Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Miller Hemingway (Oak Park, Illinois, July 21, 1899-Ketchum, Idaho, July 2, 1961) was an American writer and journalist, one of the leading novelists and short story writers of the twentieth century.

His understated style—which he dubbed the iceberg theory—had a major influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous life and public image won him the admiration of later generations. Hemingway wrote most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea and the following year the Nobel Prize for Literature for his complete works. He published seven novels, six collections of short stories, two essays, and one play. He posthumously published three novels, four books of short stories, and three essays. Many of these are considered classics of American literature.

Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he worked for a few months as a reporter for the Kansas City Star, before going to the Italian front, where he enlisted as an ambulance driver during World War I and where he met Henry Serrano Villard, with whom he became a friend. In 1918, he was seriously injured and returned home. His experiences in the war served as the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms (1929).

In 1921, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a foreign correspondent and absorbed the influence of modernist writers and artists from the expatriate community, the "lost generation" of the 1920s. Hemingway's first novel, Party, was published in 1926. Following his divorce from Hadley Richardson in 1927, Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer. The couple divorced after Hemingway returned from the Spanish civil war, which he covered as a journalist, and which was the basis of his novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). His third wife, Martha Gellhorn, he married in 1940. They separated when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present as a journalist at the Normandy landings and the Liberation of Paris.

Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea in 1952, Hemingway went on a safari to Africa, where he nearly died in two successive plane crashes that left him in pain and trouble. health for much of the rest of his life. Hemingway maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida, in the 1930s, and in Cuba, in the 1940s and 1950s. In 1959, he purchased a home in Ketchum, Idaho, where he committed suicide on July 2, 1961 at age 61. years.

Biography

Early Years

Ernest Hemingway was the second son, and the first man, Clarence and Grace Hemingway.

Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. His father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, was a physician and his mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, was a musician. Both were educated and highly respected in the conservative Oak Park community, a community of which Frank Lloyd Wright, one of its residents, said, "So many churches for so many good people." For some time after their marriage, Clarence and Grace Hemingway lived with Grace's father, Ernest Hall, after whom they named their first grandchild. Ernest Hemingway would later say that he disliked her name, which he "associated with the naive, even absurd, hero of The Importance of Being Earnest, Oscar Wilde's play". Grace followed the Victorian custom of not differentiating children's clothing by gender. With only a year difference in age between the two, Ernest and Marcelline looked an awful lot alike. Grace wanted them to look like twins, so for the first three years of Ernest's life, Grace kept his hair long and dressed the boys in similarly ornate feminine clothing. The family eventually moved into a seven-room house in a suburban neighborhood. respectable with a music studio for Grace and a doctor's office for Clarence.

Hemingway's mother, a well-known musician in the town, where she held concerts. As an adult, Hemingway claimed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds notes that Hemingway was a reflection of her energy and enthusiasm. His insistence that he learn to play the cello became "a source of conflict," but the writer later admitted that the music lessons were useful to his work, as evidenced by the novel's counterpoint structure. who tolls the bell. The family had a summer home called Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, Michigan, where his father taught him, as a four-year-old boy, to hunt, fish, and camp in the forests and lakes of northern Michigan. His early experiences in nature instilled in him a passion for outdoor adventure and life in remote or isolated areas.

Hemingway's family photograph in 1905, from the left: Marcelline, Sunny, Clarence, Grace, Ursula and Ernest.

From 1913 to 1917, Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School, where he played a variety of sports, including boxing, track, water polo, and football. He excelled in English classes and, for two years, played in the school orchestra with his sister Marcelline. In his junior year he took a journalism class, taught by Fannie Biggs, which was organized "as if the classroom were a newspaper office. The best writers in the class submitted their articles to the school newspaper, The Trapeze. Both Hemingway and Marcelline submitted their texts to the Trapeze; Hemingway's first article dealt with a local performance by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and was published in January 1916. He continued to edit in the Trapeze and in Tabula (the annual school), imitating the language of sportswriters under the pseudonym Ring Lardner, Jr.—a nod to Ring Lardner of the Chicago Tribune. Like Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, and Sinclair Lewis, Hemingway was a journalist before becoming a novelist; after leaving high school he went to work as a junior reporter for the Kansas City Star newspaper. Although he only worked there for six months, the "Star" style book formed the basis for his writing.: «Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use forceful language. Be positive, not negative."

World War I

Milan, 1918, Hemingway in uniform. He drove ambulances for two months, until he was injured.

In early 1918, after being rejected by the United States Army for poor eyesight, Hemingway responded to a Red Cross recruiting drive in Kansas City and signed a contract to become an ambulance driver in Italy. He left New York in May and arrived in Paris while the city was under bombardment from German artillery. By June he was on the Italian front. It was probably around this time that he met John Dos Passos, with whom he had a rocky relationship for decades. On his first day in Milan he was dispatched to the scene of a munitions factory explosion where rescue teams recovered the mangled remains. of the workers He described the incident in his book Death in the Afternoon: “I remember that after we searched well for the complete dead, we collected fragments.” A few days later he was stationed in Fossalta di Piave.

On July 8, he was badly wounded by mortar fire, just as he had just returned from the canteen with chocolate and cigarettes for the men at the front. Despite his wounds, Hemingway managed to rescue an Italian soldier, which helped him he was awarded the Italian government's Silver Medal for Military Valor. At just eighteen years old, Hemingway commented on the events: "When you go to war as a boy, you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people die, not you.... So when you get badly wounded for the first time, you lose this illusion and you know it can happen to you." He suffered severe shrapnel wounds to both legs, and underwent immediate surgery at a distribution center, passing five days in a field hospital before being transferred to the Red Cross hospital in Milan for recovery. He spent six months in the hospital, where he met "Chink" Dorman-Smith with whom he forged a strong friendship, which lasted during decades. Likewise, he shared a room with the future US ambassador and writer Henry Serrano Villard.

While recovering, he fell in love, for the first time, with Agnes von Kurowsky, a Red Cross nurse seven years his senior. By the time he was released from the hospital and returned to the United States, in January 1919, he believed that Agnes would join him in a matter of months and that they would be married. However, in March Agnes wrote to him that she had become engaged to an Italian officer. Biographer Jeffrey Meyers argues that Hemingway was devastated and scarred by Agnes's rejection, and that in future relationships he followed a pattern of abandoning a wife before she abandoned him.

Toronto and Chicago

Hemingway returned home in early 1919 and underwent a period of adjustment. Barely twenty years old, the war had created in him a maturity that was at odds with the need for recuperation and a life at home without a job. As Reynolds explains, "Hemingway couldn't really tell his parents what was on his mind when I saw his bloody knee. He couldn't tell them how scared he had been "in another country with surgeons who couldn't explain to him in English whether or not he would lose his leg". In September he went on a camping and fishing trip with friends from high school in the Upper Peninsula. of Michigan. This experience became a source of inspiration for his short story "The Two-Hearted River", in which Nick Adams's semi-autobiographical character goes into the wilderness to seek solitude after returning from war. A family friend offered him a position in Toronto, and with nothing else to do, he accepted. Later that year he began working as a professional freelance writer and foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star Weekly where he met and befriended fellow journalist and novelist Morley Callaghan, who later introduced him to F. Scott Fitzgerald. in Paris, the event leading to the infamous boxing match between Hemingway and the Canadian. He returned to Michigan the following June, then moved to Chicago in September 1920 to live with friends, continuing to present his articles to the Toronto Star.

In Chicago, he worked as an associate editor for the monthly Cooperative Commonwealth magazine, where he met novelist Sherwood Anderson. When Hadley Richardson, originally from St. Louis, came to Chicago to visit sister Hemingway's roommate, he fell in love with her and later claimed, "I knew she was the girl I was going to marry." Hadley had red hair, with an "affectionate instinct", and was eight years older Hemingway did. Despite their age difference, Hadley, who had grown up with an overprotective mother, seemed less mature than normal for a young woman her age. Bernice Kert, author of The Hemingway Women (The Hemingway Women), states that Hadley "evoked" Agnes, despite having a non-existent infantilism in Agnes. The two corresponded for a few months, and decided to marry and travel to Europe. They wanted to visit Rome, but Sherwood Anderson convinced them to visit Paris instead, and wrote letters of recommendation to the young couple. They were married on September 3, 1921; two months later, Hemingway was hired as a foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star and the couple left for Paris. Of Hemingway and Hadley's marriage, Meyers comments: "With Hadley, Hemingway achieved everything he had hoped for with Agnes: the love of a beautiful woman, a comfortable income, a life in Europe."

Paris

Hemingway's 1923 passport photo. At this time he lived in Paris with his wife Hadley, and worked as a journalist.

Carlos Baker, Hemingway's first biographer, believes that while Anderson suggested Paris because "the rate of money exchange" made the city a cheap place to live, more importantly, it was the place where "the most interesting people in the world. In Paris, Hemingway met writers such as Gertrude Stein, James Joyce, and Ezra Pound (who "could help a young writer climb the rungs of a career"), among others.

The Hemingway of early Paris was a "tall, handsome, muscular, broad-shouldered, brown-eyed, rosy-cheeked, square-jawed, and soft-spoken" young man. He and Hadley lived in a small walk-up building at 74 rue du Cardinal Lemoine in the Latin Quarter, and worked in a rented room in a nearby building. Stein, who was the bastion of Anglo-Saxon modernism in Paris, became Hemingway's mentor and godmother of his son Jack; he introduced him to the expatriate artists and writers of the Montparnasse neighborhood, whom he referred to as the "Lost Generation", a term popularized by Hemingway with the publication of Fiesta. A regular at Stein's salon, Hemingway met influential painters such as Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, and Juan Gris. Over time he drifted away from Stein's influence, and their relationship deteriorated into a decades-long literary dispute. While living in Paris in 1922, Hemingway struck up a friendship with the artist Henry Strater, who made two portraits of him.

American poet Ezra Pound met Hemingway by chance in 1922, at Shakespeare and Company, the Sylvia Beach bookstore. The two toured Italy in 1923 and were living on the same street by 1924. They forged a close friendship, and in Hemingway, Pound recognized and nurtured young talent. Pound introduced Hemingway to Irish writer James Joyce, with whom Hemingway embarked with often in "drinking sprees".

During his first twenty months in Paris, Hemingway archived eighty-eight articles for the Toronto Star newspaper. He covered the Greco-Turkish War, witnessed the burning of Smyrna, and wrote travel articles such as 'Tuna Fishing in Spain' and 'Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany'. later Germany"). Hemingway was devastated to learn that Hadley had lost a suitcase containing her manuscripts at the Gare de Lyon while traveling to Geneva to join him in December 1922. The following September, the couple He returned to Toronto, where his son John Hadley Nicanor was born on October 10, 1923. Hemingway's first book, Three Stories and Ten Poems, was published during his absence. Two of the stories it contained were all that remained after the loss of the suitcase, and the third had been written in the spring in Italy. A second volume, In Our Time, was published in a matter of months. The small volume included six vignettes and a dozen stories Hemingway had written last summer during his first visit to Spain, where he discovered the thrill of the bullfight. He missed Paris, he found Toronto boring, and he wanted to return to the life of a writer, instead of living the life of a journalist.

Hemingway, Hadley, and their son (nicknamed Bumby) returned to Paris in January 1924 and settled in a new apartment on rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs. Hemingway helped Ford Madox Ford edit the literary magazine The Transatlantic Review, in which the works of Ezra Pound, John Dos Passos, Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, and Gertrude Stein were published, as well as some of Hemingway's early stories, such as "Camp "Indian Camp" ("Indian Camp"). When In Our Time was published in 1925, the dust jacket bore Ford's comments. "Indian Camp" received high praise; Ford considered it an important first work by a young writer, and critics in the United States praised Hemingway for reinvigorating the short story genre with his fresh style and use of declarative sentences. Six months earlier, Hemingway met F Scott Fitzgerald, and the two developed a friendship of mutual "admiration and hostility." Fitzgerald had published The Great Gatsby the same year: Hemingway read it, liked it, and decided his next work had to be a novel.

Ernest, Hadley and Bumby Hemingway in Schruns, Austria, in 1926, a few months before they separated.

Ernest Hemingway with Lady Duff Twysden, Hadley and friends in July 1925, during the trip to Spain that formed the inspiration for Party.

In 1923, together with his wife Hadley, Hemingway visited Pamplona (Spain) for the first time at the San Fermín festivities, where he became fascinated by the bullfight. The Hemingways returned to Pamplona in 1924, where they became friends with the hotelier Juanito Quintana, who would introduce them to a good number of bullfighters and fans, and a third time in June 1925; that year they brought a group of American and British expatriates: Hemingway's childhood friend Bill Smith, Stewart, Lady Duff Twysden (recently divorced) and her lover Pat Guthrie, and Harold Loeb. A few days after the festival ended, in his birthday (July 21), he began writing the draft of Fiesta, finishing eight weeks later. A few months later, beginning in December 1925, the Hemingways wintered in Schruns, Austria, where Hemingway began an extensive review of the manuscript. Pauline Pfeiffer joined them in January and, against Hadley's advice, urged him to sign a contract with Scribner Publishing. He left Austria for a short trip to New York to meet with publishers, and on his return, during a stop in Paris, he began an affair with Pauline, before returning to Schruns to finish revisions in March. The manuscript reached New York. York in April, corrected the final proof in Paris in August 1926, and Scribner published the novel in October.

Fiesta epitomized the postwar expatriate generation, received critical acclaim, and was "acknowledged as Hemingway's greatest work". Hemingway later wrote to his publisher Max Perkins that the " point of the book” was not so much about a lost generation as about “the earth lasts forever”; he believed that the characters in Fiesta may have been "hit", but not lost.

Hemingway and Hadley's marriage deteriorated while he was working on Fiesta. In the spring of 1926 Hadley became aware of his relationship with Pauline Pfeiffer, who came with them to Pamplona in July. Upon her return to Paris, Hadley filed for a separation, and in November she formally filed for divorce. They divided their possessions, and Hadley accepted Hemingway's offer to keep the proceeds from Fiesta. The couple divorced in January 1927, and Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer in May of the same year.

Ernest and Pauline Hemingway in Paris, 1927.

Pauline, who was from a wealthy Catholic family in Arkansas, moved to Paris to work for Vogue magazine. Hemingway converted to Catholicism before their marriage. They honeymooned at Le Grau-du-Roi, where Hemingway contracted anthrax and where he planned his next collection of short stories entitled Men Without Women, which it was published in October 1927. By the end of the year Pauline, who was pregnant, wanted to return to the United States. John Dos Passos recommended Key West in Florida, and they left Paris in 1928. That spring Hemingway suffered a serious injury in his bathroom in Paris, when he knocked a skylight over his head thinking he was flushing the toilet.. This left him with a prominent scar on his forehead that he would carry for the rest of his life. When asked about the scar, he was reluctant to answer.After his departure from Paris, Hemingway "never lived in a big city again."

Key West and Cuba

In late spring Hemingway and Pauline traveled to Kansas City, where their son Patrick was born on June 28, 1928. Pauline had a difficult birth, which Hemingway fictionalized in A Farewell to Arms. After Patrick's birth, Pauline and Hemingway traveled to Wyoming, Massachusetts, and New York. In the winter she was in New York with Bumby, about to board a train to Florida, when she received a telegram that her father had left. committed suicide. Hemingway was devastated; shortly before he had sent a letter to his father telling him not to worry about financial difficulties; the letter arrived minutes after the suicide. He realized how Hadley must have felt after the suicide of his own father in 1903, commenting, "I'll probably go the same way."

Upon his return to Key West in December, Hemingway worked on his novel A Farewell to Arms before traveling to France in January. He had finished in August, but delayed the review. Serialization in Scribner's Magazine was scheduled to begin in May, but by April Hemingway was still working on the final part that he could have rewritten up to seventeen times. The novel was finally published on September 27. Biographer James Mellow believes that A Farewell to Arms established Hemingway as a major American writer and that it displayed a level of complexity not apparent in Party. In Spain, during the summer of 1929, Hemingway prepared his next work, Death in the Afternoon. He wanted to write a comprehensive essay on bullfighting, and bullfighters, complete with glossaries and appendices, because he believed the bullfight was "of great tragic interest, being literally life and death."

During the 1930s Hemingway spent winters in Key West and summers in Wyoming, where he found "the most beautiful country I had seen in the western United States" where he hunted deer, elk, and grizzly bears. He was accompanied there by Dos Passos and in November 1930, after taking Dos Passos to the railway station in Billings, Hemingway broke his arm in a car accident. The surgeon treated the compound spiral fracture, joining the bone with kangaroo tendon. He was hospitalized for seven weeks, and the nerves in his writing hand took a year to heal, during which time he suffered intense pain.

Hemingway's house in Cayo Hueso, Florida, where he lived with Pauline. Written Having and not having on the second floor of the pool house, not visible in the picture.

Their third child, Gregory Hancock Hemingway, was born the following year, on November 12, 1931, in Kansas City. Pauline's uncle bought a Key West house with a carriage house for the couple, and the second floor of the garage was converted into a writing studio. Its location facing the street from the lighthouse made it easy to find your way home after a long night of drinking. While in Key West, Hemingway frequented the local Sloppy Joe's bar, He invited friends—including Waldo Peirce, Dos Passos, and Max Perkins—to join him on fishing trips and an expedition to the Dry Tortugas Islands. Meanwhile, he continued to travel to Europe and Cuba, and although he wrote of Key West in 1933: "We have a very good house here, and all the children are well," Mellow believes that "he was clearly restless."

In 1933, Hemingway and Pauline went on safari in East Africa. The ten-week voyage provided material for The Green Hills of Africa, as well as the short stories The Snows of Kilimanjaro and The Happy Short Life of Francis Macomber. The pair visited Mombasa, Nairobi, and Machakos in Kenya, and then traveled to Tanganyika, where they hunted in the Serengeti around Lake Manyara, and to the west and southeast of present-day Tarangire National Park. His guide was the noted "white hunter" Philip Hope Percival, who had led Theodore Roosevelt on his safari in 1909. During these trips Hemingway contracted amoebic dysentery which caused a prolapsed intestine, and was evacuated by plane to Nairobi, an experience reflected in "The snows of Kilimanjaro". Upon Hemingway's return to Key West in early 1934, he began work on The Green Hills of Africa, which was published in 1935 to mixed reviews.

Ernest, Pauline, Bumby, Patrick and Gregory Hemingway pose with marlines after a fishing trip to Bimini in 1935.

Hemingway bought a ship in 1934, naming it Pillar, and began sailing the Caribbean Sea. In 1935 he first came to Bimini, where he spent considerable time. During this period he also worked on To Have and Not to Have, published in 1937, while he was in Spain, and the only novel he wrote during the 1930s.

Spanish Civil War and World War II

Hemingway (center) with Dutch filmmaker Joris Ivens and German writer Ludwig Renn (who served as an official of the International Brigades) in Spain during the 1937 Spanish Civil War.

In 1937 Hemingway agreed to work as a correspondent for the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA), and arrived in Spain in March, together with the Dutch filmmaker Joris Ivens, visiting Valencia and Madrid, among other cities. Ivens, who was filming Land of Spain, wanted Hemingway to replace John Dos Passos as screenwriter, since Dos Passos had abandoned the project when his friend and translator José Robles Pazos was arrested and most likely murdered. by the NKVD. The incident changed Dos Passos's opinion of the left-wing republicans, creating a wedge between him and Hemingway, who later spread the rumor that Dos Passos had left Spain out of cowardice.

Journalist and writer Martha Gellhorn, whom Hemingway met in Key West the previous Christmas (1936), joined him in Spain. Like Hadley, Martha was originally from St. Louis, and like Pauline, she had worked for Vogue magazine in Paris. About Martha, Kert states that "she never cared for him like other women did". In late 1937, when he was in Madrid with Martha, Hemingway wrote his only play, The Fifth Column, while the city was being bombed. He returned to Key West for a few months and then returned to Spain twice in 1938, where he was present at the Battle of the Ebro, the last Republican stronghold, and was among the last British journalists and Americans to cross the river to get out of the battle.

In the spring of 1939, Hemingway sailed to Cuba on his ship, to live at the Hotel Ambos Mundos in Havana. It was the first phase of a slow and painful separation from Pauline, which had begun when Hemingway met Martha. Martha soon joined him in Cuba, and they bought Finca Vigía, a 61,000 m² estate twenty-four kilometers from Havana. In the summer, Pauline and the children left Hemingway after the family had reunited during a visit to Wyoming. After finalizing the divorce with Pauline, he married Martha on November 20, 1940 in Cheyenne, Wyoming. As he had done after his divorce from Hadley, he changed residences, moving his principal summer residence to Ketchum, Idaho, on the outskirts of the new town of Sun Valley, and his winter residence to Cuba. Hemingway, who had been upset when a friend from Paris allowed his cats to eat at the table, fell in love with cats in Cuba, keeping dozens of them on the farm.

Gellhorn inspired him to write his most famous novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, which began in March 1939 and ended in July 1940. It was published in October 1940. According to his routine of changing residences while working on a manuscript, he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Cuba, Wyoming and Sun Valley. For Whom the Bell Tolls, selected by the Book-of-the-Month Club sold half a million copies in a matter of months, received a Pulitzer Prize nomination, and, as Meyers explains, "triumphantly reestablished Hemingway's literary reputation."

Hemingway with his third wife, Martha Gellhorn, posing with General Yu Hanmou in Chungking, China, in 1941.

Hemingway and his sons Patrick (left) and Gregory, with three cats, in the Finca Vigía in the middle of 1942.

In January 1941 Martha was sent to China on a mission for Collier's Weekly magazine. Hemingway accompanied her and sent his dispatches to the daily PM, but generally disliked China. They returned to Cuba before the US declaration of war in December, which he convinced the Cuban government to do. to help him re-equip his ship, the Pilar, with the intention of using it to ambush German submarines off the coast of Cuba.

From May 1944 to March 1945 Hemingway was in London and Europe. When Hemingway first arrived in London he met Time magazine correspondent Mary Welsh, with whom he fell in love. Martha, who had been forced to cross the Atlantic on a ship laden with explosives because he had refused to help her get a press pass on a plane, arrived in London to find Hemingway hospitalized with a concussion from a car accident. Indifferent to his physical condition, he accused him of being a bully, telling him that he was "finished, absolutely finished". The last time he saw Martha was in March 1945, when he was preparing to return to Cuba. Meanwhile, on his third meeting with Mary Welsh, asked her to marry him.

Hemingway, wearing a large bandage on his head, was present during the Normandy landings, although he was kept in a landing craft because the military considered it "precious cargo", although biographer Kenneth Lynn maintains that he fabricated stories he went ashore during the landing. At the end of July, he joined the "22nd Regiment of Foot", commanded by Colonel Charles Buck Lanham, which was heading towards Paris, and Hemingway became the leader de facto of a small group of militiamen from the villages in Rambouillet, on the outskirts of Paris. On Hemingway's exploits, historian Paul Fussell commented: "Hemingway got into considerable trouble playing infantry captain with a resistance group he assembled, because a correspondent isn't supposed to lead troops, even if he does it right." This was against the Geneva Convention, and Hemingway was formally arrested; he said that he resolved the issue by claiming that he only offered advice.

Hemingway with Colonel Charles (Buck) T. Lanham in Germany in 1944, during the fighting in Hürtgenwald, after which he became sick of pneumonia.

On August 25, 1944, he was there during the liberation of Paris, although contrary to legend, Hemingway was not the first to enter the city, nor was he the first to liberate the Ritz. a meeting arranged by Sylvia Beach, where he "made peace" with Gertrude Stein. That same year, he was present during the heavy fighting at the Battle of Hürtgen Forest. On December 17, 1944, feverish and in poor condition, he had driven to Luxembourg to cover what would later be called the Battle of the Bulge. However, as soon as he arrived, Lanham handed him over to doctors, who hospitalized him with pneumonia; upon recovery a week later, most of the fighting was over.

In 1947, Hemingway was awarded a Bronze Star for his bravery during World War II. He was recognized for his courage, after finding himself "under fire in combat zones in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions" with the mention that "through his flair for expression, Mr. Hemingway enabled readers to gain a vivid picture of the struggles and triumphs of the frontline soldier and his organization in combat."

Cuba and the Nobel Prize

Hemingway said that from 1942 to 1945 he "was out of business as a writer". In 1946 he married Mary, who had an ectopic pregnancy five months later. The Hemingway family suffered a series of accidents and health problems in the years after the war: in a car accident in 1945 Ernest "broke his knee" and sustained another "deep wound on his forehead"; Mary broke first her right and then her left ankle in successive skiing accidents. A car accident in 1947 left Patrick with a head injury and seriously ill.Hemingway sank into a depression when his literary friends began to die: in 1939 W.B. Yeats and Ford Madox Ford; in 1940 Scott Fitzgerald; in 1941 Sherwood Anderson and James Joyce; in 1946 Gertrude Stein; and the following year, in 1947, Max Perkins, Hemingway's longtime editor and friend at Scribner Press. During this period, he suffered from severe headaches, high blood pressure, weight problems, and eventually diabetes— much of which was the result of previous accidents and many years of heavy drinking.

Nonetheless, in January 1946, he began work on The Garden of Eden, finishing eight hundred pages by June. During the postwar years he also began work on a trilogy, tentatively titled «The Land», «The Sea» and «The Air», (The Earth, The Sea and The Air) with the purpose of uniting them in a novel titled The Sea Book (The book of the sea). However, both projects stalled, and Mellow notes that Hemingway's inability to follow through was "a symptom of his problems" during these years.

Ernest Hemingway in the cabin of your boat Pilarin the coastal waters of Cuba.

In 1948, Hemingway and Mary traveled to Europe and stayed in Venice for several months. There, Hemingway fell in love with Adriana Ivancich, a 19-year-old girl. The story of this platonic love inspired the novel On the other side of the river and between the trees , which he wrote in Cuba at a time of conflict with Mary; was published in 1950, to negative reviews. The following year, furious at the critical reception of Across the River and Between the Trees, he wrote the draft of The Old Man and the Sea in eight weeks, saying it was "the best thing I can write in my whole life." The Old Man and the Sea, which became a Book-of-the-Month selection, made Hemingway became an international celebrity and received the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952, a month before he left for his second trip to Africa.

Hemingway and his wife Mary de safari in 1953-1954, before suffering plane crashes.

Hemingway writing at a camp in Kenya, around 1953.

In 1953, after fifteen years of absence, Hemingway returned to Spain, where he was not bothered by the Francoist authorities, and went again to the San Fermin Festival in Pamplona. In 1954, while he was in Africa, Hemingway was nearly killed in two successive plane crashes, leaving him seriously injured. As a Christmas present to Mary he had booked a tourist flight over the Belgian Congo. En route to photograph Murchison Falls from the air, the plane struck an abandoned utility pole and had to make an "emergency landing in dense brush." Hemingway's injuries included a head injury, while Mary broke two ribs. The next day, in an attempt to reach medical aid in Entebbe, they boarded a second plane which exploded on takeoff; Hemingway suffered burns and another concussion, this time severe enough to cause a loss of brain fluid. They eventually arrived in Entebbe, where they realized that journalists were covering the story of Hemingway's death. He informed reporters of his mistake and spent the next few weeks recuperating and reading his premature obituaries. Despite his injuries, Hemingway accompanied Patrick and his wife on a planned fishing expedition in February, but the grief led him to be angry. and difficult to treat. In a forest fire he was injured again, suffering second-degree burns to his legs, frontal torso, lips, left hand, and right forearm. Months later, in Venice, Mary listed the severe injuries of Hemingway: two cracked intervertebral discs, a ruptured liver and kidney, a dislocated shoulder, and a fractured skull. The accidents could have precipitated the physical deterioration that was to follow. After the plane crashes, Hemingway, who had been "a barely controlled alcoholic" for much of his life, drank more than usual to combat the pain from his injuries.

In October 1954, Hemingway received the Nobel Prize for Literature. He modestly told the press that Carl Sandburg, Isak Dinesen and Bernard Berenson deserved the prize, but that the money would be welcome. Mellow claims that Hemingway "had coveted the Nobel Prize", but when he won it, months after his accident and the worldwide press coverage that followed, "there must have been a lingering suspicion in Hemingway's mind that his obituaries had played a role in the academy's decision." As he was still suffering from the pain of the accidents in Africa, he decided not to travel to Stockholm. Instead he sent a speech to be read, in which he defined the life of the writer: "Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers alleviate the loneliness of the writer, but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature as he sheds loneliness on him and often his work deteriorates. Because he does his own job, and if he's a good enough writer, he must face eternity, or the lack thereof, every day."

From late 1955 to early 1956 Hemingway was bedridden. He was told to stop drinking to mitigate liver damage, advice he initially followed but later ignored. In October 1956 he returned to Europe and he met the Basque writer Pío Baroja, who was seriously ill and died weeks later. During the trip, Hemingway fell ill again and was treated for "high blood pressure, liver disease, and arteriosclerosis".

In November, while in Paris, he was reminded of the trunks he had stored in the Ritz Hotel in 1928 and had never recovered. The trunks were full of notebooks and writings from his years in Paris. When he returned to Cuba in 1957, excited by the discovery, he began to shape the recovered work in his autobiography Paris was a party. In 1959 a period of intense activity ended: Paris ended it was a party (scheduled to be released the following year); he took At the Breaking Dawn to 200,000 words; added chapters to The Garden of Eden; and worked on Islands in the Gulf. The last three were stored in a storage box in Havana while he concentrated on the finishing touches on Paris Was a Party. Reynolds claims that it was during this period that Hemingway fell into a depression, from which he was unable to recover.

Finca Vigía became increasingly crowded with guests and tourists, and Hemingway, beginning to feel unhappy with life there, was considering a permanent move to Idaho. In 1959 he bought a house overlooking the Big Wood River on the outskirts of Ketchum, and left Cuba, despite apparently maintaining good relations with the government of Fidel Castro, commenting to the New York Times that he was "delighted" with the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista at the hands of Castro. He was in Cuba in November 1959, between his return from Pamplona and his trip to Idaho, and also for his birthday the following year; however, that same year he and Mary decided to leave Cuba, after hearing the news that Castro wanted to nationalize the properties of Americans and other foreigners on the island. In July 1960, the Hemingways left Cuba for the last time., leaving works of art and manuscripts in a bank vault in Havana. After the Invasion of Playa Girón in 1961, the Finca Vigía, including the collection of some "four to six thousand books" by Hemingway, was expropriated by the Cuban government.

Idaho and Suicide

Hemingway in January 1959, hunting birds in Silver Creek, near Picabo, Idaho. He's with Gary Cooper and a local resident, Bobbie Peterson.

Until the late 1950s, Hemingway continued to revise material that would be published as Paris Was a Party. In the summer of 1959, he visited Spain to prepare a series of commissioned articles on bullfighting. by Life Magazine, returning to Cuba in January 1960 to work on the manuscript. Life only wanted 10,000 words, but the manuscript grew out of control. For the first time in his life he was unable to organize his texts and asked A. E. Hotchner to travel to Cuba to help him. Hotchner helped him trim the text for Life to 40,000 words, and Scribner Press agreed to the full book version, titled The Dangerous Summer, at nearly 130,000 words. Hotchner found Hemingway "extraordinarily indecisive, disorganized and confused", and he suffered greatly from poor eyesight.

On July 25, 1960, Hemingway and Mary left Cuba for the last time. Hemingway then traveled alone to Spain to be photographed for the Life Magazine article. A few days later there were news reports that he was seriously ill and near death, which caused Mary to panic until she received a telegram from Hemingway saying "False reports. On the way Madrid. Love Papa". However, he was seriously ill and believed he was on the verge of a collapse. He felt lonely and stayed in his bed for days, retiring in silence, despite the publication of the first installments of Dangerous Summer in Life in September 1960 and the article received good reviews. In October he traveled from Spain to New York, where he refused to leave Mary's apartment with the pretext that he was being watched. She rushed him to Idaho, where George Saviers (a Sun Valley doctor) met them on the railroad.

At this time, Hemingway was concerned about his finances and safety. He was worried about his taxes, and said he would never return to Cuba to retrieve the manuscripts he had left in a bank vault. He became paranoid that the FBI was actively monitoring his movements in Ketchum. By late November, Mary was desperate, and Saviers suggested that Hemingway be transferred to the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, where he may have believed he was going to be treated. for hypertension. In an attempt at anonymity, he was listed under his doctor's last name, Saviers. Meyers writes that "an aura of secrecy surrounds Hemingway's treatment at the Mayo Clinic", but confirms that he was treated with electroconvulsive therapy until 15 times in December 1960, before being "released in ruins" in January 1961. Reynolds obtained access to Hemingway's records at the Mayo Clinic, which indicate that he was treated for a depressive state that may have been caused by a combination of drugs.

According to A. E. Hotchner, a close Hemingway associate and writer of Papa Hemingway and Hemingway and His World, Hemingway complained for years that he was under FBI surveillance. Hotchner and other friends of the Nobel prize winner dismissed such claims as paranoia. It came as a surprise to Hotchner that, in 1980, when the FBI was forced to release some of its Hemingway files (they didn't release some that exposed them as guilty of his death), Hemingway turned out to be right. Hotchner believes the FBI surveillance "substantially contributed to [his friend's] distress and... suicide," adding that he had "disgracefully misjudged" the incident. his friend's fear of the organization.

Hemingway Memorial, the memorial at Trail Creek, north of Sun Valley, Idaho.

Back in Ketchum three months later, in April 1961, one morning in the kitchen, Mary "found Hemingway holding a shotgun." She called Saviers, who sedated him and admitted him to Sun Valley Hospital; from there he was returned to the Mayo Clinic for further electroshock therapy.He was released in late June and arrived at his Ketchum home on June 30. Two days later, in the early morning hours of July 2, 1961, Hemingway "deliberately" shot himself with his favorite shotgun. He opened the basement cellar where he kept his weapons, went up the stairs to the main entrance hall of his house, and "shoved two bullets into the Boss twelve-gauge shotgun, placed the end of the barrel in his mouth, pulled the trigger, and his brain exploded." Mary called Sun Valley Hospital, and Dr. Scott Earle arrived at the house "fifteen minutes" later. Despite his claim that Hemingway "had died of a self-inflicted head injury", the story told to the press was that the death had been "accidental". However, in a press interview five years later, Mary Hemingway admitted that her husband had committed suicide.

During his later years, Hemingway's behavior was similar to that of his father before he committed suicide; his father may have suffered from a genetic disease, hemochromatosis, in which an inability to metabolize iron culminates in impaired mental and physical. Medical records available in 1991 confirm that Hemingway's hemochromatosis had been diagnosed in early 1961. His sister Ursula and brother Leicester also committed suicide. Hemingway's physical ailments were compounded by the problem that he had been a heavy drinker most of his life.

Hemingway's family and friends traveled to Ketchum for the funeral, which was officiated by the local Catholic priest, who believed his death to have been accidental. His brother Leicester wrote about the funeral (during which an altar boy fainted at the head of the coffin): "It seemed to me that Ernest would have approved of everything."

Style

The New York Times wrote in 1926 of Hemingway's first novel that “No amount of analysis can convey the quality of Fiesta. It is a truly gripping narrative, told in lean, hard, athletic narrative prose that puts the most literary Englishman to shame." Fiesta is written in a sparse, precise prose that made the Hemingway, and influenced the style of countless cheap crime novels and fiction. In 1954, when Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, it was for "his mastery of the art of storytelling, which he recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and because of the influence it has exerted on contemporary style". Paul Smith writes that Hemingway, in his first published stories in In Our Time, was still experimenting with with his writing style; he tried to avoid complicated syntax and about 70% of the statements are simple sentences—a simple syntax with no subordination.

Henry Louis Gates believes that Hemingway's style was formed "in reaction to [his] experience in the world war." After World War I, he and other modernists "lost faith in the central institutions of Western civilization," reacted against the elaborate style of nineteenth-century writers and created a style "in which meaning is established through dialogue, through action, and silences, a fiction in which nothing important, or at least very little, is explicitly said." ».

Developing this connection between Hemingway and other modernist writers, Irene Gammel believes that his style was carefully cultivated and honed with an eye toward the cutting edge of the age. Hungry for "avant-garde experimentation" and for rebellion against the "sober modernism" of Ford Madox Ford, Hemingway published the work of Gertrude Stein and Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven in the transatlantic review. As Gammel points out, Hemingway was "introduced to the experimental style of the Baroness at a time when he was actively trimming the 'fat' of his body." verbal of his own style, as well as flexing his writer's muscles to confront conventional taste."

Because he started out as a short story writer, Baker believes Hemingway learned how to "get the most out of the least, how to prune language, how to multiply intensity, and how to tell nothing but the truth in a way that allowed more than the truth to be told." truth." Hemingway called his style the iceberg theory: facts float on water; the supporting structure and symbolism operate out of sight. The concept of the iceberg theory is also known as the "omission theory". Hemingway believed that the writer can describe one thing (such as Nick Adams fishing in "The Two-Hearted River") while something entirely different is going on below the surface (Nick Adams concentrating on fishing to the extent that he does not you have to think of something else).

Jackson Benson believes that Hemingway used autobiographical details as devices to frame life in general, not just his own life. For example, Benson postulates that Hemingway used his experiences and mined them with "what if" scenarios: "What if he was injured in such a way that he couldn't sleep at night? What would happen if he was injured and mad, what would happen if they sent me back to the front? ».

The simplicity of the prose is deceptive. Zoe Trodd believes that Hemingway concocted skeletal sentences in response to Henry James's remark that World War I had "run out of words." Hemingway offers a "multi-focal" photographic reality. His theory of the iceberg, of omission, is the basis on which he builds. The syntax, which lacks subordinating conjunctions, creates static statements. The "photo snapshot" style creates a collage of images. Many types of internal punctuation (colons, commas, hyphens, parentheses) are omitted in favor of short declarative sentences. Sentences build on one another, like events that build up to create a sense of wholeness. There are multiple strands in a story; an "embedded text" bridges a different angle. He also uses other cinematographic techniques such as quickly "cutting" from one scene to the next; or "splicing" from one scene to another. Intentional omissions allow the reader to fill in the gap, as if he were responding to the author's instructions, and create three-dimensional prose.

In both his literature and his personal writings, Hemingway used the word “and” in place of commas. This use of polysyndeton can serve to convey immediacy. Hemingway's polysyndetonic clause—or, in later works, his use of subordinate clauses—uses conjunctions to juxtapose startling visions and images. Benson compares them to haikus Many of Hemingway's followers misinterpreted his example and disapproved of any expression of emotion; Saul Bellow lampooned this style by commenting "Do you have emotions? strangle them." However, Hemingway's intention was not to eliminate emotion, but to portray it in a more scientific way. Hemingway believed that it would be easy, and useless, to describe emotions; he sculpted collages of images in order to capture "naked reality, the succession of movements and events that produces emotion, the reality that can be valid in a year or ten or, with a little luck and enough purity of expression, for a long time." This use of the image as an objective correlate is characteristic of Ezra Pound, TS Eliot, James Joyce, and Proust. Hemingway's letters refer to In Search of Lost Time of Proust on several occasions over the years, and indicate that he read the book at least twice.

Themes

The popularity of Hemingway's work is largely based on its themes, which according to scholar Frederic Svoboda are love, war, nature, and loss, all of which are very present in his work. These are themes recurring in American literature, and are evident in the work of Hemingway. Literary critic Leslie Fiedler notes that in Hemingway's work the theme he defines as "sacred ground"—the Old West—extends to include mountains in Spain, Switzerland, and Africa, as well as rivers in Michigan. The Old West receives a symbolic nod with the inclusion of the "Montana Hotel" in Fiesta and For Whom the Bell Tolls. According to Stoltzfus and Fiedler, for Hemingway nature is a therapeutic place, to be reborn, and the hunter or fisherman has a moment of transcendence when he kills the prey. Nature is where men are without women: men fish, hunt, and find redemption in nature. Although Hemingway Also writing about sports, Carlos Baker believes the emphasis is more on the athlete than the sport, while Beegel sees the essence of Hemingway as an American naturalist, as reflected in the detailed descriptions that can be found in "The River of two hearts".

Hemingway often wrote about Americans living abroad. In Hemingway's Expatriate Nationalism, Jeffrey Herlihy describes "the transnational archetype of Hemingway," a literary device that involves characters "multilingual and bicultural, who have already integrated new cultural practices of the host community into their daily lives by the time the plots begin". In this sense, "the scenes abroad are not merely exotic or cosmopolitan; they are motivating factors in the character's action". Donald Monk comments that, for Hemingway, "expatriation is not so much a psychological reality as a metaphysical one" which implies that his view of his world is based on some kind of rootless outsider.

Fiedler believes that Hemingway inverts the American literature theme of the "dark woman" and evil, versus the "light woman" and good. Brett Ashley, the dark woman from Fiesta, is a goddess; Margot Macomber, the light woman in "The Happy Short Life of Francis Macomber", is a murderer. Robert Scholes acknowledges that Hemingway's early stories, such as "A Very Short Tale", present "favorably a male character and unfavorably a male character." a woman". According to Rena Sanderson, Hemingway's early critics praised his machocentric world of masculine activities, and his fiction that divided women into "castrators or love slaves". Feminist critics attacked Hemingway as "Public Enemy Number One," though more recent reassessments of his work "have given new visibility to Hemingway's female characters (and their strengths) and have revealed his sensitivity to issues." thus calling into question the longstanding assumption that her writings were one-sidedly masculine". of Hemingway".

The theme of women and death is evident in early narratives such as "Indian Camp." The theme of death pervades Hemingway's work. Young believes that the emphasis in "Indian Camp" was not so much on the woman giving birth, or the father who commits suicide, but on Nick Adams who witnesses these events as a child, and becomes a "badly injured young man." and nervous." In "Indian Camp" Hemingway establishes the events that form the character of Adams. Young believes that "Indian Camp" holds the "master key" to "its author's purposes for the thirty-five years of his writing career". Stoltzfus considers Hemingway's work to be more complex, with a representation of the Inherent truth in existentialism: if "nothing" is embraced, then redemption is accomplished at the moment of death. Those who face death with dignity and courage live an authentic life. Francis Macomber dies happy because the last hours of his life are authentic; the bullfighter in the bullfight represents the pinnacle of a life lived authentically. In his essay The Uses of Authenticity: Hemingway and the Literary Field ("The uses of authenticity: Hemingway and the literary field"), Timo Müller writes that the success of Hemingway's fiction is due to the fact that his characters live an "authentic life", and "soldiers, fishermen, boxers and woodcutters are among the archetypes of authenticity in modern literature".

The theme of emasculation is frequent in Hemingway's work, especially in Fiesta. According to Fiedler, emasculation is the result of a generation of wounded soldiers; and of a generation in which women, like Brett, won emancipation. This also applies to the supporting character, Frances Clyne, Cohn's girlfriend at the beginning of the book. Her character supports the theme not only because the idea was introduced early in the novel, but also because of the impact it had on Cohn early in the book, even though it appears only a few times. Baker believes that Cohn's work Hemingway emphasizes the "natural" versus the "unnatural." In "Alpine Idyll," the "unnaturalness" of late-spring high-mountain snow skiing is juxtaposed with the "unnaturalness" of the farmer who allowed his wife's corpse to remain. too much time in the shed during the winter. The skiers and the peasant retreat to the "natural" spring in the valley for their redemption.

Some critics have characterized Hemingway's work as misogynistic and homophobic. Susan Beegel analyzed four decades of criticism of Hemingway in her essay "Critical Reception" ("Critical Reception"). She found that "critics interested in multiculturalism," especially in the 1980s, simply ignored Hemingway, although some "apologetics" were written. The following analysis of Fiesta is typical of these criticisms: "Hemingway never lets the reader forget that Cohn is a Jew, not some unattractive character who turns out to be a Jew, but a character who is not." attractive because he is a Jew. During the same decade, according to Beegel, there were also reviews that investigated the "horror of homosexuality" and racism in Hemingway's fiction.

Influence and legacy

Hemingway's legacy to American literature is his style: later writers emulated or avoided it. After his reputation was established with the publication of Fiesta, he became a the spokesman for the first post-war generation, having established a style to follow. In 1933 his books were burned by the Nazis in Berlin, for "being a monument of modern decadence". His parents disapproved of his literature, calling it "filth". Reynolds claims his legacy is that he "left such moving stories and novels that some have become part of our cultural heritage". In a 2004 speech at the John F. Kennedy, Russell Banks stated that, like many male writers of his generation, he was influenced by Hemingway's literary philosophy, style, and public image. Müller reports that to the public, Hemingway "has the greatest degree of recognition of writers all over the world. Instead, in 2012 novelist John Irving rejected most of Hemingway's work "except for a few short stories," saying that "the write-what-you-know dictum has no place in imaginative writing.". Irving also took issue with the "tough-man-offensive stance—all those recalcitrant say-little men" and contrasted Hemingway's approach with that of Herman Melville, citing the latter's advice: "Beware of who seeks to please rather than frighten"".

Hemingway Statue by José Villa Soberón, in the bar The Floridite in Havana. On the wall there is a photo of Hemingway awarding Fidel Castro the prize for the largest fish captured in the May 1960 Hemingway Fishing Competition.

Benson believes that the details of Hemingway's life became a "major means of exploitation", which resulted in a Hemingway industry. Hallengren believes that "tough style" and machismo should be separated from the same author. Benson concurs, describing him as introverted and reserved as J. D. Salinger, although Hemingway masked his nature with boastfulness. Indeed, Salinger—who met Hemingway during World War II and maintained a correspondence with him—acknowledged Hemingway's influence. In a letter to Hemingway, Salinger claims that their conversations "had given him his only moments of hope during the entire war," and he jokingly "called himself the national president of the Hemingway Fan Clubs."

The International Hemingway Imitation Competition was created in 1977 in public recognition of his influence and to highlight comic misguided efforts at imitations of his style by lesser authors. Contestants are invited to submit a "very good page of very bad Hemingway style" and the winners are awarded a trip to "Harry's Bar" in Italy.

A minor planet discovered in 1978 by astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh of the Soviet Union, it was named 3656 Hemingway to honor the writer.

The influence is evident in the many restaurants dubbed "Hemingway"; and the proliferation of bars called "Harry's" (a nod to the bar in Across the River and Between the Trees). A line of Hemingway furniture, promoted by his son Jack Hemingway (Bumby), features pieces such as a "Kilimanjaro" nightstand and a "Catherine" topped sofa. Montblanc offers a Hemingway fountain pen, and a line of Hemingway safari clothing was created.

Mary Hemingway created the Hemingway Foundation in 1965, and donated her husband's papers to the John F. Kennedy Library in 1970. In 1980 a group of Hemingway scholars met to evaluate the donated papers, later forming the Society Hemingway that he "committed to supporting and furthering the Hemingway Scholarship".

Ray Bradbury wrote The Kilimanjaro Device, in which Hemingway is transported to the top of Mount Kilimanjaro. The film Wrestling Ernest Hemingway (1993), about the friendship of two retired men in a Florida seaside town, is named after one of the characters (played by Richard Harris) who claims to have wrestled with Hemingway in the 1930s.

Descendants

Two of Hemingway's granddaughters, sisters Mariel and Margaux Hemingway (daughters of Jack Hemingway), rose to fame as actresses in the 1970s and 1980s; Margaux was also a fashion model. On July 1, 1996, at the age of 42 and nearly thirty-five years after the death of Ernest Hemingway, Margaux Hemingway committed suicide in Santa Monica, California. She became "the fifth person to commit suicide in four generations of her family".

Works

Stories

• Three stories and ten poems (Three Stories and Ten Poems1923)
• In our time (In Our Time1925)
• Men without women (Men Without Women1927)
• The winner takes nothing (Winner take Nothing1933)
• The fifth column and the first forty-nine accounts (The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories1938).
• The snows of the Kilimanjaro (The Snows of Kilimanjaro, 1961). Compilation of 10 stories included in The fifth column and the first forty-nine accounts.
• The fifth column and four stories of the Spanish Civil War (The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War1969)
• Nick Adams (The Nick Adams Stories, 1972)
• The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway (1987)
• Ernest Hemingway: The Collected Stories (1995)

Novels

• Spring waters (The Torrents of Spring, 1926). Translator: Romero, Enrique. Barcelona: Albón.
• Party (The Sun Also Rises, 1926). Translators; Mora Guarnido, José, Hausner, John E. Buenos Aires: Santiago Rueda, imp. 1944.
• Goodbye to arms (Farewell to Arms, 1929). Translator: Horta, Joaquín. Barcelona: Luis de Caralt, [1963 (Guada]).
• Having and not having (To Have and Have Not, 1937). Translator: Ibarzábal, Pedro. Barcelona: EDHASA, 1970.
• By whom the bells ring (For Whom the Bell Tolls. 1940). Translator; Lola de Aguado. Barcelona: Planet, 1972.
• On the other side of the river and between the trees (Across the River and into the Trees, 1950). Translator: Gurrea, Manuel. Barcelona: Planet, 1978.
• The old and the sea (The Old Man and the Sea, 1952). Mexico, D.F.: Selects, 1965.
• Dry Islands (Islands in the Stream, 1970). Translator: Rowe, Mary. Barcelona: Seix Barral, 1972.
• The Garden of Eden (The Garden of Eden, 1986). Translator: Girona, Pilar Giralt. Barcelona: Planet, 1986.
• By breaking the dawn (True at First Light, 1999). Translator: Corugedo, Fernando González. Barcelona: Planet, 1999.

Others

• Death in the afternoon (Death in the Afternoon1932)
• Paris was a party (A Moveable Feast1964)
• Dangerous summer (The Dangerous Summer1985)

In popular culture

Aside from the various film adaptations of his novels and short stories, Hemingway has been portrayed by actor Clive Owen in the film biopic "Hemingway and Gellhorn" (2012), directed by Philip Kaufman. In this film he narrates Hemingway's relationship and subsequent marriage with Martha Gellhorn, played by Nicole Kidman. The writer has also been played by Cory Stoll, in the famous Woody Allen film, "Midnight in Paris" (2011) In this film the protagonist, an American writer (Owen Wilson), manages to travel back in time and enters the artistic circles of Paris in the 1920s, where among others he meets Ernest Hemingway.

Later, Hemingway would be played by actor Adrian Sparks in Papa: Hemingway in Cuba (2015) directed by Bob Yari, where Hemingway's life is narrated during his stay in the city of Havana, Cuba at the end of the 1980s. 50 and where there is also talk about a friendship that Ernest had with the journalist Denne Bart Petitclerc. (2016) directed by Michael Grandage.

In Spanish fiction, he was depicted in an episode of "El Ministerio del Tiempo". In this case, the actor Félix Arcarazo portrayed him as a womanizer and drinker at the Pamplona Sanfermines in episode 12 of the second season (2016).