Enrique Krauze

Enrique Krauze Kleinbort (Mexico City, September 16, 1947) is a Mexican historian, essayist, editor, and intellectual. He has written more than twenty books, including Century of Warlords, Biography of Power, The Imperial Presidency, The Presence of the past, Redeemers and I am the people. He has produced more than 500 programs and documentaries on the history of Mexico. He has distinguished himself by his biographical and historical works, and his political and literary essays, which have reached a wide audience.

Biography

He was born on September 16, 1947, in Mexico City. His parents, the chemical engineer Moisés Krauze Pajt and the journalist Helen Kleinbort Firman, came to the country at a very young age as immigrants due to the growing anti-Semitism in Poland in the 1930s. His grandfather Saúl Krauze was a cultured tailor who prospered in Mexico City.

He is an industrial engineer from the Faculty of Engineering of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (1965-1969) and a PhD in History from the Center for Historical Studies (CEH) of El Colegio de México (1969-1974). Member of the Mexican Academy of History and El Colegio Nacional, he is also director of Editorial Clío and the cultural magazine Letras Libres. He was elected university adviser by the Faculty of Engineering shortly before the start of the student movement in 1968. In 1979 he was awarded the Guggenheim Scholarship.

He has been a research professor at the CEH of El Colegio de México in 1977, a visiting professor at St Antony's College (Oxford), from October to December in 1981 and in 1983, and a visiting professor at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, from October to December 1987. He was also a visiting professor in the Latin American Studies Program at Princeton University, in the fall of 2013.

At the age of 24, his first publication appeared in the weekly Siempre!, entitled “La saña y el terror”, about the Corpus Christi Massacre (of which he was a witness). A year later he began to collaborate in Plural , the monthly magazine of the daily Excelsior . He joined Vuelta magazine in 1977 at the invitation of Octavio Paz. For more than twenty years he collaborated with Vuelta , of which he was editorial secretary from 1977 to 1981 and deputy director from 1981 to 1996.

In 1991 he founded the editorial and television production company Clío, of which he is the director, and since 1999, after the death of Octavio Paz, he has directed the cultural magazine heiress to Vuelta, Letras Libres, with editions in Mexico, Spain and online. Since 1985 he has been an editorial writer for The New Republic , The New York Review of Books , The New York Times , El País and Reform .

In 1990 he was elected a full member of the Mexican Academy of History and since 2005 he has been a member of El Colegio Nacional. Among other tasks, he has been a member of the Board of Directors of the Instituto Cervantes, of the Board of Directors of Televisa, and of the Board of Directors of Grupo Financiero Santander México.

Work

Books

• Cultural leaders in the Mexican Revolution (1976), 21st Century Editors.
• History of the Mexican Revolution. Economic reconstruction. 1924-1928 (1977), El Colegio de México.
• Daniel Cosío Villegas: an intellectual biography (1980), Joaquín Mortiz.
• Faces of history (1983), Joaquín Mortiz.
• For a democracy without adjectives (1986), Joaquín Mortiz-Planeta.
• Biography of power, eight volumes: I. “Porfirio Díaz. Mystic of authority”; II. “Francisco I. Madero. Mystic of liberty”; III. “Emiliano Zapata. Love of the earth”; IV. “Francisco Villa. Between the Angel and the Fierro”; V. “Venustiano Carranza. Bridge between centuries”; VI. “Alvaro Obregón. The Vertigo of Victory”; VII. “Plutarco Elías Calles. Reform from the origin”; VIII. “Lázaro Cárdenas. General missionary” (1987), Fund for Economic Culture.
• People and ideas (1989), Return.
• Latin America: the other miracle (1991), Fundes.
• Hertic texts (1992), Grijalbo.
• Century of warlords: Mexico's political biography (1810-1910)(1994), Tusquets.
• Time counted (1996), Ocean.
• Mexico: Biography of Power: A History of Modern Mexico, 1810-1996 (1997), Harper Collins Publishers.
• The Imperial Presidency (1997), Tusquets.
• History tells (1998), Tusquets.
• Eminent Mexicans (1999), Tusquets.
• Political Task (2000), Tusquets.
• Liberal tradition (2003), Tusquets.
• The presence of the past (2005), Tusquets.
• To get out of Babel (2006), Tusquets.
• Personal Portraits (2007), Tusquets.
• Power and delusion (2008), Tusquets.
• Heroes and myths (2010), Tusquets.
• Redeemers: Ideas and power in Latin America (2011), HarperCollins.
• Redemptors: Ideas and power in Latin America (2011), Random House.
• The Art of Biography (2012), Random House.
• Eighth Peace. The Poet and Revolution (2014), Random House.
• People and ideas. Talks about history and literature (2015), Debate.
• Faces of history I (2015), Debate.
• The birth of institutions (2015), Tusquets.
• For a democracy without adjectives, 1982-1996 (2016), Debate.
• From disenchantment to messianism, 1996-2006 (2016), Debate.
• Democracy under construction, 2006-2016 (2016), Debate
• Faces of history II (2016), Debate.
• Mexico: Biography of Power (2017), Tusquets.
• The people are me (2018), Debate.
• Spinoza in Mexico Park (2023), Tusquets.

His essays have been collected by the Debate label of Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial in the Ensayista liberal collection, while his historical works are part of the Biblioteca Histórica Enrique Krauze series of Tusquets Editores.

Television

In his critical article entitled "The mission of television", published in 2013 in Reforma, Krauze his position on this means of communication to which he has been linked since three decades ago:

It is not, of course, that television takes the place of the SEP or stops producing high rating programs. It is, yes, that it better assumes its civic responsibility by producing high-level content, lasting programs and internationally recognized [...]. And it is also about promoting democratic culture in Mexico. [...] Television could be a splendid forum for public life actors and citizens in general (students, academics, entrepreneurs, military, religious, workers, peasants) to debate (not just talk) on the urgent issues of our public agenda.

He made his television debut in 1987 as the author of the series Biografía del Poder, produced by the Centro de Producción Cinematográfica and broadcast by the state network Imevisión. The following year he was a consultant for the series Mexico, produced by the Public Broadcasting Service (WGBH) in association with the Blackwell Corporation of Boston.

Together with Fausto Zerón-Medina, in 1994 he wrote the telenovela El vuelo del águila based on the life of Porfirio Díaz, produced by Ernesto Alonso for Televisa, starring Fabián Robles (young Porfirio Díaz), Humberto Zurita (adult Porfirio Díaz) and Manuel Ojeda (mature and old Porfirio Díaz). Since 1998, he has been the producer of the documentary series México siglo XX , México nuevo siglo and Clío TV presents , broadcast on weekly open television slots by the television network.

Cinema

Along with Alvin H. Perlmutter, Krauze is a producer on the film Beyond Borders. Undocumented Mexican Americans (2016) directed by Micah Fink, co-production of The Independent Production Fund (USA), Editorial Clío (Mexico) and La Fábrica de Cine (Mexico). He is also the executive producer of the documentary El pueblo soy yo. Venezuela in populism by director Carlos Oteyza (2018).

Clío

Editorial Clío, Books and Videos, S.A. de C.V., was born in 1991 at the initiative of Emilio Azcárraga Milmo and Enrique Krauze as a project aimed at disseminating Mexico's past and present that, in its very name, pays homage to the muse of history.

Originally conceived as a publishing house, since 1998 it began producing documentaries that, through its series Clío TV presents and Hazaña, el deporte vive, reach hundreds of viewers every week. thousands of homes through open television in the country and other national and international media.

Throughout its history, Clío has published nearly 200 print titles and broadcast more than 500 documentaries.

Back

Enrique Krauze published his first text in the magazine Vuelta, directed by the poet Octavio Paz, in number 1 corresponding to December 1976 ("Cosío Villegas y Excelsior").. In 1977, starting with its number 4, Krauze joined the publication as editorial secretary. From 1981 to 1996 he held the position of deputy director, his participation being essential from an operational point of view since he dedicated a large part of his time to moving Vuelta forward as a company, which allowed it to reach a long existence by giving it continuity and economic independence. In Vuelta more than 60 of his articles over the course of twenty years saw the light of day, including the controversial "For a democracy without adjectives" and "La comedia mexicana de Carlos Fuentes", mandatory to understand the Democracy and Mexican Literature.

Free Lyrics

After the death of Octavio Paz, on April 19, 1998, the magazine Vuelta ended its cycle and Enrique Krauze undertook the organization of its successor: the monthly magazine Letras Libres, which published its first issue in January 1999. Two years later, in October 2001, it added a Spanish edition to the Mexican edition (which in 2014 received the National Prize for the Promotion of Reading in Spain).

Letras Libres has published 254 issues as of February 2020 (221 in the Spanish edition). This magazine stands out as an important space for pluralism, criticism, creation and the defense of freedom and democracy which, according to the same publication, "convokes the most lucid minds to address in its pages the necessary and urgent part of the global debate and at the same time offer its readers samples of the best prose and poetry”.

Awards, recognitions and distinctions

• Magda Donato Literature Award Cultural leaders in the Mexican Revolution in 1976.
• In 1979 he won the Guggenheim Fellowship.
• Member of the Mexican Academy of History since 1989, occupies chair 4.
• In October 1993 he won the IV Comillas de Biografía Award, awarded annually by Tusquets Editores to the best international biography by Century of warlords.
• The Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X El Sabio, Spain, on December 16, 2003.
• He entered El Colegio Nacional on 27 April 2005.
• In August 2008, he received the Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic.
• In 2010 he was awarded the National Prize for Science and Arts in the area of History, Social Sciences and Philosophy, a prize awarded by the Mexican government to recognize the most outstanding contributions that Mexicans make for the cultural and social development of the country.
• In 2012 he received the Chapultepec Grand Prix, awarded by the Inter-American Press Society, and the Bonald Knight Rehearsal Award for his book Redemptors.
• Juan Pablos al Mérito Editorial 2014 National Award for his editorial career and his work in cultural diffusion.
• In December 2015, the government of Mariano Rajoy grants it through Royal Decree Spanish nationality by letter of nature.
• On September 13, 2016, in a public and solemn session, the H. Congress of the State of Guerrero appointed him as a re-election of the presea "Senticiones de la Nación", the highest award granted by the legislative power of that state, in the framework of the 203 anniversary of the installation of the Chilpancingo Congress.
• Award “Mérito Editorial 2016” awarded by the International Book Fair of Guadalajara, November 28.
• Medalla “Rosario Castellanos”, by the legislative branch of the state of Chiapas, on December 2, 2016.
• Named "Honoris Causa" by the University of Guadalajara, November 27, 2017.
• Medalla de Oro Gabino Barreda by the Congress of the State of Puebla, July 5, 2018.
• III Award of History Spanish Orders, promoted by the Orders of Santiago, Calatrava, Alcántara and Montesa, April 8, 2021.

Criticism of power

Enrique Krauze has been identified as a critic of power, and particularly of the presidential power that in Mexico was exercised for decades in an authoritarian manner. His historical works Century of Caudillos, Biography of Power and, especially, The Imperial Presidency, can be read as a critique of the exercise of power and its excesses, from the War of Independence to the government of Carlos Salinas de Gortari.

His essay “El timón y la tormenta”, published by Vuelta in October 1982, alluded to the phrase of President José López Portillo when Mexico plunged into a deep financial crisis: “I am responsible for the rudder, but not for the storm.” In it, he criticized the abuses of his six-year term, his reckless economic policy, his irresponsibility in not admitting his part in the shipwreck, the "oil pharaonism", the widespread corruption and his lack of firmness in handling the crisis, pointing out that as the only option historic for Mexico to "respect and exercise political freedom, law and, above all things, democracy."

This text was followed by “For a democracy without adjectives” (Vuelta no. 86, January 1984), published already in the time of President Miguel de la Madrid, in which he proposed for the country, simply the democracy that in reality was a simulation:

The case is to start on all fronts and understand [...] that democracy is not the solution of all problems but a mechanism – the least bad, the least unfair – to solve them. If, as several examples show, democracy is not a bad vaccine against great corruption, the argument that a greater opening would delay economic recovery is not supported either. Limits, parties and the press can help revitalization, although they operate in different areas. Democracy produces dignity, not currency.

The impact of “For a democracy without adjectives” was such that it deserved a refutation from the government, through Manuel Camacho Solís (who published in number 90 of Vuelta, in May 1984, the text "The democratic battle"), and ignited a controversy with other intellectuals such as Rolando Cordera, Carlos Bazdresch, Rafael Segovia, Manuel Aguilar Mora and Eduardo Valle.

About the government of Carlos Salinas de Gortari, in his article “Neoconservadores” (Reforma, April 21, 1996), Krauze stated that "privatizations and the Free Trade Agreement North American Trade Agreement (NAFTA) were consistent measures in the world we live in, a modern and open world. But he points out that Salinas "instrumented many of [those measures] in a vertical, despotic, discretionary, capricious manner." Krauze saw "the meaning of these reforms" as "the only possible one at the end of the 20th century", in the face of the socialist project, which had already collapsed. This approval of liberalization economic policies, however, was not the same for the political sphere:

In rehearsals, articles, statements and radio interviews, some insisted on drawing the obvious parallel [of the Salinas government] with the porfirian regime. Time confirmed it. Salinas postponed the change until the change dragged it, in a sense not very different from the legendary dictator.

Controversies

Criticism of Krauze, which has come to the point of denomination, originates from various aspects of his work. One of them is his reproach to the Academy for its exacerbation of the theory in history, the self-referential quotes, the & # 34; we & # 34; majestic and elaborate style (as noted in the text "UNAM and the Bicentennial. Historical detours", Letras Libres no. 108, December 2007). In the same way, his interest in historical essays and the dissemination of history through formats that are freer and more accessible to the public, such as illustrated books and television documentaries. Another is his liberal conviction, which since the 1980s confronted him not only with the ruling party of the PRI regime, but also with broad sectors of the left that did not agree with "bourgeois democracy"; that, in his opinion, the writer proposed. In this regard, Gabriel Zaid wrote:

Krauze abode For a democracy without adjectives (1986). The book had a lot of resonance, although it was tapped by neoliberal by believers in a redeeming, benefactor, sovereign state and, of course, in politically correct hands. It intended to limit the intervention of the State, to subject it to criticism of a free press, to accountability, to real elections. He was proposing a presidency under the other powers. He proposed things that have become normal, but that did not exist in Mexico at that time.

On Krauze's popularity, literary critic Christopher Dominguez Michael has written:

Krauze has become a popular historian in several of the best views of the term. Of the Cultural leaders in the Mexican Revolution (1977) a Century of warlords (1994), Krauze went from fulfilling his academic quota to respond passionately to the obligations he has imposed as a historian read by thousands of Mexicans. Krauze became popular, it should be added, holding political opinions that, if not heretic, were at least irritating within a political and intellectual class nurtured by Marxist dogmas or by the bureaucratic recipes of the PRI regime.

In a critical sense, the historian Claudio Lomnitz has pointed out about the biographical inclination of the author: "the biographies of power written by Enrique Krauze argue that in Mexico, the psychology and personality of the president have determined the course of history". Krauze for his part has pointed out that without a doubt "it is impossible to reduce history to biography", but that "without biography there is no history" and that "his attention to the individual stems not from a reverential hero-worship, but from the conviction that people count as much or more in history than vast impersonal forces or collective entities". Economist Manuel López Gallo came to publish in his own publishing house, Ediciones El Caballito, a book that he titled Krauze's Big Lies, in which -under his Marxist vision- he denounced him as an "enemy at all costs of the historical interpretation of the class struggle [...] historical materialism disgusts him, the Mexican Revolution terrifies him, and General Cárdenas resents, inquina". Krauze has referred to this pamphlet as a simple "errata inflated to book".

In recent decades, his texts against populism also generated a strong reaction among supporters of politician Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO), elected president of Mexico in 2018. As a defender of the democratizing process that Mexico began to live from of the late 1980s (which had its most important milestones in 1997 with the election of the first opposition-dominated Congress and the PRD candidate, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, as head of government of the Federal District, as well as in 2000 with the election of the first president from outside the official party in 71 years, Vicente Fox Quesada), Krauze criticized López Obrador's attitudes as a charismatic, "popular and populist" leader, messianic, provincialist, authoritarian, with little regard for the law, in which he perceived a possible revolutionary and autocratic temptation to dissolve democratic institutions, including no re-election. In this regard, he published the essay “El mesías tropical” (Letras Libres no. 57, June 2006), which had a great impact and for which he was accused of being part of the “dirty war” against Tabasco's presidential candidacy.

In an interview after the elections, López Obrador called Krauze a "reactionary lump delivered entirely to the right." Some critics of the historian, such as Víctor M. Toledo, described the essay as an "ideological montage aimed at generate reactions of fear” with racial prejudice:

The essayist not only adopted a clear ideological and political position (and sin is not in the entrenchment but in the validity of his arguments), but he performed a literary piece where the final message is again the exacerbation of the "tropical passion" as the cause of evils, in this case the supposed destruction of democracy or, to say in his own words, "the derailment of the train of democracy". Exemplary piece in the subliminal manipulation of an unconscious perception built through history, Krauze Kleinbort's essay is at the height of the new psycho-political creations generated from the American Pentagon or from the new and powerful churches to influence and direct the citizen minds.

In response, Krauze noted that Toledo's interpretation omitted "all reference to the essay's core noun, AMLO's messianism," further pointing out that the adjective "tropical" and the characterization aspects of the Tabasco temperament came from López Obrador's own books. Toledo replied that it was questionable that Krauze had decided to make a "psychological and biographical portrait" of the candidate "instead of making a forceful criticism of his ideology and political proposals", wondering if that had not been "one more piece of the war, politically immoral, of personal disqualification". In 2007, the historian Lorenzo Meyer accused him in the weekly Proceso of being one of the intellectuals who fomented fear among citizens during the electoral process the previous year. Krauze replied that the electorate had responded on its own by punishing López Obrador.

In his book The mafia stole our presidency (Grijalbo, 2007), Andrés Manuel López Obrador once again referred to the historian:

One of these tense defenders on the right is, without a doubt, Enrique Krauze. He devoted himself entirely to attack me: he slashed messianic because I expressed that Mexico needed a tajante renewal, a true purification of public life.

However, in March 2012, in the course of his second campaign for the presidency (which he undertook with a more moderate and less quarrelsome profile than that of 2006), López Obrador met Krauze at a private dinner, where he commented:

We've been unfair to you. You're a liberal, a Democrat, you defended the vote in Chihuahua, you opposed Salinas. And I'll never forget you publicly defended me when they said it looked like Hitler.

However, when evoking that meeting during the third and final campaign, in May 2018, Krauze declared: "to my regret, I feel that the portrait I did of him in 'El mesías tropical' 39; it has only been confirmed with the passage of time".

When López Obrador effectively became president in 2018, Enrique Krauze came under attack from the government. The first was the accusation made by Tatiana Clouthier Carrillo, López Obrador's campaign coordinator, in her book Together we made history (Penguin Random House, 2019), for an alleged plot by businessmen and intellectuals to prevent his arrival at the government through manipulation in social networks, in which Krauze would have been included. The story was told in more detail in the newspaper Eje Central on March 14, 2019 and this medium was the which he attributed the name of Operación Berlin. Krauze denied all the accusations and presented evidence in the newspaper Reforma that showed that he was not in Mexico City on the precise date that the anonymous source (later identified as Ricardo Sevilla) referred to a personal meeting with the historian. President López Obrador seemed to settle the matter when he said:

We don't want the controversy, Enrique Krauze is a good historian, he has a political stance that doesn't support ours, but he deserves all our respect.

Later, in May 2019, the Office of Social Communication of the Presidency of the Republic published an incomplete list of amounts paid by the Federal Government between 2013 and 2018 to "media and journalists" (in which, for example, the amounts paid to television stations were missing), which included information on Krauze, Clío and Letras Libres, with the intention of pointing them out as beneficiaries of supposedly non-transparent gifts from previous administrations. Clío and Letras Libres each published clarifications in which they specified the reasons for these payments, the advertising and production services that were provided and the little representativeness of these amounts compared to the total exercised by the government in official advertising.

On June 4, 2020, the Jalisco state government faced strong protests in the city of Guadalajara. The claim was due to the murder of the bricklayer Giovanni López, on May 4, after being detained by the Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos municipal police for allegedly not wearing a face mask, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. After disavowing the crime (arguing that the Ixtlahuacán municipal police were not under his command), Governor Enrique Alfaro Ramírez accused President Andrés Manuel López Obrador and his Morena party of being behind the violent acts. The next day, Enrique Krauze tweeted in support of Alfaro on his denunciation of federal government meddling in those protests:

Governor Enrique Alfaro honors the liberal tradition of Jalisco. Also Mariano Otero boldly faced the unfair harassment of the government. And he went to history to resist.

In light of this, on June 6, during a tour of Minatitlán, López Obrador expressed, mixing the name of Krauze with that of the ideologue of the Mexican conservative party of the century XIX, Lucas Alamán:

An organic intellectual, Lucas Krauze AlamánHe took sides. Or rather, he reaffirmed his conservatism. And so others. It's a good thing that they define, no half inks and that everyone is in the right place. It is not time for simulations: we are conservatives or we are liberal.

Hours later, Krauze tweeted:

As a historian, I am honored by the comparison with Lucas Alamán. But as a politician, Alamán favored the absolute concentration of power in an enlightened leader, without liberties and with a powerful army. It's not me, President @lopezobrador_ who looks like the conservative Lucas Alamán.

Some other polemics of Krauze

• 1981. About History for what? Arnaldo Córdova, Adolfo Gilly, Enrique Florescano. In One day.
• 1981. About Gabriel Zaid. Héctor Aguilar Camín. In Saturday and Nexos.
• 1984. About "For a democracy without adjectives." Rolando Cordera, Manuel Camacho Solís, Carlos Bazdresch, Rafael Segovia, Manuel Aguilar Mora, Eduardo Valle. In Nexos and Return.
• 1988. About "The Mexican Comedy of Carlos Fuentes". Several intellectuals. In One more, The Day, Excélsior and other means.
• 1990. About the Round Meeting. Octavio Paz, Mario Vargas Llosa, Gabriel García Márquez, Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez, Carlos Monsivéis, Héctor Aguilar Camín, Rolando Cordera, Arnaldo Córdova, among others. In Return, The Day, Process, The Financial.
• 1991. About the Persian Gulf War. Gregorio Selser and Octavio Paz. In The Day.
• 1991. About Return and Process. Vicente Leñero. In Process.
• 1991. About the departure of Alberto Ruy Sánchez de Return. In One more.
• 1992. About the Winter Colloquium. Various means.
• 1992. On the textbooks of the Ministry of Public Education. Héctor Aguilar Camín, Enrique Florescano and other intellectuals. In The Day, Nexos, Return, The Financial, One more, Excélsioretc.
• 1995. About Carlos Salinas de Gortari. Héctor Aguilar Camín. In Process.
• 1996. About comedy The Colloquium. Victor Flores Olea, Octavio Paz, Leon Wieseltier. In Process.
• 1997. About Krauze's big liesManuel López Gallo. Bernardo Bátiz, Humberto Musacchio. In The Day, Reform.
• 1997. About The Imperial Presidency. Luis González de Alba, Elena Poniatowska. In Nexos and The Day.
• 1998. On the Truth Commission for former President Luis Echeverría. In Process, Reform.
• 1998. About Biography of Power. Claudio Lomnitz. In Millennium.
• 1998-1999. On the Legacy of Return and the beginning of Free letters. Aurelio Asiain, Christopher Domínguez Michael, Guillermo Sheridan, Alejandro Rossi, Humberto Musacchio, Bela Kuter, Roberto Vallarino. In Process, Reform, The Chronicle, The Owl.
• 2001. About Subcomandante Marcos. Jaime Martínez Veloz. In The Day.
• 2003. About elections and voting. Marco Rascón, Javier Sicilia, Fernando del Paso. In Process, Reform, The Day, One more.
• 2004. About the essay "To get out of Babel." Raúl Trejo Delarbre, Miguel Ángel Granados Chapa, Jorge Medina Viedas, Humberto Musacchio, Ricardo Raphael, Mauricio Merino, Ricardo Alemán. In Free letters, Nexos, The Financial, The Chronicle, Reform, Millennium, The Universal, Excélsior, Process.
• 2006. About the essay "The tropical messiah". Víctor Manuel Toledo, José Agustín Pinchetti, Luis Gutiérrez Negrín. In Free letters, The Day.
• 2007. About Octavio Paz and the left. Arnaldo Córdova, Roger Bartra, Christopher Domínguez Michael, José de la Colina, Jesús Silva-Herzog Márquez. In Reform, The Day, Free letters.
• 2008. About the taking of the tribes. John Ackerman, José Woldenberg, Fernando Pliego. In The Day, in Reform.
• 2008. About democracy and the Revolution. Porfirio Muñoz Ledo. In Reform.
• 2009-2010. About the text "In the Shadow of the Patriarch." Gerald Martin, Guillermo Sheridan. In Free letters.
• 2011. About the Academy and the "tan history." Roberto Breña. In Nexos and Free letterss.
• 2011. About freedom of expression and journalistic ethics. Different intellectuals, The Day mainly. In Free letters, Millennium, Reform and other means.
• 2011. On the Mexican left. Armando Bartra. In Process.
• 2013. About Mexican oil and nationalism. John Ackerman. In Process.
• 2019. About a family anecdote. Sabina Berman. On Twitter.