Enclave

Scheme of the concept of enclave

In political geography, an enclave is a relatively minor portion of the territory of one territorial constituency that is completely surrounded by the territory of another constituency. Enclaves can also be established in maritime areas.

In a broader way, the term enclave can also be used for a territory inhabited by an ethnic, political or religious group that is surrounded or embedded within other larger groups and with different characteristics from the first.

True international enclaves

Among the different types of enclaves, there are those in which a relatively minor portion of a country's territory is completely surrounded by the land territory of another country without the presence of maritime or lake coasts that link the enclaved territory with the sector principal of the country to which it belongs. According to the internationally recognized borders, these territories are:

• Artsvashen of Armenia is enslaved in Azerbaijan (occupied by Azerbaijan since 1992)
• Baarle-Hertog of Belgium is a collection of 22 enclaves within the Netherlands
• Baarle-Nassau of the Netherlands is a collection of 7 enclaves within the Baarle-Hertog enclaves of Belgium
• Barjudarli of Azerbaijan is enslaved in Armenia (occupied by Armenia since 1992)
• Boliviamar of Bolivia, is an enclave that Peru has encircled since 1992
• Brezovica Žumberačka of Croatia is enslaved in Slovenia
• Büsingen am Hochrhein of Germany is enslaved in Switzerland
• Dekelia Electric Power Station (North Sector) of Cyprus is enslaved in the Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dekelia of the United Kingdom
• Chon-Kara (or Qalacha) of Uzbekistan is enslaved in Kyrgyzstan
• Dahagram-Angarpota of Bangladés is enslaved in India
• Jani-Ayil (or Dzhangail) of Uzbekistan is enslaved in Kyrgyzstan
• Llivia de España enclavado en Francia
• Tajikistan Lolazor (or Kayragach) is enslaved in Kyrgyzstan
• Madha de Oman enslaved in United Arab Emirates
• Međurečje of Bosnia and Herzegovina is enslaved in Serbia (since 1992 Serbia manages the enclave)
• Mount Scopus of Israel is enslaved in the State of Palestine (the area separating it from the rest of Israel was occupied by Jordan in 1967 and annexed in 1980)
• Münsterbildchen of Germany is enslaved in Belgium
• Mützenich of Germany is enslaved in Belgium
• Nahwa of the United Arab Emirates is enslaved within the Madha enclave of Oman
• Ormideia of Cyprus is enslaved in the territory of Akrotiri and Dekelia of the United Kingdom
• Roetgener Wald from Germany is enslaved in Belgium
• Rückschlag from Germany is enslaved in Belgium
• Ruitzhof of Germany is enslaved in Belgium
• Sankovo-Medvezhye of Russia is enslaved in Belarus
• Sarvan of Tajikistan is enslaved in Uzbekistan
• Shohimardon of Uzbekistan is enslaved in Kyrgyzstan
• Sokh of Uzbekistan is enslaved in Kyrgyzstan
• Tomb of Solimán Schah of Turkey is enslaved in Syria (in 2015 Turkey evacuated the enclave and moved it near its border in a transitional and unilateral way)
• Voruj de Tajikistan enslaved in Kyrgyzstan
• Vossenberg of the Netherlands is enslaved in Belgium
• Xylotymbu of Cyprus is enslaved in the territory of Akrotiri and Dekelia of the United Kingdom
• Yaradullu of Azerbaijan are two small territories enslaved in Armenia (since 1992 the area separating them from the rest of Azerbaijan was occupied by this country)
• Yujari Askipara of Azerbaijan is enslaved in Armenia (occupied by Armenia since 1992)

Case in which the enclaved territory has a coast to a lake that connects it with the rest of its country:

• Campione d'Italia de Italia is nestled in Switzerland with coast on Lake Lugano

Locked countries

Lesoto (red) is fully surrounded by South Africa

Certain sovereign countries are called enclaves when they are completely surrounded by another. There are three countries of this genre:

• San Marino, enslaved in Italy.
• Vatican City, surrounded by the city of Rome, Italy.
• Lesoto, enclaved in South Africa; although in the past it also limited with the Republic of Transkei (1976-1994); however, this republic was not recognized by any State.

In the past there were many such countries in Europe; for example, the principality of Salm.

Economies, politics and dependency

Locked countries commonly depend heavily on the positions of the country that is locking them. In the case of Vatican City, the way the society and its currencies are run depends largely on Italy. For the most part the enclaves were removed simply because of the difficulty of maintaining them.

Coastal countries

The Gambia (red) is almost entirely surrounded by Senegal, with the exception of a coastal strip.

Certain countries are completely surrounded by another, except for a small section of coastline that allows them access to international waters. This access is more like a corridor:

• The most typical of the countries of this class is The Gambia, which only a 50 km long coastline allows it not to be fully enslaved in Senegal
• The Brunéi sultanato, inside Malaysia
• The Principality of Monaco, south of France

International enclaves

The Russian territory of Kalingrad is a border fragment with Poland and Lithuania.

Among the best-known international enclaves are the following:

• The Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla, and the Vélez de la Gomera Rock, located in the coastal zone of Morocco, Africa.
• Gibraltar, British overseas territory on the southern coast of Spain.
• The constituent country of Northern Ireland belonging to the United Kingdom, north-east Ireland.
• Oecussi-Ambeno, a fragment of East Timor, within the Indonesian part of the island of Timor.
• Cabinda, a territory belonging to Angola surrounded by the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo.
• The Russian territory of the Kaliningrad Oblate, between Poland and Lithuania, between 1922 and 1945, was the German region of East Prussia, a German exclave.
• The territory of Najichevan, taken by Azerbaijan and surrounded by Armenia, Turkey and Iran.
• The Austrian city of Jungholz in Germany.
• The Turkish Cypriot enclave of Kokkina in Cyprus.
• The Greek-chipriota district of Famagusta, which de facto is isolated from the rest of the Republic of Cyprus as it is surrounded by Northern Cyprus and Akrotiri and Dekelia.
• The United Kingdom Sovereign Base of Akrotiri and Dekelia on the south and east coast of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus.
• The overseas department of French Guiana, belonging to France, border between Brazil and Suriname.
• The Continental Region of Equatorial Guinea, surrounded almost entirely by Cameroon and Gabon.

Many countries actually have loose fragments that cannot be reached on foot without stepping on another country. Alaska, separated from the United States of America, is an extreme example, but there are at least two other pieces of the US that cannot be reached on foot without entering Canada: Point Roberts in the northwestern Washington state and Northwest Angle in Minnesota. The southern coast of Croatia is separated from the country by the small Neum corridor, which belongs to Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Functional Enclaves (Periclaves)

Functional enclaves or periclaves are those territories in which, although there is a physical union that technically prevents the categorization of an enclave or fragment, said union is impossible due to geographical particularities, therefore, from the point of view of From a functional point of view, these are actually enclaves since they cannot be reached by land without stepping on another country.

• An example of this type is the South American continental sector of the Magellan Region and the Chilean Antarctic, which although a narrow strip (with less than 10 km wide) unites it with the rest of the Chilean territory, it cannot be connected by land there as it is part of the huge Patagonian South ice field—from the international boundary to the sea—so that the communication is carried out by another country.

Exclaves

The term exclaveshould not be confused with the term enclave, although some exclaves are also enclaves, and vice versa. An exclave is a part of an administrative entity that is physically separate from a larger one to which it belongs, regardless of whether or not it is completely surrounded by another entity. For example, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan is an example of a non-exclave, as it borders Armenia, Turkey, and Iran. On the other hand there are many enclaves that are not exclaves; This is the case of any independent administrative entity completely surrounded by the territory of another administrative unit. At the country level, San Marino and the Vatican are two examples of enclaves that are not exclaves, since these two countries are surrounded by Italian territory.

Island Fragments

Some geographers also consider certain islands or insular areas as enclaves belonging to certain countries, even though they are surrounded by the territorial maritime waters of others at least due to coastal proximity:

• The Spanish island areas such as the island of Perejil, Alhucemas Islands and Chafarinas Islands (the sovereignty disputed with Morocco), surrounded by territorial waters north of Morocco.
• The Spanish Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands, whose territorial waters limit to the east with those of Morocco.
• The Portuguese archipelago of Madeira, whose territorial waters limit the east of North Africa.
• The French collectivity of the islands of San Pedro and Miquelón, surrounded by the territorial waters of Canada, located south of the island of Newfoundland.
• The French island of Mayotte, surrounded by territorial waters near Comoros.
• The French islands of the Meeting and Tromelin, whose territorial waters limit eastern Madagascar and eastern Mauritius in the first.
• The French islands of Bassas da India, Europe Island, Glorieuses Islands and Juan de Nova, whose territorial waters are bordering Madagascar and Mozambique on the Mozambique channel.
• The French islands of Guadalupe and San Bartolomé, whose territorial waters limit Antigua and Barbuda to Dominica in the Lesser Antilles.
• The French island of Martinique, whose territorial waters limit Saint Lucia to Dominica in the Lesser Antilles.
• The binational island of San Martín, such as the French part of San Martín and the Dutch part of Sint Maarten, whose territorial waters are bound to the north of the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico.
• The British Virgin Islands and the United States Virgin Islands, surrounded by territorial waters east of Puerto Rico.
• The British islands of Bermuda, surrounded by territorial waters east of the United States.
• The British Channel Islands, surrounded by the territorial waters near the northwest of France.
• The British islands of the Anguilla and Montserrat, whose territorial waters are limited to the north of the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico.
• The Falkland Islands and South Sandwich Islands of the United Kingdom, surrounded by the territorial waters south of Argentina within the province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands.
• The French island and community of Corsica, surrounded by the territorial waters of Italy.
• The Dutch island colonies of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles, surrounded by territorial waters north of Venezuela.
• The Ecuadorian island of Bioko, surrounded by the territorial waters west of Cameroon.
• The Argentinian archipelago of Apipé, surrounded by the territorial waters of Paraguay.
• The Argentinian island of Martín García, surrounded by the bed and underground of the Rio de la Plata belonging to Uruguay, but in shared waters.
• The Uruguayan island of Filomena, surrounded by the territorial waters of Argentina in the Uruguay River.
• The Yemeni island of Socotra, surrounded by the territorial waters of Somalia.
• The Japanese islands of Ryukyu, whose territorial waters border between the East China Sea and the Philippine Sea.
• The Philippine islands of Tawi-Tawi, surrounded by the territorial waters of Malaysia.
• The Puerto Rican island of the Mona, surrounded by the territorial waters west of the Dominican Republic.
• The Italian islands of Pelagias and Pantelaria, surrounded by the territorial waters north of Tunisia.
• Since 19 November 2012, the Quitasueño Coral Bank and the Serrana Cayo, of Colombian jurisdiction, became enclaves, surrounded by Nicaraguan territorial waters. Although the Colombian Government has not implemented the ICJ ruling.^{[chuckles]required]}
• The Harbor Head Lagoon, which belongs to Nicaragua but is surrounded by Costa Rican territory.

Subnational enclaves

In Spain:

• The Rincón de Ademuz, an enclave located between Castilla-La Mancha and Aragon, a region dependent on the jurisdiction of the Valencian Community formed by seven municipalities.
• The Navarre villa of Petilla de Aragón in Aragón.
• The municipality of Valle de Villaverde in Vizcaya.
• The Rincón de Anchuras in Ciudad Real surrounded by the provinces of Toledo and Badajoz.
• The location of Treviño, enclave of the province of Burgos, surrounded by the historical territory of Álava. It belongs to the Ebro region and is part of the Miranda de Ebro judicial party. It consists of two municipalities: Treviño County and La Puebla de Arganzón.
• The municipality of Orduña between Álava and the province of Burgos.
• La madrileña Dehesa de la Cepeda, located between the provinces of Ávila and Segovia.
• The town of Villar (Córdoba) in the province of Seville.
• The Dehesa de San Llorente is a place in the province of León.
• The Enclave of Roales and Quintanilla consists of two localities in the province of Zamora and León.
• The Palentino municipality of Berzosilla, located between the provinces of Cantabria and Burgos.
• The palentino municipality of Villodrigo in the province of Burgos.
• The palential places of Lastrilla and Cezura, in Cantabria.
• Sajuela and El Ternero, pedanías de Miranda de Ebro (Burgos) enclaved in the province of La Rioja.
• Los Barrancos, 1.22 km2 uninhabited belonging to the municipality of Torrejón del Rey (Guadalajara) enclaved in the province of Madrid.
• Valielles de Busa, enclave of the municipality of Montmajor, province of Barcelona, in the province of Guixers, province of Lérida.
• Malagarriga, enclave of the municipality of Pinós (Lérida) located in the province of Barcelona between the municipalities of Cardona and Navás.
• La Rovira de Baix (3,23 km2) of the municipality of Las Llosas (Gerona), nestled in the municipality of Borredá (Barcelona).
• La Rebolleda, town of Rebolledo de la Torre (Burgos), nestled in the municipality of Aguilar de Campoo (Palencia).

In Russia:

• The Republic of Adigueya, completely surrounded by Krasnodar Krai

In Mexico:

• The municipality of Chahuites, surrounded in its entirety by the municipality of San Pedro Tapanatepec.
• The municipality of Hualahuises, nestled in the municipality of Linares (Mexico).

In Colombia:

• The Corridor of El Pozón in the municipality of Hatillo de Loba (department of Bolivar), located between the municipalities of Margarita, Pinillos and San Fernando.
• El corregimiento de Otaré del municipio de Ocaña (departamento de Norte de Santander), enclavado entre el municipio de El Carmen y el departamento del Cesar (municipios de Aguachica, González y Río de Oro).
• El corregimiento de San Juan de la Costa del municipio de Tumaco (department of Nariño), enclaved between the Pacific Ocean and the municipalities of Francisco Pizarro and Mosquera.
• The Ubalá B area (Mambita, San Pedro de Jagua and Soya) of the municipality of Ubalá (department of Cundinamarca), nestled between the municipalities of Gachalá, Medina, Paratebueno and the department of Boyacá (Santa Maria municipality).
• The town of La Candelaria in the Capital District, nestled in the town of Santa Fe.
• The commune of Perla del Otún of the city of Pereira, Risaralda, nestled in the commune of El Oso.

In Argentina:

• The party of San Fernando (Province of Buenos Aires) has island territory enslaved between the parties of Tigre and Campana and the border with Uruguay, disconnected by 7 km from the urban part of it by territory of Tigre.

Special Administrative Regions

In China:

• Hong Kong
• Macao

Territories

In India:

• Damán, surrounded by the Valsad district (in Guyarat State).
• Diu, island enslaved south of Guyarat state.

Linguistic enclave

Like geopolitical enclaves, linguistic enclaves are also geographical terms, which can also coincide with the former (especially when it comes to international enclaves).