Fujian

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Fujian read Fu-Chian ( listen) (in Chinese, ; pinyin, Fújiàn; old transcription, Fukien) is one of the twenty-two provinces that, together with the five autonomous regions, four municipalities and two special administrative regions, make up the People ' s Republic of China. Its capital is Fuzhou. It borders to the north with Zhejiang, to the east with the Taiwan Strait (South China Sea) that separates it from the island of Taiwan, which is 180 km away, to the south with the province of Canton and to the west with Jiangxi. It occupies an area of 123 900 km2 and its population in 2020 was nearly 41 million inhabitants.

A part of the province, specifically the Quemoy and Matsu archipelagos, is under the direct administration of the ROC government (in Taiwan).

History

Prehistory

Recent archaeological discoveries in 2011 show that Fujian had entered the Neolithic period in the mid-6th millennium BC. At the Keqiutou site (7450-5590 BC), an early Neolithic site on the island of Pingtan, located about 70 kilometers (43 mi) southeast of Fuzhou, numerous stone tools, shells, bones, jades, and pottery (including wheel-turned pottery) have been unearthed, along with spinning wheels, providing definitive evidence what it was woven from

The Tanshishan (曇石山) site (5500-4000 BC), in the suburbs of Fuzhou, spans the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, and found semi-buried circular buildings at the lower level. The Huangtulun (黃土崙) site (ca.1325 BC), also in the suburbs of Fuzhou, was from the Bronze Age.

Tianlong Jiao (2013) notes that the Neolithic appeared on the Fujian coast around 6000 BC. During the Neolithic period, the Fujian coast had a low population density, relying mainly on fishing and hunting, along with limited agriculture.

There were four major Neolithic cultures on the Fujian coast, with the earliest originating in the north, on the Zhejiang coast.

  • Keqiutou Culture ()文 sector; c. 6000-5500 BP, or c. 4050-3550 BC)
  • Tanshishan Culture (石..../25070/中文; c. 5000-4300 a. C., or c. 3050-2350 a. C.)
  • Culture Damaoshan (teenth session)
  • Huangguashan culture (located learning materials; c. 4300-3500 BP, or c. 2350-1550 AC)

There were two major Neolithic cultures in inland Fujian, which were very different from the coastal Fujian Neolithic cultures. 葫芦山文化) from 2050 to 1550 B.C. c.

Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms

When the Tang dynasty came to an end, China was torn apart into the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During this time, a second great wave of immigration arrived in the haven of Fujian, led by General Wang, who established an independent kingdom of Min with its capital at Fuzhou. However, after the death of the founding king, the kingdom suffered internal strife and was soon absorbed by the Southern Tang, another southern kingdom.

Parts of northern Fujian were conquered by the kingdom of Wuyue to the north as well, including the Min capital Fuzhou.

The city of Quanzhou became a seaport under the reign of the Min Kingdom and was the largest seaport in the world. For a long period of time its population was also larger than that of Fuzhou.

Qingyuan Jiedushi was a military/government office created in 949 by the second Southern Tang emperor Li Jing for the warlord Liu Congxiao, who nominally submitted to him but controlled the Quan (泉州) prefectures, in modern Quanzhou, Fujian) and Zhang (漳州, in modern Zhangzhou, Fujian) in de facto independence from the South Tang state. (Zhang Prefecture was, at times during the circuit's existence, also known as Nan Prefecture (南州). Starting in 960, in addition to being nominally under Southern Tang, Qingyuan Circuit was also nominally under Southern Tang. to Song, who in turn had become the nominal lord of Southern Tang.

After Liu's death, the circuit was briefly ruled by his biological nephew/adopted son Liu Shaozi, who was overthrown by officials Zhang Hansi and Chen Hongjin. Zhang then ruled the circuit briefly, before Chen deposed him and took command. In 978, with the Song determined to unite the Chinese lands in full order, Chen decided that he could no longer remain de facto independent, and offered the control of the circuit to Emperor Taizong of Song, ending Qingyuan Circuit as a de facto independent entity.

Qing Dynasty

The last years of the Ming and early Qing dynasties in the mid-17th century symbolized a time of great influx of refugees and another 20 years of a ban on maritime trade under the Kangxi Emperor, a move aimed at countering the government Koxinga Refuge Ming on the island of Taiwan.

The Qing maritime ban forced many people to evacuate the coast to deprive Ming loyalists of Koxinga of resources. This has given rise to the myth that it was because the Manchus were 'afraid of water'.

The arrival of refugees did not translate into a significant workforce, due to their re-emigration to prosperous regions of Guangdong. In 1683, the Qing dynasty conquered Taiwan at the Battle of Penghu and annexed it to Fujian Province as Taiwan Prefecture. Many more Han Chinese then settled in Taiwan. Today, most Taiwanese are descendants of the Hokkien of southern Fujian. Fujian and Taiwan were originally one province (Fujian-Taiwan Province), but after 1885 they were divided into two separate provinces.

In the 1890s, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan through the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the First Sino-Japanese War. In 1905-1907, Japan made proposals to expand its sphere of influence to include Fujian. Japan was trying to get French loans and also to avoid the open door policy. Paris granted loans on the condition that Japan respected the Open Door principles and did not violate China's territorial integrity.

Republican period

Map of the Taiwan Strait, where Fujian is seen on the left

The Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty and brought the province under the rule of the Republic of China.

Fujian briefly established the independent Fujian People's Government in 1933. It returned to ROC control in 1934.

Fujian suffered a Japanese maritime blockade during World War II.

After the Chinese Civil War, the People's Republic of China unified the country and took over most of Fujian, excluding the Quemoy and Matsu islands.

In its early days, Fujian's relatively slow development compared to the rest of China has turned out to be a boon for the province's ecology. Today, the province has the highest forest cover index and the most diverse biosphere in China.

Development has been accompanied by a large influx of people from the overcrowded areas of northern and western Fujian, and much of the farmland and forests, as well as cultural heritage sites such as temples of King Wuzhu, have given way to ubiquitous high-rise buildings. Fujian faces the challenge of maintaining development while preserving its natural and cultural heritage.

Administrative division

Fujian province administers 1 city-subprovince and 8 prefectural cities; Kinmen is claimed from Taiwan by China to be part of the prefectural city of Quanzhou.

Fujian administrative divisions
Fuzhou
Xiamen
Putian
Sanming
Quanzhou
Zhangzhou
Nanping
Longyan
Ningde
Code of division Division Area in km2Population (2010) Headquarters Divisions
Districts County Cities-condado
350 000 Fujian Province 121400.00 36,894,217 Fuzhou city 29 44 12
350100 City of Fuzhou 12155.46 7,115,369 Gulou District 6 6 1
350200 City of Xiamen 1699.39 3,531,347 Siming District 6
350300 City of Putian 4119.02 2,778,508 Chengxiang District 4 1
350400 City of Sanming 22928.79 2,503,388 Sanyuan District 2 9 1
350,500 Quanzhou City 11245.00 8.128,533 Fengze District 4 5* 3
350600 City of Zhangzhou 12873.33 4,809,983 Longwen District 2 8 1
350700 City of Nanping 26280.54 2.645,548 Jianyang District 2 5 3
350800 City of Longyan 19028.26 2.559.545 Xinluo District 2 4 1
350900 Ningde City 13452.38 2,821,996 Jiaocheng District 1 6 2
Sub-provincial Cities

* - including Kinmen County, ROC (Taiwan). Claimed by the People's Republic of China.

Urban areas

Urban population of prefectures and county cities (2010 census)
# City Urban area District area City

proper

1 Xiamen 3,119,110 3,531,347 3,531,347
2 Fuzhou2,824,414 2.921,762 7,115,369
(2) Fuzhou (new district)278,007 682,626 See Fuzhou
3 Jinjiang 1,172.827 1,986,447 See Quanzhou
4 Quanzhou 1,154,731 1,435,185 8.128,533
5 Putian 1,107.199 1,953,801 2,778,508
6 Nan'an 718.516 1,418,451 See Quanzhou
7 Zhangzhou 614,700 705,649 4,809,983
8 Fuqing 470.824 1,234,838 See Fuzhou
9 Shishi 469.969 636,700 See Quanzhou
10 Longyan 460,086 662,429 2.559.545
(10) Longyan (new district)136.496 362,658 See Longyan
11 Longhai 422,993 877.762 see Zhangzhou
12 Sanming 328.766 375.497 2,503,388
13 Fu'an 326.019 563,640 See Ningde
14 Nanping 301,370 467,875 2.645,548
(14) Nanping (new district)150.756 289,362 See Nanping
15 Fuding 266,779 276,740 See Ningde
16 Ningde 252,497 429.260 2,821,996
17 Yong'an 213,732 347,042 See Sanming
18 Jian'ou 192,557 231,583 See Nanping
19 Shaowu 183,457 140.818 See Nanping
20 Wuyishan 122.801 121,317 See Nanping
21 Zhangping 113,739 126.611 See Longyan

Geography

Wuyi Mountains.
Rio Min in Nanping.

The province is mostly mountainous and is traditionally said to have "eight parts of mountains, one of water and one of farmland" (八山一水一分田). The northwest is higher in altitude, with the Wuyi Mountains forming the border between Fujian and Jiangxi. It is the most forested provincial-level administrative region in China, with a forest cover rate of 62.96% in 2009. Fujian's highest point is Mount Huanggang in the Wuyi Mountains, with an elevation of 2,158 meters.

Fujian faces the East China Sea to the east, the South China Sea to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the southeast. The coast is rugged and has many bays and islands. The main islands are Quemoy (also known as Kinmen, controlled by the ROC), Haitan Island, and Nanri Island. The island of Meizhou occupies a central place in the worship of the goddess Matsu, the patron deity of Chinese sailors.

The Min River and its tributaries flow through much of northern and central Fujian. Other rivers are the Jin and the Jiulong. Due to its rugged topography, Fujian has many cliffs and rapids.

Fujian is separated from Taiwan by the 180-kilometre-wide Taiwan Strait. Some of the small islands in the Taiwan Strait are also part of the province. The islands of Kinmen and Matsu are under the administration of the ROC.

Fujian contains several fault lines, the result of the collision between the Asian plate and the Philippine Sea plate. The Changle-Naoao and Longan-Jinjiang fault zones in this zone have annual displacement rates of 3 to 5 mm. They could cause large earthquakes in the future.

Fujian has a subtropical climate, with mild winters. In January, coastal regions average 45-50°F (7-10°C), while hilly regions average 43-46°F (6-8°C). In summer, temperatures are high and the province is threatened by typhoons coming from the Pacific. The average annual precipitation is 1,400-2,000 millimeters.

Economy

Fuzhou, capital and largest city in the province.

Fujian is one of the most prosperous provinces, with many industries spanning tea production, clothing manufacturing, and sporting goods manufacturers, including Anta, 361 Degrees, Xtep, Peak Sport Products, and Septwolves. Many foreign companies operate in Fujian. Among them are Boeing, Dell, GE, Kodak, Nokia, Siemens, Swire, TDK and Panasonic.

In terms of agricultural area, Fujian is mountainous and farmland is scarce. Rice is the main crop, supplemented by sweet potatoes and wheat and barley. Cash crops are sugar cane and rapeseed. Fujian is the first province in China in longan production, and is also a major producer of lychee and tea. Seafood is another important product, with particularly prominent shellfish production.

Due to its geographical location with Taiwan, Fujian has been considered the front line of a potential war between mainland China and Taiwan. Hence, it received much less investment from the Chinese central government and developed much more slowly than the rest of China before 1978. Since 1978, when China opened up to the world, Fujian has received significant investment from Fujians from around the world, Taiwanese and foreign. Today, Fujian is one of the richest provinces in China.

The Minnan Golden Triangle, which includes Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, accounts for 40% of Fujian province's GDP.

Fujian province will be the main economic beneficiary of the opening of direct transportation with Taiwan, which began on December 15, 2008. This includes direct flights from Taiwan to major cities in Fujian, such as Xiamen and Fuzhou. In addition, the ports of Xiamen, Quanzhou and Fuzhou will upgrade their port infrastructure to increase economic trade with Taiwan.

Fujian is the site of the China International Trade and Investment Fair, which is held annually. It is held in Xiamen to promote foreign investment for all of China.

Transportation

Roads

Road exchanger in Kuiqi, Fuzhou.

In 2012, there were 54,876 kilometers of roads in Fujian, including 3,500 kilometers of expressways. The main infrastructure projects in recent years have been the Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway ($624 million) and the Sanmingshi-Fuzhou Expressway ($1.4 billion). The 12th Five-Year Plan, which covers the period from 2011 to 2015, aims to double the length of the province's highways to 5,500 kilometers.

Railroads

Fuzhou Metro Line 1.

Due to Fujian's mountainous terrain and its traditional reliance on shipping, railways came to the province relatively late. The first rail links with neighboring Jiangxi, Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces were opened respectively in 1959, 2000 and 2009. As of October 2013, Fujian has four rail links with Jiangxi to the northwest: the Yingtan-Xiamen Railway (opened in 1957), the Hengfeng-Nanping railway (1998), the Ganzhou-Longyan railway (2005), and the Xiangtang-Putian high-speed railway (2013). Fujian's only rail link with Guangdong to the west, the Zhangping-Longchuan Railway (2000), will join the Xiamen-Shenzhen high-speed railway (Xiashen Line) in late 2013. The Xiashen Line forms the southernmost stretch of the rail corridor. high-speed rail off the southeast coast of China. The Wenzhou-Fuzhou and Fuzhou-Xiamen sections of this corridor came into operation in 2009 and link Fujian with Zhejiang with trains running at speeds of up to 250 km/h.

Within Fujian, coastal and inland cities are connected by the Nanping-Fuzhou (1959), Zhangping-Quanzhou-Xiaocuo (2007) and Longyan-Xiamen (2012) railways.

Air

View of the airstrip of Fuzhou-Changle International Airport.

The main airports are Fuzhou-Changle International Airport, Xiamen-Gaoqi International Airport, Quanzhou-Jinjiang International Airport, Nanping-Wuyishan Airport, Longyan Guanzhishan Airport and Sanming Shaxian Airport. Xiamen has a capacity for 15.75 million passengers in 2011. Fuzhou can handle 6.5 million passengers a year and has a cargo capacity of more than 200,000 tons. The airport offers direct connections to 45 destinations, including international routes to Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and Hong Kong.

Culture

Language and art

Old Temple in Wuyishan.

Due to its mountainous nature and waves of migration from central China and the assimilation of many foreign ethnic groups, such as maritime traders, throughout history, Fujian is one of the most culturally diverse and Chinese Linguistics. Local dialects can become unintelligible within a 10 kilometer radius, and regional cultures and ethnic composition can also be completely different from each other. This is reflected in the expression that 'if you drive five miles in Fujian the culture changes, and if you drive ten miles the language does'. Most of the varieties spoken in Fujian map to a wide Min category. A recent classification subdivides the min into

  • Eastern Min (the former group of the north), which includes the Fuzhou dialect
  • North Min, spoken in the inner areas of the north
  • Pu-Xian, spoken in the central coastal areas
  • Min central, spoken in the west of the province
  • Shao-Jiang, spoken in the northwest
  • Min from the South, including the Amoy and Taiwanese dialect

The seventh subdivision of the Min, Qiong Wen, is not spoken in Fujian. Hakka, another subdivision of spoken Chinese, is spoken in and around Longyan by the Hakka population living there.

As in other provinces, the official language in Fujian is Mandarin, which is used for communication between people from different localities, although Fujian people continue to converse in their native languages and dialects respectively.

Several regions of Fujian have their own form of Chinese opera. Min Opera is popular around Fuzhou; the Gaojiaxi around Jinjiang and Quanzhou; the Xiangju in the surroundings of Zhangzhou; Fujian's Nanqu throughout the south, and Puxianxi around Putian and Xianyou County.

Kitchen

Kompyang, a type of baked bread sold as street food.

Fujian cuisine, with an emphasis on seafood, is one of the Eight Great Traditions of Chinese cuisine. It is made up of traditions from various regions, such as Fuzhou cuisine and Min Nan cuisine. The most prestigious dish is Fotiaoqiang (literally "Buddha jumps over the wall"), a complex dish that uses many ingredients, such as shark fin, sea cucumber, abalone and Shaoxing wine (a type of of Chinese alcoholic drink).

Many well-known teas originate from Fujian, including oolong, Wuyi Yancha, Lapsang souchong, and Fuzhou jasmine tea. In fact, the processing techniques of the three main kinds of tea, namely oolong, white tea, and black tea, were developed in the province. The Fujian tea ceremony is an elaborate way of preparing and serving tea. In fact, the English word "tea" it is borrowed from Hokkien of the Min Nan languages. Mandarin and Cantonese pronounce the word chá.

Education

Panoramic view of the Xiamen University, with the new front campus and the original campus near the beach

High Schools

  • Fuzhou Gezhi High School
  • Fuzhou No.1 Middle School
  • Fuzhou No.3 Middle School
  • Quanzhou No.5 Middle School
  • Xiamen Shuangshi High School
  • Xiamen No.1 Middle School
  • Xiamen Foreign Language School

Colleges and Universities

National

  • Xiamen University (founded in 1921, also known as Amoy University, "project 985", "project 211") (Xiamen)
  • Huaqiao University (Quanzhou, Xiamen)

Provincial

  • Fuzhou University (founded in 1958, one of the key universities of "project 211") (Fuzhou)
  • Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (Fuzhou)
  • Fujian College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Fuzhou)
  • Fujian Medical University (Fuzhou)
  • Fujian Normal University (founded in 1907) (Fuzhou)
  • Fujian University of Technology (Fuzhou)
  • Xiamen University (Xiamen)
  • Jimei University (Xiamen)
  • Xiamen University of Technology (Xiamen)
  • Longyan University (Longyan)
  • Minnan Normal University (Zhangzhou)
  • Minjiang University (Fuzhou)
  • Putian University (Putian)
  • Quanzhou Normal College (Quanzhou)
  • Wuyi University (Wuyishan)
  • Yang-en University (Quanzhou)

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