. However, such legislation may be manipulated by perpetrators of violence. For example, in some countries women survivors of violence themselves have been prosecuted for their inability to protect their children from violence. Similarly, neutral legislation on gender issues has tended to give priority to family stability above the rights of applicants/survivors (predominantly women) because it does not specifically reflect or address the experience that women have of violence committed against them.

Spain

In Spain, the Organic Law on Comprehensive Protection Measures against Gender Violence has been in force since 2004, which included various measures of various kinds.

However, her main contribution has been to set up the telephone helpline for assaulted women, which is 016, which is permanently active (24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and every day of the year), and it is free. You can attend in 51 languages. This number does not appear on the telephone bill to prevent the abuser from discovering that your partner has called there, but, depending on the case, it may appear in other records, so it is recommended to make this type of call from a public telephone or ask your phone to someone to perform them.

It is also possible to notify cases of gender violence on the Citizen Collaboration Website by any person, and providing only the data that one wishes since they do not have the nature of complaints.

Mexico

In Mexico, there is the General Law on Women's Access to a Life Free of Violence, which aims to establish coordination between state forces to prevent, punish and eradicate violence against women, as well as guarantee their access to a life free of violence that favors their development and well-being in accordance with the principles of equality and non-discrimination. In the same way, Mexico is a State Party to the main international instruments that protect the rights of women, which have paved the way for the development of public policies on equality between women and men as well as the eradication of violence. of genre.