Extremaduran (linguistics)

Extremadura (autoglotonymous estremeñu) is a vernacular linguistic variety of unofficial use, whose features have mainly occurred in Extremadura, in the current Autonomous Community of Leon of Extremadura, from which it owes its name, and some bordering regions, mainly in the south of the province of Salamanca. It has dialectal continuity with Astur-Leonés, and also with Southern Castilian. The relationship with the Asturian from Asturias —within the Ibero-Western romance— has already been documented by authors such as Menéndez Pidal, Manuel Alvar, Emilio Alarcos Llorach and others.

There are no clear data on the number of speakers and it is difficult to define geographical limits for the language, although the area where the features are most differentiated from Spanish corresponds to the northwest of the province of Cáceres, without including the fala of the valley of Jálama, clearly distinct linguistic variety.

Extremadura is usually classified within the languages of Spain, according to some international organizations (it actually has its own three-letter SIL International code ext, and the same in the ISO 639-3 standard) and some national ones such as the Spanish Linguistics Promoter (PROEL), despite not being official in the communities where it is spoken.

However, there is no consensus among linguists that Extremadura is a language. In fact, there are experts who flatly reject the idea that there is an Extremaduran language of its own today, although there is linguistic evidence in the past.

It is also called castúo, despite this being a modern term created by the poet Luis Chamizo in the 1920s. This term can lead to confusion, since in principle the word did not have of linguistic meaning and designated only the castizo farmer from Extremadura. Over time, some authors have named the Castilian in transit with the Leonese spoken modernly in the south of Extremadura, although popularly the word is used to designate the traditional languages of Extremadura in general, whether these are more or less similar to Castilian.

Recognition as a differentiated language

Some international organizations recognize Extremadura as a language, however there is no consensus among the scientific community that Extremadura is a different language from Spanish, not even within the Extremadura region itself.

The professor of History of the Spanish Language Antonio Salvador Plans flatly denies the idea that Extremadura is a language today. Antonio Viudas Camarasa, professor at the University of Extremadura, also considers it a dialect. Manuel Alvar considers it a transit speech. Alonso Zamora Vicente, a transition speech. José Antonio González Salgado, a Castilian regional speech, while other philologists see traces of an idiomatic variant that was present in the past in a much more notorious way. In this sense, the American philologist Aurelio Macedonio Espinosa (1907-2004), a specialist in linguistics and Spanish folklore, presented and defended his doctoral thesis Arcaísmos dialectales. The conservation of sound «s» and «z» in Cáceres and Salamanca, which was qualified by the jury (including Menéndez Pidal) as outstanding. This is one of the main philological works of the Extremaduran language.

The UN identifies Extremadura as a language, within the black list due to the danger of disappearing, and requests the Government of Extremadura to be recognized for its cultural preservation in its Statute of Autonomy, since UNESCO and the The Council of Europe, through the CELR Treaty, obliges to promote it, as well as to protect the rest of the languages of the region. UNESCO recognizes it as a linguistic variety of the Asturian-Leonese diasystem in the Atlas of Endangered Languages of the World (2009).

At the Netherlands Forum in 2018, at the Congress on Questioned Languages in the Old Continent (the most prestigious European congress on minority or threatened languages), international experts supported Extremadura as a language, in which the Organ Monitoring and Coordination of Extremadura and its Culture (OSCEC Estremaúra) explained that Extremadura is the form of communication that Extremadurans have been using for centuries. There it shared space as one more vernacular language along with Occitan, Provençal, Romani or Gaelic, among others. In this congress, it was defended that Spanish would not be established in the imaginary of the region until the arrival of schools in the XIX century; At that time, and in subsequent decades, Spanish was imposed as the educated –or fine- language by teachers, civil servants or landowners, while the popular classes expressed themselves daily in Extremadura; all under a feeling of cultural inferiority that has marked his future and has given him a secondary presence.

On August 18, 2018, the Day of the Languages of Extremadura was celebrated for the first time, in a context in which different associations, together with the Valencian political party Compromís, demanded that the Government Spanish the official recognition of Extremadura as a language. Currently, the Statute of Autonomy of Extremadura, although it does not express an explicit official recognition, affects in its article 9 the Responsibility of the regional Executive in the protection of its own linguistic modalities.

Since January 2020, Extremadura has been recognized by the Council of Europe, including it in the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, this being the first time that a European authority has placed it at the same level as other languages such as Galician, Basque or Catalan. The declaration is the result of the demands of the Extremadura Monitoring and Coordination Body (OSCEC Estremaúra), which defends that 'Estremeñu' has experienced a different evolution from Castilian and shares roots with Asturian, Leonese and Mirandés (Asturian family). Leonese), and they explain that it has its own syntax and its own characteristics that make it worthy of being considered a differentiated language; and they clarify that it is not a question of politics or regional overtones, but of recognition of a language and the very identity of the people of Extremadura (“We are cousins of Castilian, but not brothers or children”). In this way, the Council of Europe has issued a document in which it urges Spain, and therefore the Junta de Extremadura, to preserve and promote it; which, by adhering in 2001 to the European Charter for Minority Languages, is obliged to preserve it as an intangible and linguistic heritage. Since then, the creation of a Center for Estremeñu Studies has been requested.

Geographic extent

Tourist office in Spanish-English bilingual.

The extension of the characteristics of Extremadura covered most of the community and several neighboring areas, today it is spoken with greater vitality in the north of the province of Cáceres, in the regions of Sierra de Gata, Las Hurdes, places from Tierra de Alcántara, in Tierra de Coria, Granadilla, Garrovillas, Ceclavín and in the Salamanca regions of the Sierra de Francia, El Rebollar (see El Rebollar), south of Ciudad Rodrigo and Béjar. The language is also present in Tierra de Plasencia (Serradilla or Malpartida de Plasencia, Valle del Ambroz and towns in Valle del Jerte such as Piornal, Rebollar or El Torno and de la Vera such as Guijo de Santa Bárbara, and in Berzocana and Madroñera). Outside the Autonomous Community, the presence of Extremaduran features can be found in the common speech of the Sierra de Aracena, Valle del Guadiato, Valle de los Pedroches, south of the province of Ávila and regions of Castilla-La Mancha adjacent to Extremadura: Valle de Alcudia, La Jara, La Campana de Oropesa and the west of the Torrijos region.

Although in recent decades it has been argued —often, based on incomplete studies— that Extremadura had disappeared from Lower and Middle Extremadura, old and recent studies confirm the historical presence and survival —greater or lesser, according to the municipality— of the postonic vowel closure in numerous localities, and in general of a good conservation of the lexicon and morphosyntax, especially in speakers of rural trades or of advanced age.

The existence of an indeterminate but growing number of new speakers of Extremadura with different degrees of competence throughout the territory must also be taken into account, who access knowledge of the language through the Internet or through face-to-face courses.

Number of speakers

The statistics that are handled on the number of speakers are old and not very reliable. Possibly there are a few thousand older ones that still preserve dialectal features that can be related to the historic Astur-Leonese dialect. However, there are some areas, such as Garrovillas de Alconétar and other small towns, where not only older people retain many features.

Despite being a differentiating element of Extremaduran culture, this language tends to be lost among the new generations, as happens with other minority varieties in Spain and throughout Europe. The average age of its speakers exceeds 60 years, remaining relegated to the rural world, being currently valued by philologists, historians, writers and journalists.

Variants

The most closely related languages historically are Portuguese and Leonese, although above all it shows the influence of Spanish in its evolution. Extremadura, a linguistic variant of the Astur-Leonese language, although with its own intrinsic characteristics, should not be confused with Extremadura Spanish, the Spanish spoken in Extremadura.

Approximation to the languages and dialects of Extremadura

• Talk about The Rebollar
• Western High
• Altoextremeño hurdano
• Altoextremeño serragatino (including Acebo, Cilleros and Villamiel, which has certain peculiarities)
• Speaks of Garrovillas and Serradilla
• Eastern High
• Chinato (the peculiar variant of Plasencia Malpartida, already extinct or very weakened, at least as far as its most differential features are concerned)
• South Altoextremeño (Speaks of Berzocana and Madroñera)

Extremaduran speech is normally classified into three branches: Alto Extremadura, Middle Extremadura and Bajo Extremadura.

Alto Extremadura is usually considered a transitional speech from Asturias to the southern forms of Castilian, a distinct dialect (or language) of Castilian, and is spoken in the northwestern and central-northern areas of Cáceres and part of the southwestern part of Salamanca.

Medio-Extremadura and Bajo-Extremadura, spoken in the rest of Extremadura, have been southern Castilian speakers since the XVII century at least in transit with Leonese (as Murcian speech is with Catalan), and its influence reaches very slightly as far as the Sierra de Aracena, in Huelva, where diminutives can be heard in -ino.

In Barrancos, a Portuguese town located on the border with Extremadura and Andalusia, they speak "barranquenhu", a Portuguese-based linguistic modality with a strong influence from Andalusian and some from Extremadura.

All the Extremaduran variants, both Bajo Extremadura or Middle Extremadura and Alto Extremadura, share certain features with the southern forms of Castilian, such as the aspiration of the S in an implosive position. In Alto Extremadura these southern features occur together with the rest of the proper features and the Asturian ones (as can be read below in the "characteristics" section), so that it could be said that these same proper features, archaic (such as the d from medieval sonorous z) and meridional come to compensate for the lack of other lost Astur-Leonese features that occur in other languages of the Astur-Leonese diasystem, and taken Together they contribute to the distinct linguistic personality of Alto Extremadura and configure it.

In fact, the verification of the existence of a continuum from the most Spanish-speaking in the south and east to the most differentiated from Castilian in the north on a similar background of southern features (it is not completely false that the Extremaduran speech of the south have notoriously more southern phonetic and morphosyntatic features shared with Andalusian languages than those of the north, but see the characteristics section), which relates some Extremaduran languages to others, often makes it reserved the gluttony Extremadura to dry for Alto Extremadura, which is in fact the most adopted by the speakers themselves apart from the name of their own locality or region (hurzanu, serraillanu, mairoñeru, garrobillanu, portageru, montermoseñu...), even more than castúo (castú or castúu in Alto Extremadura), which is also sometimes used with little propriety to refer to the altoextremadura. Added to this fact is the fact that the name of an area is usually reserved for the differentiated dialect or language (the Aragonese gluttony is usually reserved for the differentiated language and not for Aragon's own Castilian —although it is used with both meanings—, in the same way that when speaking of Basque we usually refer to Euskera and not to the Spanish spoken in Álava or the Basque Autonomous Community in general or when speaking of Valencian we usually refer to the Valencian variant of Catalan and not to the Spanish spoken in Orihuela or Cofrentes).

Bejarano is a mixture between Asturian-Leonese in its Extremaduran aspect and Castilian. Its speakers are located mostly in Béjar, hence the term "bejarano", although it was used in the southern part of the province of Salamanca, in the southwestern part of the province of Ávila and the northern part of the province of Cáceres (although it has now disappeared in most of the municipalities that used it).

Both Extremadura, as well as its dialectal variant in Salamanca (speaks of Rebollar), as well as Sayagués, belonging to the former Extremadura of León, present in ISO 639-3 their international three-letter code "ext" (Extremaduran).

History

Map of the Estremadura Province (1756).

Alluding to those lands located at the extremes -frontier- bearing in mind its etymological evolution in the Reconquista, western Extremadura (the Leonese Estremadura), constituted as a territorial entity since 1202 (Cortes de Benavente), with precedents in the XII century, comprising the current Province of Salamanca, gradually expanded towards Badajoz with the advance of the Corona de León, Astur-Leonés being the historical Latin dialect used by the settlers, who began with the repopulation of the current area of Alto Extremadura around the XII century . Although some places in present-day Extremadura such as Trujillo, Plasencia, Medellín, Hervás or Los Ibores were included within the Kingdom of Castilla.

After the union of the kingdoms of León and Castilla in 1230, Spanish gradually replaced Latin as the official language of the institutions, thus relegating Astur-Leonese as a sign of poverty and ignorance of those who spoke it. Only in Asturias were people aware of speaking a different language from Spanish. But even there only a few authors used it in their writings.

Sayagués, speaks sayaguesa or speaks Sayago, a local variety of Leonese, historical Romance language of the former Kingdom of León, Asturias and Extremadura (today it survives in Asturias and some areas of the Spanish provinces of León, Zamora and Salamanca and of the Portuguese district of Braganza).

The cultural influence of the prestigious University of Salamanca was probably the cause of the rapid Castilianization of this province, thus dividing the Asturian domain into two from very early on, the Asturian or Asturian one to the north and the Extremaduran domain to the south of the old kingdom of Lion. The expansion of Spanish also occurred from the south, with the economic growth of the western part of the province of Badajoz.

However, the Alto Extremadura-speaking area also includes areas that were conquered by the Kingdom of Castilla, such as the Valle del Jerte, a good part of Tierra de Plasencia or Madroñera, including in fact some of the best Alto Extremadura-speaking areas preserved, like Serradilla. There are various hypotheses that could explain this phenomenon, speaking of the extension of Leonese traits to the east by means of transhumance routes, the effect of subsequent second repopulations or the role that Cantabrian may have played in the origin of Extremaduran speech, which It has many features in common with Extremadura and whose territory was divided between the kingdom of Castile (Trasmiera, Valle del Pas...) and that of León (Liébana...) in the Middle Ages.

In 1548, in the Book of Greatness and Memorable Things of Spain by Pedro de Medina, the region of Extremadura, legally constituted in 1653, was already called Province of Estremadura, distributed according to a regional criterion, in which the historian Miguel Ángel Ladero Quesada (member of the Royal Academy of History) highlights: "the full recognition of the current Extremadura as a well-defined reality&# 3. 4;" since then, a name that other authors of the Old Regime would retain for the region, with a clear awareness of what Extremadura is geographically. Without forgetting the continuous references to Extremadura, with its characteristics and peculiarities, in works by authors such as Miguel de Cervantes (El retablo de las maravillas or El celoso extremeño). In addition, the term Nueva Extremadura arose during the Spanish colonization of America, and was the name given to three geographical areas in the American continent, contributing intrinsic and typical words of Extremadura, such as asina or same , among many others, that can be recognized in certain areas of Latin America.

In the XVI century we find the first references written in estremeñu with Diego Sánchez de Badajoz. Diego Pérez de Mesa, in his work the Additions (1595), already distinguishes Extremadura with precise cultural characters.

In the 18th century, in the work The Instructed in the Court and Adventures of Extremadura, Extremadura constructions and words appear in the mouths of the characters.

In the 19th century, the first serious attempt to write in Extremadura, after Vicente Barrantes, was made by the famous poet Jose Maria Gabriel y Galan. Born in Salamanca, he lived most of his life in the north of Cáceres. He wrote in a local variant of Extremadura, full of dialect remains, but always with an eye on Spanish and the Castilian way of writing, and writing most of his works in Spanish.

The American philologist Aurelio Macedonio Espinosa (1907-2004), a specialist in linguistics and Spanish folklore, presented and defended his doctoral thesis: Arcaísmos dialectales. The conservation of sound «s» and «z» in Cáceres and Salamanca, which was qualified by the jury (including Menéndez Pidal) as outstanding. This is one of the main philological works of the Extremaduran language.

In 1995 Pablo Gonzálvez González published "I Gramática del Extremeño".

It must be borne in mind that the territories of Salamanca where similar dialect varieties are spoken, such as Habla del Rebollar, were part of the Province of Extremadura.

Currently, the language is experiencing a certain recovery with the publication of works of a normative nature such as the Ortografía del Extremadura or the Dictionary of Castilian-Estremeñu Equivalences. Also Canal Extremadura frequently covers various events related to the linguistic reality of Extremadura, where Extremadura is recognized as the region's own linguistic variant. The presence of the language on the Internet has also increased in recent years.

Features

Typical Features

Bilingual poster in the village of Robleda, Salamanca.

• General closure of the postonic atonous vowels - and - Hey. in - Wow. e -I respectively: libru, grandi... In many varieties the words used as intersections and vocations are exempted: "La lechi es branca"But "Leche, if you shut up now"or "Ya vinu (el) Ramiru"But "Ramiro, da-mi essu". Postonic closure causes atone pronouns to have closed and open doubles as they are in a proclithic or enclinic position: it is said Look at you. but miral-ti (Look at you).
• Closure or overcrowding -or- tonic in contact with lipid phonemes: *Cumu (like), *puzu (pozo).
• Lexicalized remains of the f- Latin initial: fogal ('hogar'), skirt (spoke) filu (sighs) Plumana (source) hose (shot)
• General aspiration f- Latin initial: hierru (daughter) humu (humo) hoscu (dark, dark) orerti (force) hazel (doing)
• Frequent diptongation: cogüelmu (colmo) duelgu (dolor) priessa (laughs) carueçu ('carozo'), alcuentral (find)
• Palatalization of the n in lexicalizations (most common in Northwest varieties): ñubi ('nube'), Nanny (neblin) ñuca, ñíu, ñogal,...
• Conservation of the old - Hey. Latina: redi (red) hoci (hoz), haci (haz) cough, peci, sedi,...
• Curious Western forms in Latin groups -cl-, -pl-, -fl- for some lexicalizations: Achegal ('take', 'get', the lat. PLEGARE); flama, chama, chamaina (he calls, fires... from Lat. FLAMA); achanal (lalanar, Lat PLANUS);...
• Forms of perfect strength of the third person of the analogous plural with the third of the singular: hizun (both) truxun (they brought, by analogy with truxu, brought)... Instead, this analogy is not given with the perfect weak (the regulars and some irregular monosyllables, that is, the sharp accent on the completion of the third of the singular): calçarun and notcalçun ♪calçónLike, ḥuerun and notflee ♪Hundred, bebierun and notbebun ♪bebionetc.
• In some localities of Las Hurdes, third-person plural forms of preterrito are found in -orin: chantrin (sing) Bebiorin (baby).
• Maintenance of old aspirations: jeneru (January) giernu, gelal (hearing) gengiva (empty)
• Female Plural - and verbal forms -, - in the Rebollal stick: you sew, you bridge, sing, cry,...
• Epentesis de -i- in a few words: unturia, quiciás, grancia, urnia, matancia, ataharria, alabancia, holgazián...
• Trend to the loss of sound consonants derived from Latin deaf: mieu (missing) tou (all), Wasu (fire) Lau (laughs) Estremaúra (Extremadura)
• Frequent group maintenance -mb- Latin: Lambel ('lamer'), Lombu ('loma'), gamboniteru ('gamon')
• In consonant group motivated by Latin vocal loss, sometimes the first consonant is made -l: julgal (juzgar, lUDICARE) Relva (from RETOVA)
• Group change -rl- a -lr- (metathesis): honey (miral) palral (to speak, of PARABOLARE through the intermediate step parlar), calranca, chalra, bulra, peel, cholritu...
• Lexicalizations with augmentative prefix per-: percayíu, perhinchil,...
• Verbal forms of the group -zc- in -z-: conoçu, agraeçu, paeça, creça, reduza,...
• Forms of plural imperative in -ai-ei e-I: comei (comed), passai i sentai-vus (step and sit down).
• The l  r in certain consonant groups: pruma (pluma), frol (flower) craru (clears) puebru ('pueblo'), pranta, praça, brancu, Brother...
• Also the r /2005 l, especially in the group -pra-, which becomes -pla- in some words: plau ('prado'), plaster ('pradera') templanu ('temprano').
• Contraction of in + article: nel, ena, enos, enas (respectively; in him, in the, in the, in the, in the).
• Use of the article before the possessive: my libru, your house, our vizins,
• Use of verbal forms coupled for the third singular person of the present especially in the talk of Garrovillas and Cilleros and Villamiel, among others: Put it on. ('pone'), salt ('sale'), ha ('hace').
• In the talk of Cilleros and Villamiel, solution lexicalizations are given -ss- or -iss- (asturleon) -x-) in cases where the solution appears -j- (sord fricative) in Spanish: deissal (stops) coissu (cojo). Even appears in those two villages the mysterious and peculiar form his to say "son."
• General and diminutive termination - Inu (version according to the eastern lioness of the diminutive - of the central or western asturleon, whose plural is in fact - or - Inus. in these words: librinu, house, gatinu. However, the most common diminutive in - Inu does not systematically replace the diminutives similar to the usual ones in Spanish - What? or -illuIt has connotations different from those of the latter. The diminutive in - What? It is usually used especially when it is more than attenuating the sense of the element to which it is suffocated reinforces or emphasizes it, especially with certain gerundians: Vengu suanditu (I come sudando a chorro) vienis pinganditu, agora mesmitu (now) equal (illness) He did it to himself.... etc. In all these expressions a native speaker would not judge the use of suffix natural - Inu (vengu *suandinu...etc.) or a slight change of nuance or meaning would occur with it. The difference is noticeable when the diminutive applies to participles: He's tired. front She's tired.. In addition, the use of diminutives in general (especially in - Inu) is much more frequent than in Spanish, both in highextremeño and in low and middle extremeño. The diminutive -illu, aa is mainly used in the lower toponymy: The Desilla, the Campillu...

Traits of Extremadura

• Generalized termination of -r final etymological in -las in some you speak of the eastern Andaluz: breaker, trael, ardol, abriol,... However there are a few areas (Villamiel, part of the Hurdes) where that -r is omitted as in Bajoextremeño: breakê, traê, ardô, abriô,...
• As in the Andalusian speaking, there is a neutralization of the seals -r- and...l- in a position of silaba, tending according to the varieties already to the generalization of the solution -r- already to the -l- (as at times in eastern Andalusia), already a combination of both according to the subsequent sound: ♪ almariu (armary) ♪ (high). In some variants where neutralization tends to -r- the article the can take the form ♪ as in Bajoextremeño or many Andalusian variants (this is the case of Montehermoso or some Serbian villages).
• Sometimes (especially in certain verbal forms) of the second element of the diptongo -ie-, so it can sometimes sound close to -I- or -yi-: tenderni may sound like *tini ♪tyini.
• Use of some "partiitive sources", specifically in expressions such as unus quantus de, unus pocus de and other: unus quantus of days, unus pocus d'añus...
• Conservation of old sound consonants -s- and -z- differentiated from their respective deaf versions -ss- and -ç-as in Portuguese or Catalan. This conservation has traditionally been maintained in a systematic manner and with perfect etymological correspondence in Serradilla and in a curious "cedent" version in the already almost or practically extinct Chinese dialect of Malpartida de Plasencia. But in many localities spread throughout the high-end territory (from Madroñera to El Rebollar) there are lexicalizations that can become in some very abundant cases (especially in Garrovillas and in the Sierra de Gata), reaching almost to the systemicity of the trait, so it is most likely that in a not very distant past this trait was widespread in the area. In fact, we can follow the wear of this trait by comparing the abundant lexicalizations of Madroñera's speech recorded in the ALPI surveys in the 1930s with which they were found in decades later. La z sound would pronounce interdental, similar to the d and written, in fact, with the graph d in traditional spelling. Examples collected even outside Malpartida and Serradilla: house, vizinu, cozina (pronounced approximately codina), hazel ('doing', written jadel in Castilian reference spellings), izil ('decir'), azeiti ('aceite'), azeituna or azituna, azeu ('acceded' or 'agrio'), blue (pronounced) sweetin Garrovillas, Something, meirosu...etc. In the ancient Chinese dialect, which was characterized by a particular ceceum that made the sybilants interdental, house and Something approximately each and coda (hunting and Coza according to Extremaduran spelling), while passal ('pasar') paçalLike I had a Castilian zeta. The Altaextremeño has lent this feature, including the particular pronunciation of the z sound, to the lagarteira and mañega variants of the Galaicoportuguesa speech of the Xálima skirt, where it is given systematically and scrupulously according to the etymology despite the fact that in no nearby high-extremeña locality this feature is currently given with full systemicity (which is an indicator of the vitality with which the trait enjoyed in another time): izel ('decir', in mañegu, pronounced I), viziñu ('vecino', in mañegu, pronounced vidiñu...
• Occlusive pronunciation of be in the talk of Garrovillas and Serradilla: caBeça (LAUGHING) aBril (from APRILIS) ♪ (from Lat. CAPRA) riBeru (from Lat. RIPA)
• Grammatical gender changes appear in relation to Spanish for some nouns with a- initial, as the azeiti or the açuca.
• Use of preposition a with the sense of in with the verbs stall and andal indicating temporary location: estuvun a Caçris, They go to the corral..
• Use of "local management", formed by the infinitive preceded by the preposition a: - Lundi is he? - It's frital unus güevus ena cozina.
• Plural termination - You., - Yeah. (instead of - You., - as is general in Asturian): carrus, cancionis, perrus, alreoris,...
• Group change -dr- a -ir- inside the word, in some you speak: Mairi ('mother') quaira ('table')
• Personal pronouns megu, tegu, segu, nogu and vogu; used almost always after a preposition (a megu, with tegu, pa segu...).
• Aspiration of the ancient fonema /x/ (as in the southern forms of Spanish) by influence of the aspiration of the Latin initial F-: caxa, xeringu, xara...
• Aspiration of the - in final or implosive position or opening of vowel that precedes it (as in the southern forms of Spanish).
• In certain varieties are given lexicalized examples of the phenomenon of aspiration of the -s- intervocálica, known for Andalusian speaking as Heheo (which is also given for example in cantabri): vuhotrus ('vosotros', next to vusotrus), peheta ('peseta'), and even ḥi or ḥei ('yes').
• Ensordecimiento y fricativización de algunos consonantes sonoras tras aspiración, como en algunos hablar manchegas o murcianas: rahu (rasgo), refal (resbalar). Also in synthetic phonetics: Lo'zeus ('the fingers') ♪ ('the boots'). This trait is not usually reflected in spelling.
• Conditional verbal forms terminated in - Hey. (northeast): thirsty, fairy, open...
• Use of gerundios derived from the theme of perfect, as in canntabro or some other variety of Spanish domain: pusiendu ('posing') tuviendu ('holding')
• Construction of participles that usually take irregular forms following the regular paradigm analogously, alternating regular and irregular forms, as in some Andalusian speaking (although with greater vitality and extension than in these). Hechu alternating Douand abiertu with abríu.
• In some varieties, analog regularization (in various degrees, not always systematic) of the times formed from the theme of perfect, alternating with irregular forms, especially in the subjunctive: poniessi (by pusiessior even once avi (by uvu). Curiously, this feature is compatible with the already mentioned use of the gerunds derived from the perfect theme.
• Laism in some more eastern Extremadura, such as in Jerte. In the rest, third-person atone pronouns are used in a manner similar to that of normative Spanish.
• Frequent loss of -d- intervocálica.
• Use of forms of first person of the plural in some varieties of style: nuhotrus palremus (instead of nusotrus palramus, 'we talked'), cantemus...
• Completion of termination - I would. and similar in - Oh! and similar endings in some forms and words in an atonous position, as in some Andalusian or murcian speaking: Yeah. (by even), Tuvi (by I had to.), quisián (by I wish), qualqui (by qualquir...
• Just as in southern words such as Andalusian or murcian, the use in the imperfect pretery of subjunctive forms coincides with those of the verb appears sometime. sel instead of the verb avel or Tenel: If huessin cantau ('If they had sung').
• Occasional use of the verb Tenel instead of habel for composite times without matching the participle with the object: He had an owl on the top.
• Use of reduced pronomial forms ellus and ellus, musotrus and musotrus and and vusotrus with reciprocal sense: They were palrandu ellus and ellus. (They were talking to each other, they were talking to each other.)
• Forms in -Uh., - Hello. for many infinitive verbs finished in - Wow., although the termination - Wow. appears for loss of -d- intervocálica: costruigu (builder, costruil), sacuiga (sacuda, sacuil♪ come on ♪ acuil...
• Use of the archaic form imus (o) dimus) to say "let's go."
• Abundant formation of verb-derived nouns indicating action or status through suffixes - aeru e - Yeah.: aburrieru, ♪, acarreaeru, aginaeru...
• Very abundant and versatile use of presentational forms to which you can add encyclical pronouns at the end, after what etymologically proceeds from place adverbs: Watch the ombri (here's man) sailllilu (helo there, there it is), sailing (here, here it is.)
• Abundant use of place adverb pai (here, over there) as an indeterminate particle (as is also done for example in the savannah talks): - What do you keep in essi bolsinu? "In him I kept things I had (any kind of thing, undetermined things or things I don't mean).
• Use of reinforcement I do. (o) lu), pu and pui to questions: What vinisti?, Pu, is that him?, Pui, what did you see?, What's landeandu?. In some places of the Sierra de Gata, this use goes further and Lo / Lu becomes a question particle that often marks the beginning of any kind of questions in the style of Czy Polish or It's-ce French, trait that the local extreme has lent to the skirt of Xálima: Lu ya barristi?, You see? (You.in the lagarteira variant of the skirt.
• In the talk of Cilleros and Villamiel, extreme cases of rotation are given, in which the - final, which is usually sucked, by linking with the next word that begins by vowel, becomes -respecially in determinants: dor añus ('two years') nails ('nails'). The prefix des- is also affected by this phenomenon and transformed into der- in the speech of that area: derinterest, derordin.

Linguistic description

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

Alphabet

The alphabet used by Extremadurans is the Latin alphabet, of which 25 letters are used: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, l, m, n, ñ, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, x, y, z.

In Extremadura, in addition to the twenty-five letters indicated above, there are six digraphs or combinations of two letters, which are used to graphically represent the following phonemes:

a) The digraph ch represents the phoneme /ʧ/: chinchi, chonchu.

b) The digraph gu represents the phoneme /g/ before e, i: guerra, guisal.

c) The digraph ll represents the phoneme /ʎ/: rain, rollo.

d) The digraph qu represents the phoneme /k/ before e, i: queal, quintu.

e) The digraph rr represents the phoneme /r/ in intervocalic position: carru, perru.

f) The digraph ss represents the phoneme /s/ in intervocalic position: massa, passal.

Comparison with other languages

Organizations and media

Statue of José María Gabriel and Galán in Cáceres.

Facade of the Lorenzana Palace, headquarters of the Royal Extreme Academy of Arts and Arts (Real Academia de Extremadura), in Trujillo.

There was an organization in Extremadura that defended the linguistic varieties of Extremadura: the Association for the Study and Defense of the Linguistic Heritage of Extremadura (Aplex), in particular Fala, Alto Extremadura and Portuguese, although it is also interested in the conservation of the peculiar features of Bajo Extremadura and the rest of the dialects of the region. Nicolás Valle Morea edited the electronic magazine in the variety of Belsana from Alto Extremadura. The magazine entitled La Gurulla is written in the palra d'El Rebollal and there is also an electronic newscast, Iventia, written with an author spelling, palra d'El Rebollal and in fala, another linguistic variety spoken in the linguistic enclave of the three towns of the Sierra de Gata; Valverde del Fresno, Eljas and San Martin de Trevejo. In addition, a local scholar, Manuel Trinidad, has spent several years collecting information on the languages of Extremadura: Fala, Bajo Extremadura and border Portuguese (Olivenza and its surroundings and Valencia de Alcántara and its surroundings). He is included in the Dialectology section of the Biblioteca Virtual Extremadura (BVE).

The page Hablas de Extremadura, prepared by professors Sofía Serrano Trenado and Francisco López Blanco, with the collaboration of researcher José Antonio González Salgado, collects recordings of the way of speaking from more than thirty towns in all Extremadura; It also offers an interesting section in which we can find out the geographical distribution of the linguistic features of the speeches of Extremadura and listen to the peculiar articulations that occur in each locality. There, the recordings of Serradilla, especially those of "el Cristo" or "la Fuente Nueva", which include examples of the use of the word ḥazel (to do) with the sonorous z pronounced as sonorous interdental (so it would sound something like *jadel). It can be heard in the recording la Fuente Nueva: "...Comu when some mayors enter ḥazin one thing, when other mayors enter they can ḥazel another, and what ḥazi the one does not like to the other, because day is toítu eschangau..." (sic).

In 2011 the Organo de Seguimiento y Coordinación del Extremadura y su Cultura (OSCEC) was founded, with the objective of advancing in the regulation and standardization of the language, demanding that the administrations protect Extremadura, from the portuguese rayano and from the fala de Xálima, since the UN identifies Extremadura as a language on the black list due to the danger of disappearing, and requests the Government of Extremadura to recognize it in its Statute of Autonomy, in the same way that the Extremadura Jurisdiction (the Fuero de Baylío) is recognized as the legacy of Extremadura's own historical laws that are still in force.

Literature in Extremadura

José María Gabriel and Galán.

Authors such as Diego Sánchez from Badajoz in the XVI century (Farsas) already included the sayagué of the works with Extremaduran words and phrases of the common language of the people, which do not occur in other languages.

In the 18th century, the work of Clara Jara de Soto, The learned man at court and adventures from Extremadura, where constructions of Extremaduran words appear in the mouths of the characters.

In the XIX century, the first attempt to write in Extremadura took place. The first testimony of this attempt was the work Vicente Barrantes, Idilio de ultima hora (1875), where words were embodied with the Extremaduran's own pronunciation.

From the works of José María Gabriel y Galán (Extremeñas, 1902; La jurdana, 1904; among others) and Luis Chamizo (El miajón de los castúos, 1921; Extremadura, 1932; or the poem La Nacencia, 1921), the traditionally spoken Extremadura language has been embodied in written texts, which has configured a vernacular literature. Gabriel y Galán's work, El Cristu Benditu, was the first poetry written in Extremadura.

Ismael Carmona.

José María Alcón Olivera, author of the first novel in Extremadura, The Require.

Extremaduran writers and authors in Extremadura.

There are more and more new poets and writers who use this language as a vehicle of culture. Currently, by the hand of philologists and historians, such as Antonio Viudas Camarasa or Ismael Carmona García, with their articles, dictionaries of equivalences and grammar, Extremadura is being disseminated and valued through different projects of the Body for Monitoring and Coordination of Extremadura and its Culture, the Association for the Study and Defense of the Linguistic Heritage of Extremadura (Aplex), as well as the University of Extremadura and the Real Academia Extremadura de las Letras y las Artes, in which it vindicates its lost prominence as a language and as a cultural reference.

On October 24, 25, 26 and 27, 2002, the I Congresu al tentu el Estremeñu was held at the Casa de la Cultura in Cáceres, an important meeting with more than 30 presentations, which highlighted the importance of Extremadura as a cultural element that must be protected.

On June 4, 2011, the OSCEC held the I Encuentru del Estremeñu i la su Coltura, held in Botija. In it are texts by various authors such as: José María Alcón Olivera, Antonio Garrido Correas, Bienvenido Gutierro, José Benito Mateos Pascual, Juan Francisco Reina Raposo and Ismael Carmona García. Since then, events of this nature have continued to be organized.

The novel Requilorios (by Alcón Olivera), translations such as The Little Prince, El Prencipinu (translation by Antonio Garrido Correas), whose author is Antoine de Saint-Exupèry, one of the samples of its projection in recent years.

• Cuaderno de Gramática Extremeña.
• Orthography in Extremeño.
• Dictionary Extremeño.
• Estremeñu-Castellano Equivalence Dictionary.
• Izionariu estremeñu.

Aniceto Garrido Retortillo (poet), Mario Simón Arias-Camisón (writer), Cruz Díaz Marcos (poet), Fran Herrero Uceda (folklorist), José María Alcón Olivera (novelist), Miguel Herrero Uceda (writer), Javier Feijoo (poet), Ismael Carmona García|(philologist), Mª Ángeles (wife of J. Feijoo), Elisa Herrero Uceda (writer), Antonio José Herrero (painter and illustrator) or Juan Francisco Reina (blogger and cultural activist) are some of the authors in Extremadura or castúo in their different varieties and with different spellings.

Theater

It has a couple of plays (by Juan García García and Vicente Corrales).

Cinema and series in Extremadura

Territoriu de bandolerus (2013) is a Spanish film directed by Néstor del Barco Rodrigo and José Ignacio Cobos and produced by Pilar Cobos and Eduardo Gómez from the El Duendi cultural association. It is the first film made entirely in Extremadura (Serradilla dialect). It narrates the life of the bandit El Cabrerín. It is based on true events that occurred in the 19th century.

Awards granted to the film Territoriu de bandolerus:

• San Pancracio Reyes Abades del Festival Solidario de Cine Español.
• Culture Award awarded by the Regional House of Extremadura in Getafe.

Recently some episodes of the famous series "Game of Thrones" in extremeno.

Songs in Extremadura

• Traditional songs.

• The banishment of my silenciu, first pop song in this language. Musical version adapted by the singer-songwriter Manuela Elena and musical composition by Rodrigo Vázquez. The CD accompanying the poem Air, Fire and Desire (in Extremadura, Airi, huegu i deseu), work of the Spanish poet Juan Carlos García Hoyuelos.

Social use of language

Cartel bilingüe Extremadura - Spanish in Barrado

Casa Museo de Gabriel y Galán in Guijo de Granadilla (Provincia de Cáceres).

For many years the language has presented a clear diglossia in favor of Spanish, which is also present in the same geographical area, which has caused two classic effects.

1. A transfer of speakers from Extremadura to Spanish.

2. That Extremadura has been restricted to small social circles and mainly to very rural environments, with a vocabulary also reduced to these environments.

It currently has its own Wikipedia.

Blogging

La Billota Literária was a blog created by Ismael Carmona in February 2008 with the purpose of showing texts and interactions from the world of literature in Extremadura or some dialect variety in the region. Earlier, in January 2005, he created Cúyu pan esgarras? (in its early days Cúyu pan eharras? ).

In 2016 the website Palra estremeñu! was born by Juan Francisco Reina Raposo, renamed in 2020 as enestremenu.com. The page is dedicated to the study, dissemination and learning of the language.

Belsana

Belsana (2001) was an important internet magazine, being the first digital publication with words in Extremadura, and it was written almost entirely in Alto Extremadura (artuestremeñu), both the news and the articles scientists.

Editions of the magazine

• Numeru 1, April 2001
• Númeru 2, Húliu 2001
• Numeru 3, Diciembri 2001
• Numeru 5, September 2002
• Numeru 6, Noviembri 2002