Engineering

The design of a turbine requires collaboration of engineers from various branches. Engineers of each specialization must have basic knowledge of other related areas, in order to solve complex problems and interrelated disciplines.

Engineering is the use of scientific principles to design and build machines, structures, and other entities, including bridges, tunnels, roads, vehicles, buildings, systems, and processes. It takes advantage of the accumulation of technological knowledge for the innovation, invention, development and improvement of techniques and tools to satisfy the needs and solve technical problems of both individuals and society.

The engineer relies on basic sciences (mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, economic and administrative sciences, engineering sciences, applied engineering) both for the development of technologies and for the efficient and productive management of resources and forces of nature for the benefit of society. Engineering is an activity that transforms knowledge into something practical.

Engineering applies scientific knowledge and methods to the invention or improvement of technologies in a pragmatic and agile way, adapting to the limitations of time, resources, legal requirements, safety and ecological requirements, etc.

Its study as a field of knowledge is directly related to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, constituting one of the main activities in the development of modern societies.

Engineering is currently classified into various areas according to its field of application.

Definition

Engineering is a broad and somewhat changing discipline, since it depends to a great extent on technological advances and the tools that engineers use; furthermore, engineering education is not homogeneous and its duration, among other aspects, differs internationally. In addition, engineering is in many countries a regulated profession and whose formal education must be adapted to national regulations.

History

relief map of the citadel of Lille, designed in 1668 by Vauban, the most outstanding military engineer of his time.

Engineering has existed since ancient times, when man devised inventions such as the wedge, the lever, the wheel and the pulley among many other inventions.

The term engineering is derived from the word engineer, which itself dates back to the 14th century when an engineer (literally, one who builds or operates a siege engine) referred to "a builder of military machines". In this context, now obsolete, a "motor" it referred to a military machine, that is, a mechanical contraption used in warfare (for example, a catapult). Notable examples of the obsolete usage that have survived to this day are military engineering corps, for example the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

The word "engine" (English "engine") itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium (c.  1250), meaning "innate quality, especially mental power, therefore a clever invention".

Later, as the design of civil structures, such as bridges and buildings, matured as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering entered the lexicon as a way of distinguishing between those who specialized in the construction of such projects non-military and those involved in the discipline of military engineering.

Ancient era

The ancient Romans built aqueducts to bring a constant supply of clean and fresh water to the cities and towns of the empire.

The pyramids in ancient Egypt, ziggurats in Mesopotamia, the Acropolis and the Parthenon in Greece, the Roman aqueducts, the Appian Way and the Coliseum, Teotihuacán, and the Brihadeeswarar temple in Thanjavur, among many other structures, are they stand out as a testament to the inventiveness and skill of ancient civil and military engineers. Other monuments or structures, no longer standing, such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the Lighthouse of Alexandria, were major engineering achievements of their time and were considered among the most important Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

The six classical simple machines were known in the ancient Near East. The wedge and the inclined plane (ramp) had been known since prehistoric times. The wheel, along with the wheel-and-axle mechanism, was invented in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC. Lever first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where it was used in a simple balance, and to move large objects in ancient Egyptian technology. Lever was also used in the shadoof (water lifting device)., the first crane machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia around 3000 BC. C., and then in ancient Egyptian technology around 2000 BCE. The earliest evidence for pulleys dates back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BCE. C., and to ancient Egypt during the 12th Dynasty (1991-1802 BC). The last of the simple machines to be invented, the screw first appeared in Mesopotamia during the Neo-Assyrian period (911-609) BCE. The Egyptian pyramids were built using three of the six simple machines, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever, to create structures like the Great Pyramid of Giza.

The first civil engineer known by name is Imhotep. As one of the pharaoh's servants, Djosèr probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara, Egypt around 2630 to 2611 a. The first practical water-powered machines, the water wheel and water mill, first appeared in the Persian Empire, in what are now Iraq and Iran, at the turn of the century IV a. C.

Sakia was developed in Kush during the IV century BCE. which relied on animal energy rather than human energy. Hafirs developed as a type of reservoir in Kush to store and hold water, as well as drive irrigation. Sappers were employed to build causeways during the military campaigns. Kushite ancestors built speos during the Bronze Age between 3700 and 3250 BC. Lower furnaces and blast furnaces were also created during the VII century BCE. C. in Kush.

Ancient Greece developed machines in both civil and military domains. The Antikythera Mechanism, an early known mechanical analog computer, and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes, are examples of Greek mechanical engineering. Some of Archimedes' inventions, such as the Antikythera mechanism, required a sophisticated knowledge of differential gears or epicyclic gears, two key principles in machine theory that helped design the gear trains of the Industrial Revolution, and which are still used today. widely used in various fields such as robotics and automotive engineering.

Ancient Chinese, Greek, Roman and Hunnic armies used machines and military inventions such as artillery, which was developed by the Greeks around the 17th century IV BC, the trireme, the ballista and the catapult. In the Middle Ages, the trebuchet was developed.

Middle Ages

The first practical wind machines, the windmill and the wind pump, first appeared in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age, in what is now Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, in the IX d. C. The first practical steam engine was a steam turbine-powered spit rotator, described in 1551 by Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf in Ottoman Egypt.

The cotton gin was invented in India in the VI century AD. C.. and the spinning wheel was invented in the Islamic world in the early XI century, both inventions fundamental to growth of the cotton industry. The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the spinning gin, which was a key development during the early Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. The crankshaft and camshaft were invented by Al-Jazari in northern Mesopotamia around 1206, and later became central to modern machinery such as the steam engine, internal combustion engine, and automatic controls.

The first programmable machines were developed in the Muslim world. A music sequencer, a programmable musical instrument, was the first type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automatic flutist invented by the Banu Musa brothers, described in their Book of Ingenious Devices, in the IX. In 1206, Al-Jazari invented programmable automata/robots. He described four automata musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable drum machine, where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns. The castle clock, a water-powered mechanical astronomical clock was invented by Al-Jazari, and was the first analogue programmable computer.

A hydrally operated mine elevator used to extract mineral, ca. 1556

Before the development of modern engineering, mathematics was used by craftsmen such as millers, watchmakers, instrument makers, and surveyors. Apart from these professions, universities were not believed to have much practical importance for technology.

A standard reference for the state of the mechanical arts during the Renaissance is the mining engineering treatise "De re metallica" (1556), which also contains sections on geology, mining, and chemistry. De re metallica was the standard chemical reference for the next 180 years.

Modern era

The use of the steam machine allowed the replacement of coke by charcoal in the manufacture of iron, which reduced the cost of iron, and provided the engineers with a new material to build bridges. The first bridges were made of cast iron, which was soon replaced by less brittled iron as structural material.

The science of classical mechanics, sometimes called Newtonian mechanics, formed the scientific basis for much of modern engineering. With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 19th century, XVIII, the term was more strictly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were applied for these purposes. Similarly, in addition to civil and military engineering, the fields then known as mechanical arts were incorporated into engineering.

Canal building was a major engineering feat during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution.

John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and often considered the "father" of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbors, and lighthouses. He was also a skilled mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Using a model of a waterwheel, Smeaton conducted experiments for seven years, determining ways to increase efficiency. Smeaton introduced iron shafts and gears to waterwheels. Smeaton also made mechanical improvements to the Newcomen steam engine. Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse (1755-1759), where he pioneered the use of 'hydraulic lime'; (a form of mortar that solidifies underwater) and developed a technique involving dovetailed granite blocks in the construction of the lighthouse. He is important in the history, rediscovery and development of modern cement, because he identified the compositional requirements necessary to obtain the & # 34;hydraulic & # 34; in the lime; work that ultimately led to the invention of Portland cement.

Applied science led to the development of the steam engine. The sequence of events began with the invention of the barometer and the measurement of atmospheric pressure by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643, demonstration of the strength of atmospheric pressure by Otto von Guericke using the Magdeburg hemispheres in 1656, laboratory experiments by Denis Papin, who built an experimental model of steam engines and demonstrated the use of a piston, which he published in 1707. Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester published a book of 100 inventions containing a method of raising water similar to a coffee pot. Samuel Morland, a mathematician and inventor who worked on pumps, left notes at the Vauxhall Ordinance Office about a steam pump design that Thomas Savery read. In 1698 Savery built a steam pump called 'The Miner's Friend'. He used both vacuum and pressure. The iron merchant Thomas Newcomen, who built the first commercial piston steam engine in 1712, had no scientific background.

Aeromone jumbo.

The use of steam-powered cast-iron blow cylinders to provide pressurized air for blast furnaces led to a large increase in iron production at the turn of the century XVIII. The higher furnace temperatures made possible by high steam output allowed more lime to be used in the blast furnaces, allowing the transition from coal to coke. These innovations reduced the cost of iron, making horse railways and iron bridges practical. The puddling process, patented by Henry Cort in 1784, produced large quantities of wrought iron. The Hot Blast, patented by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828, considerably reduced the amount of fuel needed to melt iron. With the development of the high-pressure steam engine, the power-to-weight ratio of steam engines made steamship and locomotive operation feasible. [55] New steelmaking processes, such as the Bessemer process and the open hearth furnace, ushered in an area of heavy engineering at the turn of the century XIX.

One of the most famous engineers of the mid-19th century was Isambard Kingdom Brunel, who built railways, shipyards and ships steam.

Oil drilling platform offshore, Gulf of Mexico.

The Industrial Revolution created a demand for machinery with metal parts, which led to the development of various machine tools. It was not possible to accurately bore cast iron cylinders until John Wilkinson invented his boring machine, which is considered the first machine tool. Other machine tools included the screw hobbing lathe, milling machine, turret lathe, and metal planer. Precision machining techniques were developed in the first half of the 19th century. These included the use of jigs to guide the machining tool onto the work and fixtures to hold the work in the proper position. Machine tools and machining techniques capable of producing interchangeable parts led to large-scale industrial production in the late 19th century.

The 1850 United States Census listed the occupation of "engineer" for the first time with a count of 2,000. There were fewer than 50 engineering graduates in the US before 1865. By 1870 there were a dozen mechanical engineering graduates in the US, and that number increased to 43 percent. year in 1875. In 1890, there were 6,000 engineers in civil, mechanical and electrical mining.

There was no professorship of applied mechanism and applied mechanics at Cambridge until 1875, and no professorship of engineering at Oxford until 1907. Germany established technical universities earlier.

The foundations of electrical engineering in the 19th century included the experiments of Alessandro Volta, Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm, and others and the invention of the electric telegraph in 1816 and the electric motor in 1872. The theoretical work of James Clerk Maxwell (see: Maxwell's equations) and Heinrich Hertz at the turn of the century XIX gave rise to the field of electronics. The latest inventions of the vacuum tube and the transistor further accelerated the development of electronics to such an extent that electrical and electronic engineers now outnumber their colleagues in any other engineering specialty. Chemical engineering developed in the late 19th century. 19th century. Manufacturing on an industrial scale demanded new materials and new processes, and by 1880 the need for large-scale chemical production was such that a new industry was created, dedicated to the development and large-scale manufacture of chemicals in new industrial plants. The role of the chemical engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes.

The Odeillo solar oven in the Pyrénées-Orientales in France can reach temperatures of up to 3,500 °C. Aeronautical engineering deals with the design of aircraft design processes, while aerospace engineering is a more modern term that broadens the scope of the discipline to include spacecraft design. Its origins date back to aviation pioneers in the early 20th century, although the work of Sir George has recently been dated Cayley as from the last decade of the 18th century century. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering.

The first doctorate in engineering (technically, applied science and engineering) awarded in the United States was to Josiah Willard Gibbs at Yale University in 1863; it was also the second doctor of science awarded in the US.

Just a decade after the successful flights of the Wright brothers, there was extensive development of aeronautical engineering through the development of military aircraft that were used in World War I. Meanwhile, research to provide fundamental scientific backgrounds continued to combine theoretical physics with experiments.

The Engineer

The steamer of James Watt, from the National Factory of Currency and Timbre, exposed in the lobby of the Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineers of Madrid

Its main function is to carry out designs or develop technological solutions to social, industrial or economic needs. For this, the engineer must identify and understand the most important obstacles to be able to carry out a good design. Some of the barriers are available resources, physical or technical limitations, flexibility for future modifications and additions, and other factors such as cost, feasibility, performance, and aesthetic and commercial considerations. By understanding the obstacles, engineers decide what are the best solutions to deal with the constraints encountered when having to produce and use an object or system.

Engineers use knowledge of science, mathematics, and experience to find the best solutions to particular problems, creating mathematical models of problems that allow them to rigorously analyze problems and test potential solutions. If multiple reasonable solutions exist, engineers evaluate the different design options on the basis of their qualities and choose the solution that best meets needs, cost, safety, and other boundary conditions.

In general, engineers try to test whether their designs achieve their objectives before proceeding to mass production. To do this, they use, among other things, prototypes, scale models, simulations, destructive tests and force tests. The tests check if the devices will work as expected.

To make designs standard and easy, computers play an important role. Using computer-aided design (DAO) programs, better known as computer-aided design (CAD), engineers can learn more about their designs. The computer can automatically translate some models into instructions suitable for manufacturing a design. The computer also allows for greater reuse of previously developed designs by showing the engineer a library of predefined parts to be used in their own designs.

Engineers must take very seriously their professional responsibility to produce designs that perform as planned and do not cause unexpected harm to people in general. Engineers typically include a safety factor in their designs to reduce the risk of unexpected failure.

Science tries to address the explanation of phenomena, creating mathematical models that correspond to experimental results. Technology and engineering constitute the application of knowledge obtained through science, producing practical results. Scientists work with science and technologists with technology. However, engineering develops by bringing science and technology together (eg, creating shapes, designs, tools, and materials for industry). It is not uncommon for scientists to be involved in the development of technology and engineering through the applications of their discoveries. Similarly, engineers and technologists sometimes discover new phenomena or theories that develop the field of science.

Engineers' main function is to find solutions to problems using technological and scientific skills; the engineer must have high visual-spatial expertise to do different things with the help of this ability.

There may also be connections between the workings of engineers and artists, primarily in the fields of architecture and industrial design.

Engineer Duties

1. Administration: participate in problem solving. Plan, organize, schedule, direct and control industrial construction and assembly of all types of engineering works.
2. Research: search for new knowledge and techniques, study and work.
3. Development: use of new knowledge and techniques.
4. Design: specify solutions.
5. Production: transformation of raw materials into products.
6. Construction: Bring to reality the design solution.
7. Operation: maintenance and administration process to optimize productivity.
8. Sales: offer services, tools and products.
9. Teaching: given the level of advanced studies and knowledge of the engineer in many sciences such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, economy, administration, etc., is in a position to be an educator or teacher.
10. Computer project manager

Professional ethics

Engineers, when making decisions, must take into account that the life, safety, health, well-being of the population and the environment could be affected by their judgment and must place these values above other considerations, whether economic or otherwise. The main objective of ethics in engineering is to make known the responsibilities that engineers must face when carrying out any type of work, in which second parties could be affected.

Regulation and licensing of engineering

Science and engineering (research and design)

Science investigates, it is interested in knowing, its product is knowledge.

Engineering, for its part, applies all the knowledge that is the result of research. He is interested in knowledge of science to the extent that he can apply it; the product is the works and physical devices that it creates.

Specializations and branches of engineering

Leonardo da Vinci has been described as the epitome of the artist/engineer.

Engineering once had two fundamental branches: military and civil. The latter gave rise to the mechanical and electrical branches. The others derive from the aforementioned branches.

Derived from Military Science

• Military engineering

Military Engineering

It is the branch of engineering that supports the combat and logistics activities of armies through a MCP system —mobility, countermobility and protection— building bridges, minefields, walkways, etc. Engineers are also in charge of increasing defensive power through construction or improvement of defense structures. In addition to its classic combat support missions in war situations, it acts in times of peace, collaborating in solving infrastructure problems of a national nature.

Derived from Military Engineering

• Weapons engineering
• Ballistic engineering
• Civil engineering
• Engineering in siege machinery
• Engineering in Military Polytechnics

Civil Engineering

They are characterized by having a scientific and technological base. They are higher level engineering courses with a high degree of complexity (the duration of a satisfactory quality program is 6 years). Each of these engineering fields have as a common trunk the bases of civil engineering: structures, construction, geotechnics, hydraulics, sanitary, environmental, transportation, as well as basic sciences, economic and administrative sciences, engineering sciences, applied engineering according to specialty. All of them have in common their performance in the design, projection and construction of buildings, facilities, equipment, processes and products typical of civil engineering, in addition to those of their specialty.

Derivatives of Computer Science

• Control engineering
• Systems engineering
• Computer systems engineering
• Information systems engineering
• Software engineering
• Sound engineering
• Telecommunications engineering
• Industrial automation and control engineering
• Computer engineering
• Computer engineering
• Engineering in connectivity and networks
• Multimedia engineering
• Network engineering
• Computer engineering
• Mechatronic engineering

Derived from Behavioral Sciences

• Behavioral engineering
• Social engineering (political science)

Derived from natural sciences

• Environmental engineering
• Biological engineering
• Biomedical engineering
• Bionic engineering
• Biotechnology engineering
• Genetic engineering
• Geological engineering
• Physical engineering
• Chemical engineering

Derived from the Economy

• Administrative engineering
• Commercial engineering
• Economic engineering
• Business engineering
• Financial engineering
• Industrial engineering

Derived from Agricultural Engineering

• Agricultural engineering
• Agroforestry engineering
• Agricultural Engineering
• Agricultural engineering
• Food Engineering
• Production engineering in agroecosystems
• Engineering of mountains
• Forest and forestry engineering
• Engineering in Huesca
• Fisheries engineering
• Technical engineering

Derived from Civil Engineering

• Agricultural engineering
• Environmental engineering
• Civil engineering in agribusiness
• Transport engineering
• Electrical engineering
• Structural engineering
• Hydraulic engineering
• Mechanical engineering
• Ocean engineering
• Health engineering
• Topographical engineering

Derived from Electrical Engineering

• Control engineering
• Energy engineering
• Telecommunications engineering
• Electromechanical engineering
• Electronic engineering
• Computer engineering

Derived from Business Engineering

• Security engineering
• Logistics engineering

Derived from Physical Engineering

• Geophysical engineering
• Nuclear engineering

Derived from Geological Engineering

• Mine engineering
• Oil engineering
• Geotechnical engineering

Derived from Industrial Engineering

Technology-based discipline, with satisfactory training in basic sciences and applied engineering in each of the corresponding specialties, for the design and development of products and processes, typical of their specialty. Its average duration is 4 to 5 years. The most common specialties currently are:

• Agro-industrial engineering
• Quality engineering
• Process engineering
• Production engineering
• Product engineering
• Industrial maintenance engineering

Derivatives of Mechanical Engineering

• Acoustic engineering
• Aerospace engineering
• Aviation engineering
• Automotive engineering
• Electromechanical engineering
• Engineering in air conditioning
• Engineering in mechanical maintenance
• Refrigeration engineering
• Space engineering
• Railway engineering
• Mechatronic engineering
• Naval engineering

Derived from Chemical Engineering

• Biochemical engineering
• Food engineering
• Materials engineering
• Metallurgical Engineering
• Petrochemical engineering

Derived from Mathematics

• Mathematical Engineering

Engineering and humanity

At the beginning of the XXI century, engineering in its very diverse fields has managed to explore the planets of the solar system with a high degree of In detail, the explorers that penetrate the planetary surface stand out; he has also created a team capable of defeating the world chess champion; it has managed to communicate to the planet in fractions of a second; it has spawned the internet and the ability for a person to connect to it from anywhere on the planet's surface using a laptop and satellite phone; it has supported and enabled innumerable advances in medical, astronomical, chemical and, in general, any other science. Thanks to engineering, automatic and semi-automatic machines have been created capable of producing large quantities of products such as food, cars and mobile phones with very little human help. Elisa Leonida Zamfirescu (1887-1973) was the world's first female engineer. In 1909 she enrolled in the Royal Technical Academy in Berlin, Charlottemburgen and graduated in 1912.

Despite advances in engineering, humanity has not been able to eliminate hunger on the planet, much less poverty, the death of one child in three being preventable in 2005. However, in addition to being this an engineering problem, it is mainly a social, political and economic problem.

A negative aspect that engineering has generated and it is largely up to it to solve is the environmental impact that many processes and products emanating from these disciplines have generated and it is the duty and task of engineering to contribute to solving the problem.

First Engineering Schools

In its beginnings, Engineering was linked, almost exclusively, to military, governmental and religious activities. It is enough to mention the roads, bridges, walls, towers, lighthouses, ports, funerary monuments and other constructions. In times of peace, Engineering was put at the service of the well-being of the Human Being, outside of war and armies. Hence, when, in the XIX century, some Universities began to offer this degree, they called it civil engineering to distinguish it from civil engineering. exercised by the military (Military Engineering).

The following are some of the first university schools in Europe and America:

• École nationale des ponts et chaussées de Paris, France, 1747.
• Freiberg Mine Academy, Germany, 1765.
• Academia de Artillería [Segovia] Spain.1764. As a result of the Artillery question, and as a punishment to the body of Artillery, General Primo de Rivera eliminated the double degree of Lt. of Artillery and Industrial Engineer to graduates at that Academy.
• Academia de Minería y Geografía Subterránea de Almadén de Almadén, Spain, founded in 1777 by King Carlos III, who in 1835 would be transferred to the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas de Madrid, remaining that of Almadén as a practical school, which currently lives through the Polytechnic University School of Almadén. Shortly afterwards, in 1802, at the request of the Count of Floridablanca who had just created the Body, the School of Caminos of Madrid is created. In the year 1857, according to the Moyano law, the higher schools of engineers of Barcelona, Gijón, Seville, Valencia and Vergara would be created, although, except for that of Barcelona, all of them would cease to function by a shortage of material means. In 1913 the National Aviation School was founded in Getafe.
• École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (Arts et Métiers ParisTech), France, founded in 1780 by children of soldiers. It is the most important of the French engineering schools (more than 6000 students); mainly recognized by its diploma in mechanical and industrial engineering.
• Royal Academy of Fortificação, Artilharia e Desenho, in Lisbon, Portugal, 1790.
• The Royal Mining Seminar in Mexico begins to operate in January 1792. He was in charge of the initiative to train engineers in Mexico to “promote the common good and progress” by applying science to technical innovation, according to the ideals of his time. It is therefore the first institution of its kind in America. The Faculty of Engineering of UNAM as well as the National Polytechnic Institute (I.P.N.) and the Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM) are direct heirs of that tradition and are also indirectly the other Mexican engineering schools.
• Royal Academy of Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1792.
• Higher Technical School of Prague, 1806.
• Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 1842.
• School of Arts and Crafts, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 1848.
• University of Applied Sciences Amsterdam, 1877.
• High Technical School Vienna, 1815.
• Karlsruhe High Technical School, 1825.
• Faculty of Mines of the National University of Colombia, founded in 1886.
• In the United States, the first engineering school was established in New York in 1849.
• In Spain the first Electrical Engineering, Mechanics and Chemistry was created in Barcelona in Salle in 1903.
• In South America in another important industrial area, the pioneer National School of Mines was founded in 1906, currently the National School of Engineering of the Technical University of Oruro.

Art

Here are the connections between engineering and art, which are direct, in some fields, for example, architecture, landscape architecture and industrial design (even these disciplines can sometimes be included in a University Faculty of Engineering); and indirect in others. The Art Institute of Chicago, for example, organized an exhibition on the art of NASA aerospace design. The bridge designed by Robert Maillart is perceived by some as artistic. At the University of South Florida, an engineering professor, through a grant from the National Science Foundation, has developed a course that connects art and engineering. Among the famous in history, Leonardo Da Vinci is a well-known Renaissance artist and engineer, and a prime example of the link between art and engineering.

In the same way, there are numerous bridges that have been considered World Heritage monuments by UNESCO, such as the Pontcysyllte aqueduct or the set of bridges in the center of Paris.