French language

The French (le français /laxis f/️s transformation/( listen) or langue française ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢Ü ) is a Romance language from spoken Latin. It belongs to the galorromance group and is native to northern France. It is spoken mainly as the first language in Europe (France, Belgium, Switzerland, Monaco and Luxembourg) as well as in Canada (Quebec, New Brunswick).

It is also spoken in the United States (Cajun French, Créole and Acadian or Acadian French), Haiti (with Créole), and many countries around the world, especially in Africa, such as Gabon, Congo, the DRC or Tunisia. According to estimates by the International Organization of la Francophonie (based on United Nations demographic projections), over the course of the XXI century, French would become the third language with the largest number of speakers in the world, especially due to the population growth of French-speaking African countries.

The Organization internationale de la Francophonie estimates that there are about 321 million French-speakers in the world in 2022, of whom approximately 64 million are partial speakers. It is the fifth most spoken language in the world (ninth by native speakers) and the second language in international relations by the number of countries that use it as an official or communication language and by the number of international organizations that use it as a working language, such as the International Organization of La Francophonie, the Union Union, the United Nations, the International Olympic Committee, etc.

Historical, social and cultural aspects

Geographic distribution

Europe

Administrative map of Canada.

Distribution of native French speakers in 6 countries in 2021.

French is the official language of France.

French is one of the official languages of Belgium (4.3 million French-speaking Belgians), where it is the official language of Wallonia, while in the capital, Brussels, it is the most widely spoken language (90% of the inhabitants) and is co-official with Dutch.

It is present in other countries such as Switzerland, where 29% of the population speaks it (1.75 million French-speakers at the end of 2006). In Monaco it is the only official language since the approval of the 1962 Constitution.

Although Catalan is the official language in Andorra, French is commonly spoken, more in some cities than others, in addition to Spanish, and Andorra enjoys three educational systems: Andorran, French and Spanish.

In Luxembourg, French is the most widely spoken language and is co-official with German and Luxembourgish.

In Italy, French has been official in the Aosta Valley since the XVI century.

In the historically Norman Channel Islands, it is official on Jersey and Guernsey.

It is also known in border areas of northern Spain, where there is a significant percentage of bilinguals, especially in the enclave of Llívia.

French is the second most spoken language in the European Union as a mother tongue, after German and ahead of English. It is often called "the language of Molière", the name of one of the most famous French writers. It is one of the 24 official and working languages in the EU.

America

Language areas of Canada.
Yellow: English - Café: French

In the American continent it is co-official with English in Canada. Most Canadians are English-speakers, except in the Quebec, New Brunswick, and Ontario regions.

In Quebec, the majority of the population is French-speaking, with French being the only official language. New Brunswick is a bilingual province and Ontario has a very large French-speaking community with cultural and linguistic autonomy.

Cajun, a creole language based on French, is spoken in Louisiana (United States), and in the NE border states with Canada (Vermont and Maine) a dialect of French, Acadian; and in the Republic of Haiti, although the majority language in this country is Haitian Creole. It is also spoken by some communities on the islands of Dominica, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago and in the border area between the Dominican Republic and Haiti (although in the French-speaking Caribbean islands the majority of the population speaks dialects of French: Creoles and French Creole). It is also spoken by some small French or French-origin communities in the rest of the Caribbean and in Spanish-speaking South America, and in the border area with French Guiana in the state of Amapá (Brazil). French is also the official language in France's overseas territories of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon.

Africa

French in Africa: Countries that have French as an official language. In 2019, they had a population of 431 million and it is estimated that by 2050 the figure will increase to 845 million.In most countries on this continent, French is a secondary language. Countries with the faintest presence of French.Non- francophone countries but members or observers of the OIF.

On the African continent, it is used, dialectically, in countries that were part of the French Empire or that were Belgian colonies, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Zaire), the Republic of the Congo, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Chad, Niger, Burundi, Rwanda, Togo, Benin, the Central African Republic, Gabon, the Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mauritius, Djibouti, the Seychelles, Cameroon (which was divided into two zones: a French zone (the most important) and an English area), the Comoros Islands, the islands of Réunion and Mayotte, which are French territory, and a part of the population of Equatorial Guinea, which uses it together with Spanish as an official language, Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania and Tunisia, where it is spoken along with Arabic and the Berber dialects, in Egypt, where it is very much in the minority, but is used as a language of culture; thus, the Senghor University of Alexandria (Université Senghor d'Alexandrie) is French-speaking.

Asian

In Asia, it is used in a minority in Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and India (especially Puducherry). In the Middle East, it is used as an administrative language and by 50% of the population of Lebanon, although it is also spoken by a minority in Syria, due to the French protectorate.

Oceania

In Oceania, it is spoken in the French territories of the islands of New Caledonia, French Polynesia and in Wallis and Futuna, and is also spoken in Vanuatu.

Dialects and variants

Dialects of the French language in the world.

The main dialectal variation of French is within Europe, where numerous historical varieties have been in use since the 9th century. Outside Europe, there are also regional varieties evolved from Middle French and therefore present less profound differences. The main varieties within Europe are:

The main variants outside Europe are:

Varieties belonging to the oïl domain are also considered to be dialects of French since the term lengua de oïl is synonymous with French. However, another term affirms that the descendant varieties of the langue de oïl are separate Gallo-Romance varieties and that French is a descendant variety of this language.

In this case it would be necessary to argue that these varieties are sister languages of French, since in France and Belgium they are considered separate languages, nevertheless Ethnologue classifies them as dialects of French. The languages of oil are:

Estimates on the number of Francophones

Estimates on the number of French-speakers vary depending on the criteria considered by the sources (mother tongue, administrative language, working language, language of culture…). The main sources and their respective estimates are:

• High Council of the International Organization of la Francophonie (1998): 190 million franchisants, and 110 million “francisants”: people who speak French with different degrees of domination (The source is an intergovernmental organization whose members are the governments of the countries with a significant presence of the French language).
• Linguasphere Observatory (1999): 125 million including multilingual people: first language for 90 million people, second language for 35 million (The source is an independent network of linguistic research based in France, Wales and India).
• Euro barometer (2001): more than 105 million (28 % of 376 million) speak French in the European Union without counting other citizens (The source is an INRA (Europe) s.a. survey of 16 078 people made at the request of the General Directorate of Education and Culture of the European Commission).
• SIL (Ethnologue, 20th edition, 2017): 229 582 200 speakers (9.a in the world), of which, as a first language: 76 096 430 Francophones; as a second language: 153 485 770 Francophones (the source is an American religious institution for the translation of the Bible with consultative status in UNESCO and the UN).

French is one of the six working languages of the UN (and one of the two secretariat languages), one of the two official languages of the International Olympic Committee, NATO, the WTO, and the services postal, one of the two main languages of the African Union and one of the three working languages in the EU (along with English and German) and in the Organization of the Islamic Conference, one of the two official languages of the Council of Europe (with English), and one of the seven languages of the European news channel Euronews.

Dissemination of the French language in the world in 2006.
Dark blue: mother tongue.
Blue: administrative language.
Clear blue: cultural language.

Over 50 million Over 20 million Over 10 million Over 5 million More than 1 million

Knowledge of French in the European Union.

Country	Population	French speaking population
France	65 447 000	62 492 900
Algeria	35 432 000	24 796 000
Ivory Coast	24 290 060	14 500 000
Morocco	36 078 000	14 646 000
Canada	34 207 000	741 955
Tunisia	10 432 500	6 360 000
Democratic Republic of the Congo	67 827 000	6 080 000
Haiti	10 188 000	5 664 000
Belgium	10 827 951	4 300 000
Cameroon	19 958 692	2 950 300
Guinea	10 324 437	2 000 000
Togo	6 780 000	2 000 000
Chad	11 274 337	1 940 000
Lebanon	4 228 000	2 456 000
United States	316 017 000	1 600 000
Switzerland	7.782.520	1 509 600
Niger	15 891 000	1 260 000
Republic of the Congo	4 043 318	1 200 000
Senegal	12 861 259	1 170 000
Gabon	1 501 000	1 120 000
Mali	14 517 029	1 107 000
Central African Republic	4 410 873	945 000
Mauritius	1 291 000	938 557
Madagascar	21 146 551	865 000
Benin	9 212 000	739 200
Burkina Faso	16 287 000	695 000
Rwanda	10 277 282	609 000
Luxembourg	506 953	430 000
Burundi	8 519 005	390 000
Comoros	734 750	312 200
Mauritania	3 460 000	167 399
Djibouti	888 716	159.800
Equatorial Guinea	1 700 401	100 000
Vanuatu	239 651	99 000
Monaco	35 407	23 400
Andorra	76 200	4100
Seychelles	86 525	4000
Total		235 750 000

History of the language

Origins

Map of the main historical varieties of oïl languages.

The territory of what is now France began to be settled by the Gauls around the VII century BCE. C., which spoke Celtic languages that did not have writing. To the southwest, the Aquitanians probably spoke a precursor language to Basque, but did not know how to write. In the area of Massilia (present-day Marseilles) the inhabitants of the Greek colonies spoke and wrote in this language, but they did not spread it beyond their colonies.

All these languages and others spoken in ancient Gaul surely disappeared with the Roman colonization and the progressive implantation of Latin. With the decline of the Roman Empire, a series of peoples of Germanic origin arrived in Roman Gaul. Among them, two established themselves in a more consolidated way: the Franks in the north and the Visigoths in the south, with the Loire River as a border. Although both towns spoke their own languages, they soon adopted the Latin spoken by the local population. However, the language spoken by the Franks is at the origin of Dutch, which is a Germanic language spoken today in its various varieties in the Netherlands, where it is called Dutch, in part of Belgium and in the far north of France.

For a long time, the language spoken in northern Gaul (actually already France) is a more or less evolved Latin, with great influences, mainly phonetics, from the Germanic language spoken by the Franks. To the south, the evolution is different, so that little by little two languages are differentiated with a border that in principle will be marked in the Loire, although throughout history it will move more and more to the south. South of that border the language of oc was spoken. The separation line ran from the Massif Central to the mouth of the Loire at Nantes.

Birth of French

In any case, it is not easy to establish the moment in which Vulgar Latin becomes French or Provençal, but that moment must be placed between the 6th and 9th centuries. From the VII century, there is already evidence that the language spoken in the territory of present-day France is different from Latin and from Germanic. The fundamental document is the Oaths of Strasbourg (842), which is considered the oldest text written in Proto-Romance, in which the different troops of the grandsons of Charlemagne, Lotario, Carlos the Bald and Luis the German swear respect to the division that occurs after the death of Luis the Pious and that is marked by the Treaty of Verdun, and they are forced to do so both in Latin, as well as in Germanic and in a Romance language, halfway between Latin and French. In France, the two great Romance dialects mentioned above will become known as langue d'oc and langue d'oïl (depending on the way in which "yes" was said). The current Frenchman is heir to the latter.

A short time later, a literature written by clergymen in this new language began to appear, which with the appearance of the first literary texts (the first is the Sequence of Santa Eulalia), among which stands out the Song of Roldán, the language Romance was consolidating and differing more and more from Latin. Little by little it was transformed from a declined language into an analytic language, in which the use of prepositions and the order of words in the sentence replace the case system.

Old French

What is known as Old French was consolidated from the 11th century, and although today everything spoken north of the Loire is studied as if it were a single language, in reality they were several dialects with common elements.

The Germanic influence on the language forced the use of some digraphs in written language to reproduce some of the sounds that were used but had not existed in Vulgar Latin. Thus, nasalization, one of the most characteristic phonetic elements of Germanic influence in French, is marked in writing by the use of the n in syllable-final position. The phonetic evolution of the Latin u towards the sound it currently has in French also made it necessary to use the digraph ou to reproduce the original sound of that letter in Latin.

The following are some phonetic evolutions by centuries that give an idea of the rhythm of the main phonetic changes that have occurred:

Latin	Proto- romance	Old French		French medium	French modern
		CenturyIX	CenturyXII	CenturyXV	CenturyXVIII	CenturyXXI
PINIDE- 'pie'	*'p transformationde	/pieð/	/pieθ/ pied	/pie/	/pie/	/pie/ pied
MATTRRU- 'mother'	♪ Ma'turo	/ma'ðyr/	/mambi'yr/ meür	/myr/	/my//	/my// mûr
SCULTU- 'listen'	*(i)s'kuto	/es'kyð(o)/	/is'ky/ Escu	/e'ky/	/e'ky/	/e'ky/ Ecumenical
SÆTA- 'crin'	*'s pillarta	/seið	/sei mark/ seie	/soiambi/	/sw transformation	/swa/ So?
FŒMINA- 'woman'	*'femina	/femnambi/	/femmune/ femme	/fãmambi/	/fam(ambi)/	/fam/ femme
H-MINE- 'Man'	*'omine	/omnambi/	/ommambi/ homme	/õmambi/	/)m(ambi)/	//m/ homme
B fortuneLLUS 'bonito'	*'b pillars	/b pillars/	/baus/ beaus	/be'au/	/bio/	/bo/ beau
HAB marginRE 'do, have'	♪ a'bere	/a'veire/	/a'voir/ avoir	/a'vw transformation/	/a'vw transformation//	/a'vwa// avoir
I successful. 'juzgado'	*kaudi'kato	/)y')ieð(o)/	# Riddling around # play.	/ Giray' articulae/	/ Giray' articulae/	/ Giray' articulae/ play
C CLLшCÀRE 'put, shop'	*kollo'kare	/koł')ier(e)/	/ku'/ier/ couchier	/ku' rateie(r)/	/ku' ratee/	/ku' ratee/ coucher

Linguistic description

Alphabet

The French alphabet (alphabet français in French) are the alphabetic symbols used in the French language. It includes the 26 letters of the modern Latin alphabet, the 14 that are formed by adding diacritics (13 accented vowels and the grapheme cedilla «ç») and 2 ligatures («æ» and «œ»). Therefore, the French alphabet is made up of 42 letters in total.

Phonology

The inventory of distinctive consonantal phonemes is given by:

	Labial	Alveolar	palate-alveolar	ensure that	uvular
oclusive	p	d		k g
Nose	m	n	11
cold	f	s	¢ ¢Ü ¢Ü ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢		22
approximate		l	j 33	w3

¹ In current pronunciation, the phoneme /ɲ/ is less and less distinguishable from [nj].
² In some dialects, the /ʁ/ may be replaced by /ʀ/ or /r/. This phenomenon is called allophony.
³ These two approximants are labial.

Standard French oral mouths.
Non-rounded vowels are shown on the left of the stitches and rounded vowels on the right. The sample was performed on a speaker who does not distinguish /a/ of / Staff/.

The inventory of vowel allophones is given by:

	previous	central	post
closed	i		u
Semi-closed	e ø		or
average		► 1
semi-open	‐orientedWhat?œ 1
open	a		

¹ In current pronunciation, [ə] tends to be closer to [ø], and œ̃ tends to to approximate ɛ̃.

Pronunciation of vowel and consonant combinations

VOCALS

u, û = [and] (something enclosed advanced lips uttering a iLike, ü in German). Examples: you, lune, fût.

ai, ei = [e] (open). Examples: fait, treize.

oi, oy = [ua] Examples: toi, trois, royaume.

ou, ou, ou = [u] Examples: cou, sourd.

Wow. = [yes] (something enclosed advanced lips uttering a eLike a ö in German). Examples: deux, cheveux, feu.

eu(r) = [œr] (like the previous one but with the sound r at the end). Examples: acteur, cœur.

au, eau, o = [or] Examples: eau, jaune, beau.

on = [õ] (serious case). Examples: non, son, accordéon.

in, an = [ã] (average, as if we say in But with the e closed as if it were or). Examples: braid, soixante.

a, um = [otherwise] (almost acute than the previous one, very similar to the next one). Examples: brun.

in, ain, ein, yn, ym = [interference] (high school). Examples: voisin, main, plein.

Hey, hey, hey, hey, hey. = [e] Examples: etoile, manger, dormez, et, des.

è, ê, et = [engineering] (as if we could use the e at the end of our throat, open). Examples: frère, fenêtre, beignet.

CONSONANTS

f, ff, ph = [f] Examples: end, effacer, eléphant.

c(a, o, u), q(u), k = [k] Examples: colle, quoi, kilo.

g(e, i, y), j = [8] Examples: mange, gifle, joli.

g(a, o, u) [g] (as in Spanish) ga, Go, gu). Examples: gare, gorille, guttural.

s-, ss, ç = [s] (s deaf). Examples: sac, assis, leçon.

-s-, z = [z] (s sound). Examples: chaise, douze.

gn = []] (like the ñ of Spanish). Examples: cromagnon, espagnol.

ng = [n] Examples: sang.

ch, sh = [CHUCKLES] (sh in English). Example: shaman.

v = [v] (like a b but biting the lower lip producing a sound similar to the letter f). Example: vièrge.

w = [w] Example: weekend.

[v] (French). Example: wagon.

b, f, l, p, t are pronounced as in Spanish, except that l and f at the end of the word.

m, n turn the vowel that precedes them into a nasal.

tch = [crying] (like the ch Spanish). Example: tchao.

Writing

French is written using the Latin alphabet. It uses five diacritics: (acute accent, circumflex accent, grave accent, cedilla and umlaut), as well as two ligatures (æ and œ).

The spelling has little to do with the actual pronunciation although it is easy to predict the pronunciation from the spelling, which is not true conversely. One of its characteristics is the use of two or three letters to indicate a phoneme. Many times these French phonemes combine the character of two phonemes with one of them predominating, for example the digraph ou in Parisian French sounds practically like a Spanish [u] although it maintains almost unstressed some of the phoneme [o]. In general, the written form is more conservative than the spoken one. French pronunciation is monotonous, in the sense that all syllables are stressed with the same intensity, except for assimilated foreign terms that maintain their original accent (ˈkɛ.nɪ.di, ˈhɪt.lɐ, ˌwɚk ˈaʊt...). The often poor correspondence between written and spoken French is a phenomenon due to strong phonetic changes that have occurred since the Old French period, and which did not correspond to changes in writing. However, some conscious changes to the script have occurred to restore the Latin spelling:

• Old French doit ▪ French doigt (Latin) digitum).
• Old French foot ▪ French pied «pie» (Latin) pedem).

Sometimes printers imposed their own spelling to avoid ambiguity:

• Before printing: uitEight.
• From the printing press: huit, eight, avoided confusion with vit.

It's almost impossible to predict spelling based on pronunciation alone. Final consonants, particularly s, x, z, t, and d, they are usually silent; and n and m are noticeable even word-finally because they nasalize the accompanying vowel. Instead, c, r, f, and l are often pronounced even in final position. For example, the following words end in a consonant, but their pronunciation ends in a vowel sound: nez, doigt, pied, aller, les, lit, beaux. With the loss of the final vowel in pronunciation, the gender ends up being marked, paradoxically, with the phoneme "s" proper to the plural.

Diacritics have phonetic, semantic, and etymological meaning.

• Serious welcome (à, è, ù): About the a or uonly distinguishes the homophones from each other: à (“a”, “ha”) against a (“he has”, “ha”), ou (“o”) against ou (“where” or “where”). About one e, indicates the sound /ε/.
• Acute Accent (e): Only appears on e, indicating the sound /e/. In addition, it usually indicates the historical omission of a consonant following the e (normally one s(c): ecouter. Scouter.
• Acento circumflejo (â ê, î, ô, û): About the e, indicates the sound /ε/. It may also indicate the historical omission of an adjacent letter (usually a s(c): château. castel, fête. party, sûr. seur, dîner. disner, ♪. aage. By extension, you can also make the difference between homophones: du against dû (“due”, participle past devoir“must”).
• Dosage or tréma (ë, ï, ü, ÿ): Indicates that a vowel that would normally form diptongo does not form it: naïf/naïve (engineering) Noël (“Christmas”). The diresis in the and (?) is only presented in some own names (such as l'Haÿ-les-Roses) and in old French.
• Cedilla (ç): Indicates that c is pronounced /s/ where, if not carried, it would pronounce /k/.

The slur œ («cœur») is an obligatory contraction of oe, and changes the pronunciation (as between coefficient and sœur).

The æ slur is also an obligatory contraction, but it is rarer. It is used only in Latin words (like «curriculum vitæ») or in proper nouns (like «Lætitia»).

There are plans to reform the spelling.

Grammar

The noun

The noun (in French: nom substantif), as in Spanish, is affected by gender and number. Two genders are distinguished in French: the masculine (rat, 'rat'; homme, 'man'; ours, 'bear'), and the feminine (voiture, 'automobile'; actrice, 'actress'; baleine, 'whale').

The plural is usually formed by adding an s to the end of the word (crayon → crayons; fleur → flowers). However, there are some special cases in which the plural follows other patterns:

• If the word ends in -, -x or -z, the plural is exactly the same: the chromix /la k.wa/ → les croix /le k.wa/; le français /lÜ f.ѕ.s/25070// → les français /le f.ѕ.s/25070//; le nez /laxis ne/ → les nez /le ne/.
• If the word ends in - Wow., -eau or -eu, the plural takes a x: étau → étaux; enjeu → enjeux; oiseau → oiseaux. There are the following exceptions: bleu → bleus; pneu → pneus; landau → landaus.
• If the word ends in - Yeah., the plural forms with the suffix -aux: journal → journaux; animal → animaux.
• There are seven completed nouns - that make the plural in -x: bijou → bijoux; caillou → cailloux; chou → choux; genou → genoux; hibou → hiboux; joujou → joujoux; pou → poux.
• There are seven finished nouns - ail that make the plural in -aux: dance → baux; corail → coraux; email → émaux; soupirail → soupiraux; travail → travaux; vantail → vantaux; vitrail → vitraux.

The pronoun

Varies in number (singular or plural) and in gender (masculine or feminine). They have no meaning of their own and depend on the context. As in other languages, its syntactic function is to replace the noun. It can be tonic, always accompanying the verb; or unstressed, necessary when the verb is not accompanied.

Example of tonic pronoun:

• You're going to enceinte.. (You're going to be pregnant).
• Il sera à la campagne dans deux jours. (He'll be in the field in two days).

Example of an atonic pronoun:

• Qui appelles-tu ? Lui. Who are you calling? To him).
• Moi, je préfère les choses simples. (I prefer simple things).

Stress pronouns:

• Je. (I).
• You. (You/vos).
• Il/elle. (He/she).
• Nous. (We).
• Vous. (You/you/usted).
• Ils/elles. (Ellos/ellas).

Unstressed pronouns:

• Moi. (I).
• Toi. (You/vos).
• Lui/elle. (He/she).
• Nous. (We).
• Vous. (You/you/usted).
• Eux/elles. (Ellos/ellas).

The latter function as direct object or indirect object and the former (tonic) always accompany the verb in French, it is mandatory. If not, the atonic is used.

The verb

Varies in number (singular or plural), tense (present, future, imperfect past, compound past perfect, past indefinite, or simple past, used mostly in literature; past past, past pluperfect, and a French formula called &# 34;le surcompose"), in mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative) and voice (active and passive). They designate actions or states. Like Spanish, the French verb has endings for each tense, and there are some irregular verbs such as: aller (je vais), venir (il vient), être (nous sommes), avoir (vous avez).

Denial

For negation, the following formula is used:

• Name + "NE" + verb (played or present) + "PAS" + Subject of the preacher. Example:
  • Je + ne + parle + pas + français.
  • Je (pronoun) + ne + parle (verb) + pas + français (respect of preaching).
  • Je ne parle pas français. (I don't speak French).

• Name + "NE" + verb (played or present) + "jamais, guère, point, rien..." (being eliminated the second part of the denial."pas"). Example:
  • Je ne nage jamais. (Never swim).
  • Je ne sais ♪. (I don't know anything).

• ne pas + verb (infinitive). Example:
  • ne pas smoke. (No smoking).

Vocabulary

• Hello!: Salut /sa.ly/ (informal), Bonjour /b). turning.
• Bye.: Adieu /a.djø/, Au revoir /o.to the view).
• What's your name?: Comment t'appelles-tu ? /k..m tax excl. t revolta.p participanl ty/
• How are you?: Comment ça va ? /k..m️ sa va/ (informal), Comment allez-vous? /k..m PREMIUM to boost the value of the person.
• How old are you?: Quel âge as-tu ? /kŭl engageda engageda ty/ o Tu as quel âge? / k entral engageda engagedty a/
• I'm... years.: J'ai... ans. / circlee...
• French, French: Français, française. /f.️.s participant/, /f.️.s participant/
• Spanish, Spanish: Espagnol, espagnole. / impulses.pa..l/, / integrations.pa..l/
• Mexican, Mexican: Mexicain, mexicaine. /m participank.si.k flip/flop, /m flipk.si.k signaln/
• Do you speak Spanish, English, German, Italian?: Parlez-vous espagnol/anglais/allemand/italien ? /pa..le vu stakeholder.pa.,l, al.mosphere, i.ta.lj participan/
• What is this?: Qu'est-ce que c'est ? /killars.kambi.s
• It's...: C'est...

Numbers

The French counting system is partly vigesimal: twenty (vingt) is used as a base number in the names of the numbers from 60 to 99. The French word for eighty, for example, is quatre-vingts , which literally means "four twenty", and soixante-quinze (literally "sixty-fifteen") means 75. This reform arose after the French Revolution to unify the different numbering systems (mostly vigesimal near the coast, due to Viking and Celtic influences, the latter through Breton). This system is comparable to the use of score in archaic English, as in fourscore and seven (87), or threescore and ten (70).

The French of Belgium, the French of Switzerland, and the French of the former Belgian colonies, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi are all different in this respect. In these countries 70 and 90 are septante and nonante. In Switzerland, depending on the local dialect, 80 can be quatre-vingts (Geneva, Neuchâtel, Jura) or huitante (Vaud, Valais, Freiburg). Octante has been used in Switzerland in the past, but is now considered archaic. In Belgium, however, quatre-vingts is used universally.

It should also be mentioned that French uses a space, or a period, to separate thousands, except in Switzerland where they are separated like this: 20'000 (twenty thousand). The comma is used in French numbers as a decimal point: 2.5 = deux virgule cinq. The cardinal numbers in French from 1 to 20 are as follows:

Loanwords in Spanish

There are many loanwords from French that have become part of Spanish. It is about Gallicisms such as slang, beige, bricolage, boulevard, cabaret, hood, card, chalet, chef, chauffeur, chauvinism, coffer, conspiracy, croissant, debut, dossier, elite, garage, hotel, ham, menu, corduroy, pants, stuffed animal, potpourri, sabotage, see you, etc.