Federative unit of Brazil
A federative unit, in the Federative Republic of Brazil, is a subnational entity with a certain degree of autonomy (self-government, self-regulation and self-payment) and endowed with its own government and constitution. The political and administrative organization of the Federative Republic of Brazil includes the Union, the states, the Federal District and the municipalities, all autonomous.
In the states, executive power is exercised by a governor elected every four years. The legislative branch is represented by a unicameral legislative assembly with state deputies who vote on state laws. Legislative assemblies oversee the activities of the states' executive branch. To do this, they have the help of a court of accounts to provide guidance on the use of public funds. The judiciary of the states is made up of state courts of first and second instance that deal with common justice.
In the Federal District, executive power is exercised by a governor elected every four years. The legislative branch is represented by a unicameral legislative chamber with district deputies who vote on district laws. The legislative chamber oversees the activities of the executive branch of the Federal District. To do this, it has the assistance of a court of accounts to guide the use of public funds. The judicial power of the Federal District is made up of district courts of first and second instance that deal with common justice. The Federal District cannot be divided into municipalities, which is why its territory is made up of several administrative regions. These regions are directly administered by the Federal District government, which exercises constitutional and legal powers equivalent to those of the states, as well as those of the municipalities, simultaneously assuming all the obligations that derive from them.
In the municipalities, executive power is exercised by a mayor elected for four years. The legislative branch is represented by a unicameral municipal chamber with councilors who vote on municipal laws. The municipal chamber oversees the activities of the municipal executive branch. Only two municipalities (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) have separate courts of accounts linked to their municipal chambers, and the creation of new municipal courts of accounts is prohibited.
States
In the states, executive power is exercised by a governor elected every four years. The legislative power is represented by a unicameral legislature with state deputies who vote on state laws. Legislative assemblies oversee the activities of the states' executive branch. To do this, they have the help of a court of accounts to guide them on the use of public funds. The judiciary of the states is made up of state courts of first and second instance that are in charge of common justice. Each state has autonomy to edit its own state constitution, being obliged, however, to observe the principle of constitutional symmetry with the federal constitution.
The state governor, assisted by state secretaries, exercises the executive power of the state. The requirements for the position of state governor are: to have been born in Brazil, to be over thirty years of age, to enjoy political rights and to be elected through a political party. It is the same thing that is required of a candidate for lieutenant governor. Both are elected for a period of four years, observing the same electoral rules for the President of the Republic. A gubernatorial candidate will be elected in the second round if none of the candidates obtains an absolute majority of the valid votes in the first ballot. (item 28)
The responsibility of the governor in the state constitution is determined, considering the federal rules, and according to the scheme of the Executive of the Union. Elected in the state elections of the current governors took office on January 1, 2019 To be assisted administratively, the governor has secretaries of state, freely appointed and dismissed by him. The number of secretaries varies from one state to another and their powers are equivalent, at the state level, to those of the ministers. To guarantee order and public safety, the police service, organized into Civil and Military Police, is maintained by the States; the composition and functions of each of the two police forces are regulated by special statutes. (item 144)
The body that exercises state legislative power is the unicameral Legislative Assembly, made up of representatives elected by popular vote for a period of four years. The same rules of the federal constitution regarding the electoral system, inviolability, immunities, remuneration, loss of mandate, license, etc. they apply to state deputies.” The remuneration of the members will be determined in each legislature for the next legislation. The number of deputies in the Legislative Assembly is limited to the state population and the number of its federal deputies. For federal deputy, three states are elected, until completing 36 members in the Legislative Assembly. Since then, each federal deputy is equivalent to a state deputy. The legislative process follows the scheme of the Union, with the appropriate changes. For the exercise of financial and budgetary control, the Legislative Power has the assistance of the State Court of Accounts, whose structure and operation is defined in the Federal Constitution (similar to that of the Federal Court of Accounts). (item 75)
The judicial organization of the federative units in Brazil has a variable structure from one state to another. Generally, it complies with the following scheme: in the first instance, the law judges, the Courts of Juries and, in military matters, the Military Justice Councils. From the decisions made in these sentences, the Courts of Justice of the federative units have the right to appeal: the Court of Justice and the Court of Military Justice. Also at the state level, the prosecutor's office, headed by the Attorney General Justice, prosecutors and promoters of the exercise of justice, is organized along the Judiciary, the Executive. The state constitution and complementary laws define its structure and operation, as well as those of the Federal Public Ministry. (art. 128, para. 3. º)
History
The captaincies of Brazil were a form of territorial administration of Portuguese America, part of the Portuguese Empire, by which the Crown, with limited resources, delegated the task of colonization and exploration of certain areas. The captaincy system, which was successful on the islands of Madeira and Cape Verde, was initially implemented in Brazil with the donation, Fernão de Noronha, of São João Island (currently Fernando de Noronha Island), by Carta Régia of Dom Manuel I (r. 1495-1521 dated 16 February 1504. However, the systematic use of captaincies was only established in 1532, although their implementation did not begin until 1534. The failure of bodyguard expeditions of Cristóvão Jacques (including the serious diplomatic incident for which he was responsible), as well as the increase in the traffic of Brazilwood and other goods by foreign privateers, mainly French on the coast of Brazil, in a time of Portuguese. trade in the East, were the determining factors of the colonizing initiative promoted by the Crown.The creation of captaincies in Brazil led many interpreters to consider that the country had a feudal period, but this interpretation came to be questioned in 1930, in an incipient way, by the art critic Mário Pedrosa and the literary critic Lívio Xavier, in "Sketchço". Analysis of the Brazilian situation ".
With the arrival of the Empire of Brazil after the independence of Portugal, the old captaincies were definitively called provinces. It was a unitary state and the administrative divisions (provinces) were not federative units. The São Francisco River Region, a region located on the left bank of the São Francisco River, was separated from Pernambuco as punishment for that province by the separatist movement known as the Confederation of Ecuador in 1824. The separation of the region, as well as its annexation to the province of Minas Gerais, was a direct order of the then emperor Dom Pedro I in a decree of July 7, 1824. After three years under mining administration, the region was added to Bahia, corresponding to the current West of Bahia.
In 1825 the Cisplatina campaign began, a conflict that occurred between the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of Rio da Prata, in the period from 1825 to 1828, for the possession of the Province of Cisplatina. The Oriental Republic of Uruguay became independent in 1828 and separated from the Empire of Brazil. In 1850, the province of Grão-Pará became extinct and was dismembered into two units, forming the province of Pará and the province of Amazonas (elevation of the Comarca do Alto Amazonas with headquarters in the city of Nossa Senhora da Conceição da Barra do Rio Negro, present-day Manaus). In 1853, the southern part of the province of São Paulo was dismembered with the creation of the province of Paraná.
With the Proclamation of the Republic, the provinces of the Empire became States, officially named by the Constitution of 1891. In 1943, with the entry of Brazil into World War II, the government of Getúlio Vargas decided to dismember six strategic border territories of the country to manage them directly: Ponta Porã, Iguaçu, Amapá, Rio Branco, Guaporé and Fernando de Noronha (the latter created in 1942). Ponta Porã and Iguaçu return to their original state after the war, while the remaining four remain (Rio Branco is renamed Roraima and Guaporé Rondônia in honor of Mariscal Rondo).
In 1960, a quadrangular territory was separated from the state of Goiás, on the border with the state of Minas Gerais, to house the new capital of the country, Brasília, which was based in the new Federal District. Simultaneously, the territory of the former Federal District was transformed into the state of Guanabara, which includes only the city of Rio de Janeiro and its rural area. In 1962, the Federal Territory of Acre was elevated to state status. In 1975, the state of Guanabara was incorporated into the state of Rio de Janeiro, and the city of Rio de Janeiro became its capital, succeeding Niterói. In 1977, the southern part of Mato Grosso was emancipated, forming the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, with its capital in Campo Grande. On December 22, 1981, the state of Rondônia was created and installed on January 4, 1982, by the then President of Brazil, João Batista Figueiredo, with the city of Porto Velho as its capital. The 1988 Constitution left the structure of the division as it is today. Despite maintaining the legal definition of federal territories, it ended the existing ones, raising Roraima and Amapá to the category of states and integrating Fernando de Noronha to the state of Pernambuco as a state district. In the same act, the northern part of Goiás was divided into the state of Tocantins with the city of Miracema do Tocantins as its provisional capital. In July 1989, the State Legislative Assembly approved a bill for the Executive that created the city of Palmas, to be built in the geographic center of the state, to be the definitive capital of Tocantins.
List of Brazilian federative units
| Flag | Federative unit | ISO Code | Capital | Area (km2) | Population (2021) | Density (2021) | GDP (R$) (2005) | IDH (2005) | Libet. (2003) | Infant Mort. (2010) | Life span (2016) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Acre | BR-AC | Rio Branco | 164 173 | 906 876 | 5,52 | 4 835 747 | 0.751 | 84% | 22.1 per | 73.9 |
 | Alagoas | BR-AL | Maceió | 27 831 | 3 365 351 | 120.92 | 15 763 636 | 0.677 | 70% | 30.2 per | 71.6 |
 | Amapa | BR-AP | Macapa | 142 471 | 877 613 | 6.16 | 5 260 535 | 0.780 | 91 per cent | 24.61,000 | 73.9 |
 | Amazon | BR-AM | Mana | 1 559 168 | 4 269 995 | 2.74 | 39 766 086 | 0.780 | 94% | 22.21,000 | 71.9 |
 | Bahia | BR-BA | Salvador | 564 760 | 14 985 284 | 26,53 | 96 559 993 | 0.742 | 79% | 23.1 per | 73.5 |
 | Ceará | BR-CE | Fortress | 148 894 | 9 240 580 | 62,06 | 46 310 492 | 0.773 | 78% | 19.7 per | 73.8 |
.svg){kind=small} | Federal District | BR-DF | Brasilia | 5761 | 3 094 325 | 537.12 | 89 630 682 | 0,874 | 96% | 12.6 per | 78.1 |
 | Holy Spirit | BR-ES | Vitória | 46 074 | 4 108 508 | 89.17 | 52 782 914 | 0,802 | 90 per cent | 12,01,000 | 78.2 |
 | Goiás | BR-GO | Goiânia | 340 243 | 7 206 589 | 21,18 | 57 091 081 | 0,800 | 90 per cent | 17.7. | 74.2 |
 | Maranhão | BR-MA | São Luís | 329 651 | 7 153 262 | 21,70 | 28 621 860 | 0,683 | 77% | 29,01,000 | 70.6 |
 | Mato Grosso | BR-MT | Cuiabá | 903 207 | 3 567 234 | 3,95 | 35 284 137 | 0.796 | 90 per cent | 19.5 per | 74.2 |
 | Mato Grosso del Sur | BR-MS | Campo Grande | 357 148 | 2 839 188 | 7.95 | 24 355 772 | 0,802 | 91 per cent | 17.0 per | 75.5 |
 | Minas Gerais | BR-MG | Belo Horizonte | 586 514 | 21 411 923 | 36,51 | 214 814 905 | 0,800 | 89% | 14.6 per 1,000 | 77.2 |
 | Stop. | BR-PA | Belém | 1 245 871 | 8 777 124 | 7.04 | 44 376 461 | 0.755 | 90 per cent | 20.3. | 72.1 |
 | Paraíba | BR-PB | João Pessoa | 56 467 | 4 059 905 | 71.90 | 19 953 193 | 0.718 | 75% | 22.9 per | 73.2 |
 | Paraná | BR-PR | Curitiba | 199 299 | 11 597 484 | 58.19 | 136 681 933 | 0.820 | 93% | 10.8 per | 77.1 |
 | Pernambuco | BR-PE | Recife | 98 068 | 9 674 793 | 98.65 | 55 505 760 | 0.718 | 79% | 18.5 per | 73.9 |
 | Piauí | BR-PI | Teresina | 251 755 | 3 289 290 | 13.07 | 12 790 892 | 0,703 | 72% | 23.4 per | 71.1 |
 | Rio de Janeiro | BR-RJ | Rio de Janeiro | 43 750 | 17 463 349 | 399.16 | 275 363 060 | 0,832 | 96% | 13.2 per | 76.2 |
 | Rio Grande del Norte | BR-RN | Natal | 52 810 | 3 560 903 | 67.43 | 20 557 263 | 0.738 | 77% | 20.6 per | 75.7 |
 | Rio Grande del Sur | BR-RS | Porto Alegre | 281 707 | 11 466 630 | 40,70 | 156 883 171 | 0,832 | 95% | 9.9 per 1,000 | 77.8 |
 | Rondonia | BR-RO | Porto Velho | 237 765 | 1 815 278 | 7.63 | 13 110 169 | 0.776 | 92% | 22.7 per | 71.3 |
 | Roraima | BR-RR | Boa Vista | 223 645 | 652 713 | 2.92 | 3 660 611 | 0.750 | 91 per cent | 18.4 per | 71.5 |
 | Santa Catarina | BR-SC | Florianópolis | 95 731 | 7 338 473 | 76.66 | 93 193 324 | 0.840 | 95% | 9.2 per | 79.1 |
 | São Paulo | BR-SP | São Paulo | 248 219 | 46 649 132 | 187,94 | 802 552 824 | 0,833 | 95% | 11.4 per | 78.1 |
 | Sergipe | BR-SE | Aracaju | 21 938 | 2 338 474 | 106.59 | 15 126 169 | 0.742 | 90 per cent | 22.6 per | 72.7 |
 | Tocantins | BR-TO | Palmas | 277 424 | 1 607 363 | 5,79 | 9 607 624 | 0.756 | 83% | 19.4 per | 73.4 |
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