Dynasty

The family of Felipe Vby Michel van Loo (1743). Several portraits of the Bourbon dynasty appear.

Visit of the king of Siam to Russia in 1897. Members of the Romanov dynasty, together with members of the Chakri dynasty, appear.

A dynasty (from the Greek δυναστεία dynastéia, "dominion") is a sequence of rulers from the same family, generally referring to the monarchy. Although the most common is that the hereditary succession within a dynasty occurs by filiation (from father to son), sometimes it occurs by adoption (even between adults), notably in the case of the Roman Empire.

The longest-lived dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, known as the Yamato dynasty, whose reign traditionally dates back to 660 BC. c.

By extension, the term «dynasty» is applied to any genealogical succession, and not only to the genealogy of the hereditary monarchy or of the noble houses (which traditionally sought to establish rigid succession links, such as the mayorazgo), but to any hereditary succession of certain positions or social functions within the same family, in whose most prominent individuals, for several generations, political, economic, cultural or other power or influence is perpetuated (factual power, soft power, etc.) This is how people usually speak of financial dynasties or business dynasties since the XVI century (the Fuggers, bankers to Carlos V), but especially since the 19th century: in Europe the Rotschilds or the Pereires, in the United States the Morgans, the Rockefellers or the Hearsts; and even literary dynasties and artistic dynasties (the Dumas, the Madrazo).

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  Pereire family.

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  Rockefeller family.

In some republics subject to dictatorial regimes, there have been dynastic transfers of power from parents to children, establishing practices very similar to those of monarchies, which are often called family dictatorships. Examples of this have been the Haiti of the Duvaliers, the Nicaragua of the Somozas or the Syria of the Assads.

There has even been the case of the perpetuation in power of communist dynasties in the countries of the so-called really existing socialism (especially in the case of North Korea).

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  Assad families.

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  Francois Duvalier (Papa Doc) was succeeded in the presidency of Haiti by his son Jean-Claude Duvalier (Baby Doc).

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  Kim Il-sung with Ceaucescu. The North Korean managed to be succeeded by his son (Kim Jong-il—who in turn was replaced after his death by Kim Jong-un, one of his sons—). The Romanian tried, but the fall of the Eastern bloc led to its overthrow by the 1989 Romanian revolution.

Democratic Dynasties

In the 18th century, the Enlightenment promoted democracy and republicanism as principles to banish privilege in politics, At a time when power used to be transmitted through blood ties. It is paradoxical that the triumph of political liberalism in the 19th and 20th centuries did not achieve this goal. Although there are important variations of degree between democratic systems, in all of them there are notable examples of surnames appearing repeatedly on the political scene. Recent examples include George W. Bush, who became president eight years after his father, George H.W. Bush, concluded his term in the same position (his brother also governed the state of Florida), or Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada three decades after his father, Pierre Trudeau. In the United States, the comparison with royalty is common, in particular from the Kennedy dynasty, who have held elected positions at all levels of government for several decades.

The concept of democratic dynasty is used to refer to families that, in a democracy, participate or participated in national, state or municipal politics. An "inherited candidate" is defined as a candidate for elected office who is related by blood or marriage --- whether as a child, grandchild, sibling, spouse, son-in-law, or other close relative --- to a politician who has previously held another or the same elective office, one or more times.

In case of winning the election, the inherited candidate becomes an "inherited representative" (whether mayor, president, representative or senator) and a "democratic dynasty" is born. This definition requires that at least two or more relatives have held or are holding political office successively. A systematic tracking of inherited representatives in the lower (or single) house of national legislatures between 1995 and 2016 reveals important variations between different democracies:

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  Kennedy Family.

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  Bush family.

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  Clinton family.

Dynasties in Veracruz

Veracruz is one of the 32 states that make up Mexico and where democratic dynasties actively participate in federal, state and municipal politics. Some municipalities that stand out in the entity are the port of Veracruz, Boca del Río and Tantoyuca.

In political science, the concept of democratic dynasty is used to refer to families that participate or participated in national, state or municipal politics of a certain place. To explain this phenomenon, the political scientist Daniel M. Smith (2018) in his book & # 34; Dynasties and Democracy: The Inherited Incumbency Advantage in Japan & # 34; defines as an inherited candidate any candidate for office who is related by blood or marriage -whether child, grandchild, sibling, spouse, son-in-law, or other close relative- to a politician who has held another or the same office, one or many times. Smith explains that when the inherited candidate is elected, he becomes an inherited official (whether mayor, president, congressman, or senator). In this way, a democratic dynasty is born, in which at least two or more members of it have held or hold political positions.

The Yunes family is one of the political dynasties of the state of Veracruz. They have held legislative positions at the local and federal level, municipal presidencies and the government of the entity. Miguel Ángel Yunes Linares, former PAN governor of Veracruz, is the father of Fernando and Miguel Ángel Yunes Márquez, whose political careers have been championed by the National Action Party (PAN).

Miguel Ángel Sr. began his political career in the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), a party that championed him as a local (1980-1982) and federal (1991-1994 and 2003-2006) deputy. In 2010, he was the PAN candidate for governor of Veracruz in which he lost to Javier Duarte. In 2015, he was elected federal deputy, a position to which he requested leave to win the Veracruz state elections in 2016 and become the governor who achieved alternation after almost 70 years of the PRI.

For their part, the Yunes Márquez brothers, sons of Miguel Ángel, began their political career in the suburban area of the port of Veracruz with the PAN. Miguel Ángel Jr. was elected municipal president of Boca del Río in 2007 and in 2014 for a second non-consecutive term; while Fernando was elected senator of the first minority in 2012, the year in which he competed with his uncle Héctor Yunes Landa, senator elector in the second formula.

In 2018, Fernando Yunes Márquez was elected municipal president of Veracruz, and in which his brother Miguel Ángel lost the elections for state governor. Finally, in March 2021, Miguel Ángel Jr. became the PAN candidate for the municipal presidency of Veracruz to succeed his brother.

On the PRI side of the family is Héctor Yunes Landa, Yunes Linares's first cousin, who has carried out his political career with the PRI and who served as federal deputy (1985-1998 and 2018-2021), local deputy (2007), senator (2012-2018). Yunes Landa is defeated by his first cousin in the Veracruz state elections in 2016.

To the north of Veracruz is Tantoyuca, the municipality of origin of the Guzmán Avilés brothers: Joaquín Rosendo, Jesús, María del Rosario and Amado. For more than two decades, this family has dominated the politics of the Huasteca Alta Veracruz. In addition, the Guzmán Avilés have maintained control of the National Action Party (PAN) through massive affiliation in the militant register in Tantoyuca, a municipality with 3,594 militants, this represents 15% of the PAN register in Veracruz, according to the National Registry. of Militants with a cutoff of April 3, 2021. It is worth mentioning that Tantoyuca registers a greater number of militants than larger municipalities such as Xalapa, Córdoba, Boca del Río or the port of Veracruz.

The Guzmán Avilés brothers' first elected office was in 1997 when Joaquín won the Tantoyuca presidency with the PAN. Since then they have governed the municipality almost without interruption: in 2000 Joaquín was elected local deputy and Jesús Guzmán Avilés municipal trustee; in 2004 Joaquín would be elected again as municipal president.

At the end of his second term in 2007, Joaquín applied for a license to be a substitute local deputy for his sister María del Rosario Guzmán Avilés in the Veracruz Congress. At the beginning of the legislature, María del Rosario left her position so that her brother Joaquín of hers could assume it. Meanwhile, at the head of the municipality, Amado remained as substitute president and Jesús as a candidate for municipal president, however, the latter who lost against the PRI.

In 2010, the Guzmán Avilés family recaptured the municipality when Joaquín managed to be elected for a third term as municipal president by the PAN. In 2014, Joaquín handed over the courier to his brother Jesús de él, and he in turn in 2018 to Amado, who will conclude his term in 2021.

At the end of his third term in 2013, Joaquín returned to the Veracruz Congress as a deputy. In 2016 he joined the cabinet of governor-elect Miguel Ángel Yunes Linares, while his sister María del Rosario was elected local deputy for the second time. She, the latter, requested a license in 2017 to replace Senator Fernando Yunes Márquez, son of Governor Yunes Linares, as senator for Veracruz. Finally, in 2018 María del Rosario and Jesús were elected as deputies of the LXIV Legislature of the Congress of the Union.