Gallo-Romance languages

The Gallo-Romance languages or Gallo-Romance languages are a geographical grouping of the Romance languages. The internal classification, as well as which languages should be considered within the Gallo-Romance group, are widely discussed.

The core of the Gallo-Romance languages, that is, the languages universally considered within this group, are the langues de oïl (including French) and Franco-Provençal (arpitan) (not to be confused with the Provençal variety of Occitan).

Classification

Galloromance languages in a wider ranking.

The ethnologue classification, which accepts Pelligrini's proposal, considers within the Gallo-Romance group, in addition to the lenguas de oïl and Franco-Provençal, various languages from northern Italy and Switzerland such as Lombard, Piedmontese and Romance languages. Still other authors include Occitan, even Catalan as a whole, within the Gallo-Romance languages. Not all authors accept that the latter show a closer kinship with French and Franco-Provençal than with other Romance languages, which is why the ethnologue classification is controversial. The Gallo-Romance languages would therefore be:

Gallorromance (Nuclear)

• francprovenzal

• subgroup oïl or French
  • Burgundy
  • champagne
  • French
  • Gone
  • lining
  • picardo
  • Standard
  • Lorenés
  • poitevin-santogés
  • ♪
  • franc-comtés
  • angevin-mayen

Other languages sometimes included in Gallo-Romance

Galloitalic languages

• emiliano-romañol
• Lombard
• ligur
• piemontés
• véneto

Romance languages (Galoretic languages)

• cold
• romanche
• Ladino

Occitan-Romance languages (languages of òc)

• Occitan
• Catalan

A different vocabulary-based classification is provided by the ASJP Systematic Comparison Project based on lexical similarity measured as the Levenshtein distance of a list of cognates, for languages considered Gallo-Romance in ethnologue appear in different branches of the cladistic tree for Romance languages:

The above tree indicates that from a lexical point of view, French and Franco-Provençal together constitute one of the most dissimilar branches of the Romance family. This is due to the strong impact that contact with the Germanic languages had on phonology and lexicon during the late Roman Empire and the beginning of the Middle Ages.

Main features of Gallo-Romance languages

• The main characteristic is the loss of the final Latin vowels especially were lost (/e/ /o/). In some languages they are replaced by others such as French by (e) that many cases are not pronounced.

• The evolution of the Latin vowel (/u/) to (/y/) this characteristic is found in the languages of oïl, galoitálic, Francoprovenzal, Romansh and Occitan. In addition, two absent vowels have been developed in other Romantic languages (/ø/, /œ/) represented with the graphs (eu, ö). It is present in the languages of Oïl, the Galloitálic, Romansh and some dialects of the West and Ladin.

• Presence of a neutral or mute vocal (/ambi/) which appears as an alophone of (e, a). This vowel is present in the languages of Oïl, Francoprovenzal, Romansh, Occitan, Catalan and some Galician languages.

• Lost of the Latin infinitive (re) mainly remarkable in the Galloitálica and re-Romantic languages. In French, French, West and Catalan they are kept in writing but are not pronounced.

• Conservation of Latin groups (cl, fl, pl) except for Gallo-itálica languages.

• They did not develop diptongation before the vowels (e, o) brief Latinas.

• Palatalization of (ca /ka/) initial by (/≤a/, /t offset/ /ca/) pronounced as a cha in Spanish or sha in English. This characteristic occurs in the languages of Oïl, Franco-Palestinian, the re-Roman languages and the northern dialects of the West.

• Sonorization or loss of the occlusive intervocálicas /p, t, k/, as well as the iberorromance and sardo languages. Many French occlusives were lost through reduction processes.

Phonetic description

An interesting feature typical of some Gallo-Romance languages (with the important exception of Picardy and others) and partially extended to some varieties of Occitan is the palatalization of /k/ upon the Gallo-Romance reflex of A. Presumably these vowels evolved an allophonic realized vowel as [æ] which would justify its palatalizing character. The following table shows some of the diverse results of palatalization found between languages d'Oïl and languages d'Oc:

Latin	Languages d'Oïl		Languages d'Oc
	Old French	Picardo	Occitan North	Occitan South
CAPRA 'cabra'	chievre	kièvre	Chevra, chavra	goat
CARA 'dear.'	♪	kier	Cheira	face
CHANNIS 'dog'	♪	kien	Chen, chin	can
CASA 'house of'	Chiese		chas, chies	house
CAMPUS 'campo'	champagne	camp		camp

Lexical comparison

Numerals in different Gallo-Romance varieties are:

GLOSA	Old French	Languages of oïl					Francoprovenzal
		French	Galó	Norman	Picardo	Valon
'1'	yn / yn a/un	/ / yn One / une	/ / yn One / une	/ / øn eun / eune	oriented oriented oriented lyrics One / Unne	õ / õk on / onk	j /na / j /na yon / yona
'2'	døs deux	dø deux	du doux	dø deus	dø deus	dø deus	du / due dôx ~ dôex
'3'	trois trois	twawa trois	tr Trais	tɛ treis	tww trousers	twewe trophies	tee três
'4'	kwatr quatre	katʀ quatre	katʀ quatre	Kurt quate	Kurt quate	Kurt cate	kat ka quatro
'5'	sink cinc	s shiftk cinq	s shiftk cinq	 chinq	 chinc	szcok cink	s cinq
'6'	Yeah. six	Yeah. six	Yeah. six	Yeah. six	Yeah. Yeah.	gili shijh	Yeah. Yes
'7'	s sept	s sept	s sept	s sept	s s	s sèt	♪ sèpt
'8'	it~øt huit~heut	it huit	øt heut	it huit	it uit	yt ût	it Huite
'9'	nøf neuf	nœf neuf	nuf nouf	nøf neuf	nøf neuf	nu No.	nu nôf
'10'	dis dix	dis dix	di dix	di dix	dis dis	di dijh	di dièx

The numerals '1' and '2' distinguish between masculine and feminine forms in Franco-Provençal.

Numerals in other languages considered Gallo-Romance

GLOSA	Occitance languages		Galician languages				Renewed languages
	Occitan	Catalan	Piemontés	Ligur	Lombard	Emiliano-Romañol	Romanche	Ladino	Friulano
'1'	y~yn / yno One/	One/ One/	yn/yna One/	yn/yna One/	vyn / vyna vün / vüna	on on	yn/yna ün / üna	One/ One/	a/un a/un
'2'	dus~du / duos 2 / duas	2 / duas 2 / duas	dui / due doi / doe	dui / due doi / doe	dy / d / dü / do	du / dau du / dau	duas duas	dui / dys dui / düs	d /i / two doi /dos
'3'	three~tre Three.	Three. très	tre tre	trei trei	Tri Tri	Tri Tri	trais~trai Trais	trai trai	tre tre
'4'	kwatre~katre quatre	kwatr quatre	kwatr quatr	kwatru quatru	kwater quater	kwater quater	kwatθr quater	kater cater	kwater quater
'5'	sink~・ink cinc	sink cinc	sink sinch	sink sinch	sink sinch	sink sinch	tðink tschinc	tðink cinch	tðink çinch
'6'	sieis~рieis~siei~рiei Yeah.	Yeah. Yeah.	ses ses	Six Six	ses ses	Yeah. Yeah.	ses ses	Yeah. Yeah.	Yeah. Yeah.
'7'	stratat~se set	s set	s set	s set	s set	s set	s set	s set	s set
'8'	ueit~uet・~vøt ueit~uech~veut	buit~vuit~uit vuit~huit	øt heut	øt heut	vut vut	t ôt	t ot	t ot	vtt Vot
'9'	nuu No.	nuu No.	nøf neuf	nøf neuf	nœf nœf	nof nôf	nufuf nouf	nyf nüf	nuf nuf
'10'	des~de des	deu deu	des des	de desc	des des	diz diz	de desch	di disc	dis dis