Ferrenafe

Ferreñafe is a city on the north coast of Peru, capital of the district and province of the same name in the department of Lambayeque. It has a population of 49,241 inhabitants for 2017, making it the third most populous city in the department. The Monumental Zone of Ferreñafe was declared a historical heritage of Peru on December 30, 1986.

Toponymy

The notion of Ferreñafe comes from the surname of a principal Indian named "Ferreñafe Sinopullaqui" that he was destined to administer the valley of Túcume by Juan de Osorno, the first encomendero of Ferreñafe. Túcume constituted an independent commendation.

History

Ferreñafe originated in an area near the town of Batán Grande, a place known as Ferreñafe Viejo; later the population migrated to the current location, around the years 1566 to 1578; time when various reductions such as Mansiche, Chiclayo, Pacora and Illimo were installed.

Time of Conquest

The historian Alfonso Samamé, from Ferreña, mentions that Francisco Pizarro granted the charge of Ferreñafe to Juan Osorno on February 2, 1536 according to a document in the Seville archive. Jorge Rondón Salas, in an ethnohistorical study, maintains that Ferreñafe was formerly located in the vicinity of Cerro de Arena and Chaparrí, about 25 km northwest of the current city ("Ferreñafe Pre-Hispanic" 1966), with settlements that they were occupied after the Late Sicán epigonal phase, during the Chimú incursion (1250 AD); the historian says: "large and small stylistically similar architectural complexes have been observed built with the same construction technique; The role of these structures was to monitor, administer or control relatively small crop areas (Ferreñafe Viejo and Cerro de Arena cases) and irrigation canals and copper-arsenic metallurgical smelting workshops such as in La Calera, La Huaringa, Cerro Patapón de Arena and others". were conquered

Spanish Foundation

To this day it is accepted that the first encomendero and founder of Ferreñafe was the Spanish captain Alonso de Osorio, who was responsible for this encomienda in the year 1550. The encomienda consisted of the delivery of a number of indigenous people who had to pay a tribute to the Spanish, twice a year on the feast of San Juan (June 24) and for Christmas.

An additional historical analysis considers that Ferreñafe was founded as an Indigenous Reduction between the years 1566 and 1578 possibly by the encomendero Melchor de Osorno having as founders the Oidor de Cuenca or the corregidor of Zaña, Juan de Hoces; This is said based on a document from the National Library of Lima, where the notary Francisco de Alcocer mentions the town of Santa Lucía de Ferreñafe on April 26, 1580, under the command of Melchor de Osorno.

Republican era

According to documents on the Independence of Peru, we find that Ferreñafe not only collaborated with the emancipation, but also actively participated in it. In the final years of the XVII century and the beginning of the XIX, Ferreñafe was a royalist military center; However, when the emancipation movements took place, the people, the Spanish militia corps and even the chiefs, embraced the emancipatory cause. Thus, the Santa Lucía de Ferreñafe Parish swore the independence of this town on January 1, 1821. According to the renowned Lambayecan researcher Jorge Rogerio Izquierdo Castañeda, in his article Aporte Lambayecano to the triumph of national independence, the Ferreñafanos participating in this patriotic event were Colonel Baltazar Muro de Rojas, José Manuel Muro de Rojas and Manuel Navarrete. Likewise, in this year, the territorial demarcation is changed when Ferreñafe became part of the Department of Trujillo, according to a decree issued by San Martín in Huaura, on July 12, 1821.

In the past, Ferreñafe had a railway (inaugurated in July 1871) that started from Puerto Eten, continued through Monsefú, Chiclayo, Lambayeque, stopping at the Mocopuc Hacienda that is now called Fala, to end in Ferreñafe. It facilitated the commercialization of animals and agricultural products, mainly Carolina rice. In 1890 they bring to light the newspaper "Taymi" political body of the Constitutional Party led by Mr. Andrés Avelino Cáceres Dorregaray and whose director was the industrial merchant Mr. Nicanor Carmona Vilchez.

Mayors of Ferreñafe

Village of Ferreñafe

• 1836-1847 - José Atanacio Muro O’Kelly.
• 1852 - José Rodríguez.

District

• 1860-1864 - Miguel Manuel Navarrete Echevarría.
• 1874-1876 - Nicanor Carmona Vílchez.
• 1876-1878 - Miguel Manuel Navarrete Echeverría.
• 1879 - José María Barragán Agüero.
• 1880-1882 - Miguel J. Pasco Sosa.
• 1882 - José Morante.
• 1882 - Narcissus Salazar Niño Ladrón de Guevara.
• 1883-1888 - Nicanor Carmona Vílchez.
• José Rosario Cabrejos (1888-1894)
• Agustín Torres (1895)
• José Santos García (1895)
• Federico Usquiano (1896-1899)
• Genaro Barragan Muro (1899-1902)
• José García Urrutia Muro (1903-1906)
• José María Cabrejos Pastor (1907-1909)
• Manuel Mesta Vilchez (1909-1913)
• Manuel Casimiro Chumán Velásquez (1913-1917/1920-1922)
• Víctor Manuel Muro Menchola (1918)
• Jorge Mesones Piedra (1919)
• Aurelio Recuenco Chacón (1922-1927)
• Demetrio Plaza Quiñones (1927/1929-1930)
• Manuel Antonio Mesones Piedra (1928/1937-1944)
• Rosendo V. Pasco Echeverría (1930-1931)
• Humberto Boggiano Baca (1932)
• Amador J. González Cabrejos (1932-1933)
• Manuel Rodríguez Vélez (1936/1945-1946)
• Antonio Samamé Cáceres (1933/1934)
• Artidoro Ugaz Barrenechea (1935-1936)
• César Solís Celis (1944)
• Ricardo Salazar Márquez (1944-1945)
• Antonio Sialer Ortega (1946)
• Dr. Manuel Carbonel Neira (1947-1948)
• José Nicolás Boggio Lara (1948-1950/1953-1955)
• Gregorio Mendoza Bobadilla (1950)

Provincial

• Remigio Carmona Rodríguez (1951-1952)

• Fernán Gonzáles Pasco (1952-1953)

• Nicolás Boggio Lara (1953-1955)

• Castorino Torres Espinoza (1956-1958)

• Cristóbal Panta Piscoya (1958-1959)

• Isabel Pérez De Torres (1960-1961)

• Miguel Boggiano Muro (1962-1963)

• Gustavo García Mundaca (1964-1966) Popular Election PAP - UNO

• Gustavo García Mundaca (1967-1969) PAP Popular Election

• Miguel Boggiano Muro (1969-1971) Military Government

• Military Government (1971-1977)

• Fortunato Salazar Beleván (1977-1979) Military Government

• Zenobio Zamora Gutiérrez (1979-1980) Military Government

• Leonardo Zevallos Pérez (1981-1983) Popular Election - PAP

• Leonardo Zevallos Pérez (1984-1985) Popular Election - PAP

• Armando Morales Quiroz (1985-1986) Replacement of Leonardo Zevallos who was elected MP

• José Salazar García (1987-1989) Popular Election - PAP

• Antonio Salazar Montaño (1990-1992) Popular Election - Sican Independent Movement

• Agustín Mozo Rivas (1993-1995) Popular Election - Popular Action

• Carlos A. Vélez Baca (1996-1998) Popular Election - Mov. Independent Union by Ferreñafe or List No. 03

• Jacinto Muro Távara (1999-2002) Popular Election - Come Neighbor.

• José Salazar García (2003-2006) Popular Election - PAP

• Armando Morales Quiroz (2006) Replacement of José Salazar García.

• William Cabrejos Requejo (2007-2010) Popular Election - Popular Action

• Jacinto Muro Távara (2011-2012)- Popular Election - Alliance for Progress.

• Edilberto Bardales Román (2012-2014)

• Jacinto Muro Távara (2015- 2016) - Popular Election - Alliance for Progress.

• Jorge Américo Temoche Orellano. Vacance(2017 - 2018)

• Violeta Patricia Muro Mesones (2019-2022)- Popular Election - Alliance for Progress.

Territorial extension

The province of Ferreñafe, has a territorial extension of 1578 km², equivalent to 11% of the regional area of Lambayeque, it has two Andean zones that are the districts of Inkawasi and Cañaris, whose altitude is between 2400 and 2200 m s. no. m. respectively.

The province has 33,428 ha of arable land and 124,729 ha of non-arable land, 19% are pastures, 24% is dry forest (it should be noted that Ferreñafe is the largest area of reserved areas in the Region: Pómac, Batán Grande and Laquipampa, which make a total of 30,633 ha of protected forests) and the rest are non-agricultural land. The coastal zone of Ferreñafe is agricultural, and its lands are irrigated by the hydraulic structures of the Tinajones Project, within which is the Taymi canal, an old canal built by the Incas, whose waters come from the upper part of Cajamarca (Chotano tunnels and Conchano) that carry the waters to the Chancay River, and are derived in another structure upstream in the Racarrumi Intake (Chongoyape Zone) and from there towards the Desaguadero partition where the new Taymi Canal is born that irrigates the lands of Ferreñafe and other areas from Lambayeque; another water source is the La Leche river (where the waters from Inkawasi are taxed), in the case of Cañaris there are various small rivers, such as the Cañariaco, which tributaries of the Chamaya river; In Inkawasi is the river of the same name, whose use on a smaller scale is agricultural, since the Andean areas basically have a productive cycle linked to the rains. Due to the fact that these rivers do not have a reservoir, then it is not a controlled irrigation that makes the Andean population hope for the arrival of the rains and to be able to carry out their crops, and if there is a drought, it causes a migration of the inhabitants towards the coast where they will carry out transplanting, removing, harvesting and harvesting of rice at the expense of the salary paid to him.

Demographics

The urban area of the city of Ferreñafe according to the 2005 Census had 44,479 inhabitants. in the 7 districts that make it up. But according to the 2007 census it had 44,411 inhabitants.

The district population in the province of Ferreñafe has the following structure: The districts of the coast concentrate 71% of the provincial population, the Andean districts such as Cañaris and Inkawasi have the remaining 29%. Population growth has been an average of 1% per year since 1993, with Mesones Muro being the district with the highest migration (the population has decreased by 7% per year since 1993). The other districts grow 2% per year, except Pueblo Nuevo, which grows Number 3%. The province's population is 55% urban, basically concentrated in the Ferreñafe district, Mesones Muro and Pueblo Nuevo; 45% rural is concentrated in Cañaris, Inkawasi and Pítipo.

50% of the population is male. The population in the province of Ferreñafe shows lower growth levels compared to previous decades, which can be measured by the growth levels of the global fertility rate.

The province of Ferreñafe has the second place of growth (above the regional level) in the birth rate. Lambayeque occupies the first place, both provinces are generally rural. In the case of the province of Chiclayo, it has lower levels of growth.

Economy

The population is mainly employed in agricultural or livestock activities, the coastal urban districts have a greater component of the population of Native Cotton that have been installed, giving it the added value that the resources need, to later be introduced and promoted to the national market and international. A large percentage of its population is dedicated to planting rice and its subsequent commercialization. Inhabitants of the Andean localities that years ago worked in the fields of rice cultivation, have been settling down and contributing to the growth of the city.

Some processing plants in Loche and the city of Ferreñafe have grown, and their public infrastructure has improved, although there is still a long way to go. Neighborhoods like Algodonal among others, are projected as the new urban areas of the city. Due to the lack of a paved road, its young population turns to cities like Chiclayo, in search of services such as education, or in search of better job prospects. The populism of previous years has played a significant role in the infrastructure gaps that exist.

Currently a project of forty-seven million soles that seeks to be executed efficiently and within the established deadlines, will improve and expand the water supply and sewage system. In recent years, the tourism industry has established itself through its authorities, who have seen the enormous economic impact that this industry could have on the population, and the enhancement of its natural resources. Agrotourism, experiential tourism, which would directly impact the lives of its inhabitants, and the enhancement of its resources such as the Marayhuaca mushroom, and rice, among others.

Different restaurants have opened and closed since 2008. Some have lasted up to eight quarters, while others have lasted one quarter. The profit margins are perceived as good or very good, however the lack of administrative capacity of human capital has played an important role. The average marginal costs of production, however, tend to decrease, giving good prospects to this industry. Restaurants have increased their presence in the Ferreñafe fence, having gone through different economic cycles, and now seek to establish themselves in order to offer quality products and services to an increasingly demanding clientele. The lack of training or formation of personnel working in the tourism sector is still presented as a long-term challenge.

Provincial integration

Ferreñafe during Fenómeno El Niño in 1998.

Provincial integration is a serious problem, currently only the Chiclayo - Ferreñafe - Pítipo - Batán Grande highway is paved; and the Ferreñafe - Mesones Muro highway, later on the roads are paved, the same happens with the penetration road to Chiñama, Cañaris and Inkawasi, whose condition is poor and in many cases they are not even paved.

In districts such as Pítipo, the local road networks are not maintained and half of them are unpaved, the same is the case in the other rural districts of the province of Ferreñafe, which only have trails for carriage: in the case of Cañaris these trails they become inaccessible in the rainy seasons, interrupting all communication and thus generating serious problems for provincial integration and hindering productive development.

In 2006 approximately two of the bridges that linked Cañaris with the Pucará area were destroyed by the torrential rains that fell, they were the San Lorenzo and Pay Pay bridges, later they were raised again but the roads did not suffer any changes.

Regarding the districts of Pueblo Nuevo, Mesones Muro, Pítipo, which are coastal, the integration to the province is direct and a bit sacrificed towards Inkawasi, but towards Cañaris, communication is through the highway that goes to Olmos - Corral Quemado, arriving at the Cajamarca district of Pucará, which is where the Kañerenses arrive to carry out their commercial exchange, but the provincial procedures are carried out towards Ferreñafe. For this, the construction of the Inkawasi - Cañaris road is missing, whose route only reaches the Cañariaco mines, which have been carried out with the mining interest, here one can once again see the lack of government support for the interests of the population Andean of Cañaris.

Tourism

Rice with Ferreñafe duck.

The offer of attractions to attract tourists is through archeology and some customary or religious festivities, although the current axis of visitor attraction is the Sicán Museum.

Ferreñafe

Saint Lucia Church in the Plaza de Armas of Ferreñafe, Lambayeque, Peru.

• Saint Lucia Church: Baroque colonial architecture dating from 1552. It is located on the west side of the arms square. It was inaugurated in 1864, 130 years after its construction began. Baroque architecture - colonial, made with brick, plaster and adobe. The altar is made of cedar and the doors of algarrobo. The facade has four columns on both sides of the front door, two of them longer that end in narrow ornamental tips. It also has two towers with semi-spherical domes. The temple columns are of Roman style, refurbished and painted later. The shield of the church has in the centre of the emblem the blue eyes of Saint Lucia and the ensemble flanked by two angels who guard the command of God and keep the demon under dominion, located at the bottom. The shield symbolizes the martyrdom of Lucia, Saint of Syracuse.

Facade of the Sicán National Museum.

• Sicán National Museum: Center for research of archaeological objects, valuable and unique supported with virtual technology. Located in the north end of the city, this attractive culture center has been opened in November 2001. For its construction and operation, the financial and scientific contribution of the Japanese government has been counted. This museum displays part of the archaeological and instrumental heritage extracted mainly from the area of Batán Grande.

Pipo

• Archaeological Complex Batán Grande: Archaeological remains of Sican culture, forming a set of 20 pyramids of mud, large square and tombs.
• Mayascon Jagueyes: Springs that spring from the subsoil. Petroglyphs.
• Poma Interpretation Centre: Center for research on cultural, natural and tourist promotion.

Inkawasi

• Laquipampa Reserved Area: It is located in the district of Incahuasi, in order to preserve the Pava Aliblanca, Huerequeque and the Bear of glasses that are in danger of extinction.
• Poblado Center: Townhouse located 3500 m. n. m. of ancestral and Quechua-speaking customs.
• Taki Festival: Folk festival that brings together numerous Quechua-speaking communities of Inkawasi.

Canaris

• Town centre: Ethnological Resource at 2162 m. n. m. center populated of ancestral customs and warrior.
• Congona: architectural complex of stone carved columns with rich coupisnique iconography.

Notable people

• Baltazar Muro de Rojas y Sandoval: Political and Military Governor of Lambayeque, Col. de Caballería de Ferreñafe, Minister of the Real Boxes of Cuenca. Together with his brother, José Manuel Muro de Rojas, they participated in the process of the Independence of Peru.

• Manuel Antonio Muro O' Kelly : Deputated by the Department of Lambayeque (1839). Son of Baltazar Red Wall. Grandfather of Alfredo Solf and Muro.

• Baltasar García Urrutia (Baltazar García Urrutia Muro): Member of the Department of Lambayeque, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Peru in the government of Miguel Iglesias, President of the Council of Ministers of Peru and Foreign Minister in the government of Justiniano Borgoño. Nieto de Baltazar Muro de Rojas.

• Francisco Muro Niño Ladrón de Guevara: Made by whose syrup gave rise to the Terran Song 300 Golden Libras (in its Original Version). Along with other Ferreñafa businessmen founded the Lambayeque Chamber of Commerce and Agriculture. Son of José Atanacio Muro O'Kelly and father of both Francisco Muro Pacheco and Rosa Muro de Barragán.

• Nicanor Carmona Vilchez: Mayor of Ferreñafe (1867-1874); Minister of Finance (1894-1895); Senator for Lambayeque (1894; 1903-1915; and 1917-1918); Mayor of Lima (1913-1914); and President of the Senate (1914-1915).

• Manuel Antonio Mesones Muro: Ferreñafano Scientist and explorer, adventurous and determined to the knowledge of new routes for the integration of the north coast with the north east of Peru; discoverer of the route to the Selva by the Abra de Porculla (Paso de Porculla). Son of José Esteban Mesones Ubillus de la Cotera Farfán de los Godos y de Juana Rosa Matilde Muro Niño Ladrón de Guevara.

• Dr. Francisco Muro Pacheco: Cirujano graduated from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, where he performed the first X-ray Thesis of Peru. He developed specialization courses in La Sorbonne (France) and Heidelberg University (Germany). He is known in Peru as "The Doctor of the Poor". He was the father of Ricardo Muro Grau (Ricardo Grau), grandson of Miguel Grau Seminary.

• Monseñor Francisco Gonzáles Burga: Priest Chongoyapano who led the creation of the Ferreñafe Farmers Cooperative. Professor of the main schools of his time, manager of the Esep (now Instituto Enrique López Albújar).

• Manuel Expedito Muro Navarrete: Made known by his anecdotes. Son of the outstanding Doctor Cirujano Francisco Muro Pacheco and descendant of the proceres of the Independence of Peru Baltazar Muro de Rojas and Manuel Navarrete.

• Mario Samamé Boggio : Peruvian writer and politician university professor. Mining historian in Peru. Minister of Energy and Mines during Alan García's first government.

• Cura Manuel Casimiro Chumán Velásquez: Ferreñafano cure and policy. Mayor of Ferreñafe on two occasions.

• Luis Abelardo Takahashi Nuñez: Failed composer, possessor of many nationally recognized Creole songs such as: Embrujo, Engañada, Viva El Ciclón, El Chisco Silbador, Trujillano, etc.

• Genaro Barragan Muro: Deputated by the Department of Lambayeque. Nieto de Genaro Barragán Urrutia. Author of the Original Project of the creation of the National University of Lambayeque, which, by joining the Agraria University of the North, give birth to the Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo. Manager of the Women's Industrial College (now CETPRO). To this end, he donated, together with his brothers, the land for the premises of the College, which bears the name of his mother, Rosa Muro de Barragán. He was a member of the parliamentary commission for the creation of the province of Ferreñafe.

• Dr. Francisco "Pancho" Muro Moreno: Cirujano graduated from the National University of La Plata. He highlighted for his social work with people with less resources, which is why he was met, as did his father (Dr. Francisco Muro Pacheco), as "The Doctor of the Poor", also obtaining the Medal of Honor of the Congress of the Republic of Peru. He was a mayor's lieutenant and twice as a ruler of the city of Chiclayo, as well as President of Club Juan Aurich.

• Gustavo García Mundaca: Peruvian lawyer, farmer and politician. Twice elected mayor of the province of Ferreñafe, also deputy and constituent of Peru.

• Juan José Salazar García: agronomist engineer. He was Provincial Mayor of Ferreñafe in two periods from 1987 to 1989 and 2003 to 2006. He was also a representative to the regional assembly of the North-East Marañón Region and Minister of Agriculture during the second government of Alan García Pérez.

• Carmen Muro Távara: Miss Peru Lambayeque and Miss Peru Mundo, representative of Peru at the Miss World. Bachelor of Education; Director of the College "Santa Teresa de Jesus" (Ferreñafe). Daughter of Don Manuel Expedito Muro Navarrete; sister of Alejandro Jacinto Muro Távara (four times mayor: three of Ferreñafe and one of Pítype).

• Lucila Boggiano Laca: Lady World. Two-time daughter mayor Miguel Boggiano Muro (first brother of Manuel Expedito Muro Navarrete, Genaro Barragán Muro and Dr. Francisco "Pancho" Muro Moreno.

• Hector Rene Lanegra Romero: Professor - founder of EI N° 10056, former president of the Association of Jubilee Education Sector; and, Former Commander - creator of the City Fire Corps.

• Karen Zapata, chess.

Poets

• Orlando Pompeyo Gonzales García.
• Victor Díaz Monge.
• Mercedes Mesones Mesones.
• Matilde Months Montaño.
• Lucio Danmer Chumán Castillo.
• Victor Hugo Parraguez Vásquez.
• Leonor Suárez Mundaca.
• Alvaro Mesones Piedra.
• Jesus Piscoya Fernández.
• William Piscoya Chicoma.
• José Fernando Piscoya Zafra.

Ferreñafe and the local press

Among the newspapers that we can highlight over time were "El Eco" Liberal Party weekly. At the beginning of 1990 Antonio Samamé Cáceres launched the weekly "Época" that later his brother Carlos will continue as director. In 1908 "El Grito del Pueblo" of the Presbítero Manuel Casimiro Chumán, reappearing "El Taymi" this time under the direction of Mr. Víctor García Larrea. Around 1950 Héctor Carmona Rodríguez directs the magazine "Firruñaf" The Santa Lucía Peasant Community founded the weekly "El Comunero", and at that time in 1963 "Combate" came out. In the 80's "La Carreta" by Óscar Cortez Mendiviz, in 1997 the short-duration weeklies "El Tábano" by Carlos Samamé Rodríguez and "Edición" by Juan Silva Lluen. "Under the Magnifying Glass" is an opinion column published in Diario Correo written by Ricardo Céspedes Mozo from Ferreña, who also has a Cable program with the same name.

Access

It is accessed from Chiclayo and is located to the Northeast and 18 km from this city by road (however in a straight line the distance is less than 14 km.)

The main square has a typically Spanish outline. Farmers, merchants and peasants meet in this square, in the center of which there is a pool that was ordered to be brought from Spain in 1857. Its population is dedicated to growing rice, as this is the city of double faith.

Climate

Average climate parameters of Ferreñafe
Month	Ene.	Feb.	Mar.	Open up.	May.	Jun.	Jul.	Ago.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Annual
Average temperature (°C)	31	32	32	31	29	27	26	26	26	27	28	29	28.7
Average temperature (°C)	25.1	25.9	25.9	24.8	23	22.2	21.2	19.6	19.8	20.6	22.4	23.7	22.9
Temp. medium (°C)	21	22	22	21	19	18	17	17	17	17	18	19	19
Source: climate-data.org