Department of Tarija
The department of Tarija is one of the nine departments into which Bolivia is divided. Its capital and most populated city is the homonymous Tarija. It is located in the extreme south-southeast of the country, limiting to the east with the Republic of Paraguay from the October 10 milestone to the trifinio of the Esmeralda milestone where its southern border with the Argentine Republic begins to Santa Victoria, north of Salta, it limits to the north and northwest with the department of Chuquisaca, to the southwest with the department of Potosí.
With 37,623 km², it is the least extensive department, occupying 3.4% of the national territory and has a projection of 583,330 inhabitants —ahead of the departments of Beni and Pando— and with 12.8 inhab/ km², the third most densely populated. It is affectionately called tierra chura which means beautiful land or pago churo which means beautiful town. Its inhabitants usually use the secondary name chapaco, as an equivalent of the noun tarijeño.
The economy of the Department of Tarija is the fourth largest economy. According to official data from the National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia, in 2018 the economy of the entire Department of Tarija reached US$ 3,204 million of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which represents 8.2% of the National Economy (40 581 million). The per inhabitant income (GDP per capita), the department closed the year 2018 leading with US$ 5,689 dollars on average for each tarijeño (a).
Tarija is considered the second department with less poverty in the territory. The Subnational Development Index (IDHS), calculated by the "Research and Administration" from the Dutch Radboud University (funded by the European Research Council), taking into account the work of Unesco (2018), UNDP (2018), Undesa (2016), World Banking, I.W.I factor and etc. indicate that in the sector of the human development index, Tarija is in 3rd place with 0.741, behind Santa Cruz and Pando, and ahead of Oruro and Beni. In the development sector on the subject of health and sanitation, Tarija has 0.858, in 2nd place, behind Santa Cruz (0.866), and ahead of Chuquisaca (0.843), Beni (0.839).
Toponymy
The department gets its name from the capital city, Tarija. The root of the word Tarija comes from the Arabic, Tariq or Tarik, name of the Muslim general Táriq ibn Ziyad, who was one of the generals who conquered the Iberian Peninsula in 711 and, in his career, named the Valley of Táriq, which later evolved to Tarij and Tarija, then to Torija, this due to the phonetic linguistic evolution of Spanish as a mixture of Arabic-Andalusi.
In 1535 (39 years before the founding of the Villa), in the exploration of the hidalgos Juan de Sedizo, Antonio Gutiérrez and Diego Pérez del Río towards the valleys of the southern coasts of the Pacific Ocean, they deviated from their objective to inspect in the east where they found an uninhabited greenish valley and managed to spot some infrastructures such as turrets; Sedizo who had a Mozarabic surname and, upon learning the history of their land in detail and its current situation, observing the similarity with the Torija Valley, named the place "Tarija Valley[a]", being Torija and Tarija words of Arab-Andalusian roots and; also, valley being a word of Latin origin, vallis.
The valley already known as Valle de Tarija, when it was ordered to found a town in said valley, which foundation was concluded with the extension of Villa de San Bernardo de la Frontera de Tarija. According to the documentation of the parents Antonio Comajuncosa and Alejandro Corrado, the word Tarija was also written with the "x", Villa de San Bernardo de la Frontera de "Tarixa", but the pronunciation of this was of the same way, with the "j", "Tarija", this due to the old Arabic-Andalusian Spanish that was used.
History
Pre-Hispanic or pre-Columbian era
There is talk of a culture characterized by the sedentarization carried out in the period that goes from 2000 a. C. to 500 a. C. It is a culture in which typical features of the Chacopampean region predominate, from 500 a. C. mainly develops a mixture of cultures. It is affirmed that the tribes in the valley area and the upper area, were mainly the primitive moyo moyos (natives); by the Churumata tribes, of Amazonian and Guarani origins; by the tomatoes –or copiapóes tomatoes– native to the north-central Chile, of the branch or of Diaguita influence, later influenced by the locals; by the chanés; for the Guarani; for the carios –or caracos–; for the protections; for the aquitas; by the Mataguayos, also by the qom-tobas –or qom'liks–; weenhayek and inhabited by some chiriguanos; the aboriginal tribe hênîa-kâmîare or comechingones probably also inhabited, which may have been part of the local tribes and that there may have been mestization, due to the findings of their culture in the valley and upper area of Tarija; It is also very likely that tribes from central Chile, such as the Diaguitas, migrated to the territory of present-day Tarija. The mountains and plains of the Chaco region were inhabited by Churumatas, Chanés, Chiriguanos -Chiriguanaes or Ava Guaraníes-, Qom-Tobas, Chorotís, Mataguayos, Chulupíes -or Niclavé- and until today by Guarani, Weenhayek-wichi -or, noctenes or matacos– and rugs.
The Incas under the command of Emperor Tupac Yupanqui in their trajectory of invading and conquering the Collasuyo, deviated from their objective of conquering the Andean cultures and headed to the eastern regions, where different tribes and cultures met in the present In the territories of Tarija, which fought against the bloody Inca invasion around the year 1472 or 1480, few families would manage to escape, isolating themselves and taking refuge in surrounding areas where they would not enter with the Incas, these being the families that the Spaniards would find.
After the Inca victory, the Incas developed extermination ordinances against the tribes to avoid conflicts, for which they ordered the massacre –or liquidate– of the majority of the indigenous population of the territory, thus achieving ethnocide. Yupanqui ordered the construction of some fortresses, but infrastructure already built by the locals was also used, where they took the living tribes prisoner in the fortresses where they were enslaved, subjugated and tortured. Yupanqui, upon witnessing the strong opposition of the enslaved tribes, was not interested in annexing the territory to the Inca Empire, this first because the tribes were completely alien to Collasuyo, because they were not trusted and because of the constant confrontations of other tribes between these the Chiriguanaes; nor was it ordered to civilize the lands –except for building some fortresses–. of the Inca, completely depopulating the valleys and the upper area of Tarija.
Shortly after the Chiriguana expansion along the Bermejo River, populations spread towards the valleys and some areas of the upper zone, and the Guarani once again retook part of the valleys and also entered the upper zone.
Viceregal period
Expeditions
Presence of Aleixo García
The Portuguese Aleixo García —or Alejo García—, was shipwrecked along with other crew members on their return trip to Spain, in one of the ships of the ill-fated expeditions of Juan Díaz de Solís; were shipwrecked off the coast of Santa Catalina Island in Brazil, it would be García who befriended the Tupi and Guarani Indians who lived in that region, they left with the Tupi and Guarani Indians from Santa Catalina in search of the "White King and the Sierra de la Plata", crossing the Atlantic Forest on his way, he wandered through a large part of present-day Paraguay and entered the Gran Chaco between the year 1524 and 1525, Aleixo García entered from the east, until he reached current lands Tarija, more properly Las Salinas, La Cueva (territories of the current O'Connor province), Tigüipa (current territory of Macharetí, Chuquisaca), is also considered a great possibility that it entered the Central Valley of Tarija. One of the reasons for the arrival of the host of García and the Tupi and Guarani to the current lands of Tarija was for supplies, cattle and contacts with other possible tribes, later they would re-enter the Chaco heading north and then northwest reaching high or Andean valleys to finally reach the region of the Andean highlands, in the domains of the White King of the Sierra de la Plata, on his return to the coasts of Brazil, García and the other shipwrecked died on the way, on the Paraguay River at the end of 1526, they were killed after being ambushed by the guaycurúes -or payaguaes- Indians.
Sedizo's Expedition
In the year 1535, Diego de Almagro decided to carry out the documents emanating from the Crown of Spain so that he would take possession as governor of the territory that was assigned to him by King Carlos I and to avoid confrontations with Francisco Pizarro, he decided to organize the expedition to the valleys of the southern Pacific coast (expedition to Chile). He organized a group of three, who are: Juan de Sedizo —or Sedizio— as commander, Antonio Gutiérrez and Diego Pérez del Río. Almagro orders them to wait for him when they arrive in Tupiza; These three hidalgos accompanied by a retinue of Incas, left consecutively from Cuzco on November 12, following the Inca road (the Inca road network in Bolivia is located in the departments of Potosí, Oruro, La Paz and by secondary network to Cochabamba).. They arrived at the Tambo de Paria for food and then headed to the Tambo de Tupiza arriving at the beginning of August 1535, the Incas mentioned that the east is fertile land and that there may be food. These explorers decided to go to the area to inspect it, they marched directly towards the east, descending and crossing the uninhabited areas of San Juan, then along roads made by native tribes, then later through the uninhabited areas of the Pampa de Taxara, they climbed the summit of Sama and they descended its slope by native roads; until reaching a greenish valley with infrastructures, some similar to turrets, Juan de Sedizo, impressed by the appearance of the valley and, upon learning the history of his land focused on the Torija Valley and having a Mozarabic surname, emulated and appealed to history of his town and decided to name the valley "Valle de Tarij[a]". These later lined up again in Tupiza, to continue, already with Diego de Almagro and his army, the course to the Pacific Valley through Chicoana, they crossed the mountain range until they reached the Guasco Valley, where hundreds of people died, including Sedizo, Gutierrez and Perez del Rio.
Candia and Rojas Expedition
In 1538 when the Greek Pedro de Candia arrived in Larecaja, he came with the intention of entering the Chunchos in pursuit of the Spanish Pedro Anzúrez de Camporredondo —also known as Peranzúrez or Peranzules—. He found out about it when the people of Anzúrez began to leave the failed and disastrous expedition of the Chunchos. According to the testimony of Santiago de Azoca:
"...that the people and soldiers of the said Pedro Anzules with the said captainPedro de Candia and his people went to the village of Larricaja that says
ask, that you in the province of Peru, in which you were reforming some time..."
Peranzúrez's troops took several months to recover from the disaster suffered at the entrance to Los Chunchos. However, Candia and Peranzúrez immediately began thinking about a new adventure. Despite the fact that the myth of the supposed wealth of the Chunchos was vanishing because no traces had been found that could indicate their existence to the east, there was nevertheless the possibility that something could still be found to the south and southeast, a reason that allows us to conceive the idea of making another entrance to the Chunchos.
The decision to go to the valley of Tarija was taken at the end of December 1538, in what was then considered a continuation of the entrance to the Chunchos, according to Rodrigo de Quiroga y López de Ulloa, mentioning that &# 34;this time through the valley of Tarija":
"...that continuing the said Rodrigo de Quiroga his good zeal in service of His Majesty, postponed all work, departed from the said village of Larecaja with Captain Pedro de Candia and the other people who were there along the way of the valley of Tarija (...) to enter there again the discovery and conquest of the chunchos..."
The reasons why the decision was made to enter through Tarija was due to the experience that they had come through at the entrance to the Chunchos through Carabaya where they found no paths and everything was an endless struggle with the forces of nature. The alternatives went back to the routes known and traveled by Almagro's men who remained in the Candia troop, these roads led directly from the highlands to the valleys of the South Pacific, but they would have to advance to the east to enter the high pampas. uninhabited, the valley of Tarija and the Chaco. Santiago de Azoca indicates that "...they all passed from there in demand of the said valley of Tarija..." and, likewise, within the same story: "... to return and continue the said day, as it continued, at the end of which time the said Pedro de Candia went in demand of the valley of Tarij to... . 4; For these reasons, Candia proposed to Peranzúrez to populate the valley of Tarija, he would have been inclined to support that initiative as a way of showing gratitude to Candia for the help he gave him and his men at the start of the failed expedition to The Chunchos.
At that moment, when the expeditions to the Chunchos through Ambaya and Carabaya were definitively left behind as impracticable and on the other hand Gonzalo Pizarro and Diego de Rojas were finishing the conquest of Cochabamba, Candia and Anzúrez made the decision to continue the entry to the Chunchos; At the end of the expedition, they mention what has already been stated, that the Spaniards who arrived with Pedro de Candia, came: "...at the entrance to the chunchos this time by the Chiriguanaes...", that is, through the "valle de Tarija", where there were populations of chiriguanaes.
However, a decision was made without consulting the Pizarro brothers due to their circumstances. Azoca indicates, in this regard: "...that the people are soldiers of the said Pedro Anzules with the said captain Pedro de Candia and his people went to the town of Larricaja that says the question, what in the province of Peru, in which they were reforming for a certain time and providing himself with what is necessary to spend forward in continuation of the said journey to enter through the valley of Tarija..."
Despite this, the Greek Candia and the Spanish Anzúrez de Camporredondo had no objection to preparing an immediate expedition to Tarija as shown in the Notarial Acts of Juan de Grájeda of the march towards Tarija that would have begun immediately after the 19th of May 1539, where the signing of documents in the Larecaja concluded.
"...she left the village of Larecaja with Captain Pedro de Candia and the other people who were there along the way of the valley of Tarija... to enter there again the discovery and conquest of the chunchos..."
From May 29 to June 6, 1539, several of the documents were signed in Guarina and some in Cituxama —Xituxama—, a nearby town; on June 10 they meet in Ayo Ayo; On June 25, 1539, in the Tambo de Paria, De Candia and Anzúrez de Camporredondo would have signed documents to form an expedition in the direction of the Tarija Valley, the notary public of the expedition Juan de Grajeda mentions:
“... and by quanto we go in the name of his Magestad and of Mr. Marquez don Francisco Piçarro in his real name to make (found) a village in the balle de Tarija and by the said balle enter to discover the conquest to the Macaros Indians.
Pedro de Candia in command of a Plaza Mayor of approximately 300 soldiers and a chaplain, Fray Rodrigo González Marmolejo.
It would be at the last moment Francisco Pizarro ordered Pedro de Anzúrez not to leave with Candia and to wait for new orders. Candia and his hosts remain until the 27th of the same month and leave for the Valley of Tarija; in the first days of July they are near Uzcamarca and then go to Aullagas; on August 29 they arrive at Tambo de Tupiza and; It would be at the beginning of September 1539 where they would take the detour in the direction of Los Chunchos, entering the deserted areas of the Pampa de Tacsara, Tarairá or Taxara and penetrating the Valley of Tarija.
In replacement of Pedro Anzúrez, Diego de Rojas was sent, who was governor in Charcas together with Francisco de Aguirre Meneses, who would stay as governor in his replacement, Rojas organized his hosts and headed for the Tarija Valley departing de Paria, Cuchu Ingenio and through the Cintis, entering the east penetrating Tucumilla and ascending through Marquiri and entering the Tarija Valley at the beginning of February 1540 together with his people and Francisco de Villagra Velásquez and began to search for Pedro de Candia. Francisco de Aguirre left the governorship and went in search of Rojas, entering the valley of the Chiriguanaes of Tarija with complications. Rojas, who was already about to return to Charcas, met Aguirre. Rojas sent Aguirre in search of a seat where his people could reform. Thus, Aguirre left the east (Tarija Valley and Pampa de Taxara) to reach the west, mainly Chichas; Rojas would leave Aguirre leaving for Cuzco, for his part Aguirre headed towards Atacama waiting for Pedro de Valdivia. In April 1540, several contingents of soldiers and military chiefs from the entrance that Pedro de Candia made to the Chunchos joined Pedro de Valdivia for the conquest of Chile: Rodrigo Arraya —Arraya or Arraia— with sixteen soldiers, Rodrigo de Quiroga, Juan Bohón, Juan Jufré, Gerónimo de Alderete, Juan Fernández de Alderete, the chaplain Rodrigo González de Marmolejo, Santiago de Azoca and Francisco de Villagra, with whom the expedition reached the number of 110 Spaniards and, finally, he was joined by Francisco de Aguirre, who was in San Pedro with 43 men.
Tarija, due to its strategic geographical location, played exceptional roles in the conquest and settlement of the territories that are in the so-called “southern cone” of America, that is, in everything that today corresponds to Tucumán, Buenos Aires and Chile.
The Viceroy of Toledo in the Chaco
After the union of indigenous regions in the high valleys known as the Province of the Charcas in 1538, two years before the founding of La Plata de la Nueva Toledo, the chiriguanaes –chiriguanos or, ava guaraníes– became upset by the presence of Spaniards, bearded men mounted on beasts that have reeds of fire and are in the vicinity of their territory called Avarenda (the land of the Avas) or the chiriguania, extends between the Ipita (Bermejo) river in the south passing through the rivers Araguay (Pilcomayo), Parapeti, Guapay river until reaching to the north the Piraí, Cuyambuyu, Itica Guasu, Iñiguasu, Ingre, Guacaya, Machareti, Isosog extends between the mountains of San Simón, Suaruro and the mountains of Aguaragüe to the east and Tariquia and parts of the Tarija Valley to the west. The Chiriguanaes of those regions with great alarm, establishing farms and making treaties with the natives, alarmed even more by the presence of some of these men on the banks of Itica, the Mburuvicha (or Mburibicha, chief) under the authority of a Tuvicha Rubica (or Tubicha, the greatest of greats) undertook the task of facing the danger by intensifying the resistance to the conquest, devastated the new Christian towns, destroying, killing, and kidnapping the Christian followers, and so it happened for many years, returning after a while with booties or tributes to their rancheras.
The Viceroy Francisco Álvarez de Toledo, received in 1568 a royal order to wage war against the Chiriguanaes. The Viceroy appreciated the need to organize, not forces that sporadically detained the Chiriguana tribes, but to establish centers from which such attacks could be contained, the role of the Viceroy was evident, to defend these victims and, in fact, the instructions Given by Toledo to the new governor of Santa Cruz, in 1571, they intimated him to offer "protection and defense" to the Indians of the plains against the Chiriguanaes. With people from Peru and recruited along the way, in 1573 Toledo detached two contingents from La Plata, one towards Tomina and the other in the direction of the Pilcomayo River through the Tarija Valley, and he himself arrived there.
The news of the presence of armed Spaniards mounted on horseback seconded by a large contingent of Indians led by the same Viceroy Francisco de Toledo going down the side of Cuzco, their course being the Valle del Abatire and Itica, in a general entrance of confrontation to the querembas rebels and maloqueros, the Tuvicha Rubica instructed the regional Mburivicha to avoid direct confrontation and dedicate themselves to fleeting and effective attacks in strategic places, evacuate, burning the crops, scare the animals in order to starve to the Spanish.
In August of the year, Viceroy Toledo, his captains and the Indians wandered through sierras, mountains, ravines and canyons plagued by vermin and insects, hungry and constantly harassed by contingents of chiriguanaes in fast lunges; When the incursion became a failure, the Viceroy and many Spanish and Indian allies became ill with the "chuccho", they had no choice but to retreat this time to go to Tariquia and directly to the north of the Tarija Valley, the viceroy sick, delirious and with "chuccho" From time to time, he was placed in a large rattan basket and carried on the shoulders of the allied Indians.
Surrounded by a wild mountain, on the banks of a river, the cacique Chiriguanae Itau (black stone) was found. He came to the battered Spaniards, informed by his quereimbas that the Spanish and allied Indians were hungry and sick of “ chuccho”, Itau, the fierce and intelligent regional Mburuvicha had ordered to follow the arrival of the Viceroy's people from the very moment they crossed Itica, the sad spectacle of the sick man, wearing a basket and followed at a prudent distance by a procession of old warriors, could have exterminated them even more. old women and children harassing them continuously and loudly with hurtful songs: "there goes that old woman drying herself in her box of punishment that our Mburivicha Cuyambuyu gave her", "leave that old woman to her. we'll eat".
Itau mobilized his warriors to carefully monitor those who arrived and those who harassed him, the chiriguanaes of Abatire, realizing that they were entering Itau territory, silenced their screams, and in order not to offend the regal Mburivicha of Itau they undertook return to his valley. In the presence of Itau and his quereimbas, the Spaniards surround the Viceroy ready to die fighting, it happened that Itau's quereimbas, completely masters of the situation, did not attack on orders from their Mburuvicha, the unfortunate Spaniards and their distinguished charge plunged into A deadly silence, broken by Itau's voice requiring an answer as to the reason for his presence, the linguist explained the vicissitudes of the Viceroy, who was asking Muburuvicha for clemency and help to return to the Tarija Valley.
The royal Itau, aware of the danger and importance of his visit, without explanation despite knowing it was an enemy and having the great opportunity to decapitate the conquering hosts, took pity on the Hispanics and the representative of the King, surely seeing the sad spectacle that gave such magnificent authority and his devastated troops, allowed them to rest and be cured of their illnesses with "quina quina", after a while, with the improved Viceroy they went to the valleys of Tarija by the Iñiguasu route, Suffice it to say that Francisco Toledo could not fully recover from his illness acquired in the chiriguania and died in 1582 in Spain.
Expedition of Luis de Fuentes and foundation
After the event in the Chaco, at the end of 1573, the Viceroy Francisco Álvarez de Toledo was looking for someone who might be to carry out an expedition and found a town in the Tarija Valley, after meeting with several hidalgos, and being rejected for being an expensive and dangerous undertaking. At the end of the year, the superior of the Dominicans (priori) suggested that the ideal person to found a town in a dangerous place was the Sevillian Luis de Fuentes y Vargas. On January 22, 1574, Fuentes y Vargas with the Viceroy Francisco de Toledo, met in the viceroy's office, by Royal Provision Toledo gave the title of Captain, Corregidor and Mayor Justice to Luis de Fuentes and ordered that the foundation be made immediately and the protest of naming the town as San Bernardo is attributed, in honor of Saint Bernardo de Fontaine, Saint acclaimed in the reconquest of Spain, Toledo took the name of the Saint emulating and appealing to history, from when the King of Spain, Fernando III of Castile, brothers of San Bernardo, who ordered the expulsion of the Moors from Seville in August 1247, the month of Saint Bernard.
This is how the Fourth Expedition to the Tarija Valley began, Luis de Fuentes together with the Chaplain of the Dominican Order, Francisco Sedeño, obtained approximately 50 Spaniards, mostly Andalusians, Basques and some from Extremadura, headed for Potosí for subsidies and then he went along short pre-Inca roads that were in the north of the Cintis and continuing straight south, he arrived at the San Juan del Oro River where he found some families of tomatoes (they were the ones that managed to escape the invasion of the Incas) with whom the hidalgos allied themselves, later at the beginning of April they descended through Marquiri, Tomayapo, Paicho and later through Calama where they found another small contingent of tomatoes and; Between April and June there were different camps, the best known being the one already baptized in 1539 Tarixa La Viexa (or Tarija La Vieja). On July 4, 1574, they arrived at a plain, wooded and greenish hill with the thermal sensation of Andalusia, between near the left bank of a wide and mighty river, the undergrowth was cut and it was where Luis de Fuentes y Vargas embedded his sword to the ground and ordered to raise the trunk of justice (or pillory, probably of Willow or Carob tree) where the foundation document was nailed and read together with the Royal Certificate, with the name of Villa de "San Bernardo" de la Frontera of Tarija, and mentions in a direct line to the Indians that the lands become Spanish lands of the King of Spain and the Indians are vassals of King Felipe II and directly become Spanish Indians.
The initial jurisdiction or territory of the city of Tarija in 1574 extended some 20 leagues (approximately 110 km) to the west, close to bordering the territories of the Chichas peoples (Modesto Omiste and Sud Chichas) and to the areas of Nueva Chocaya and Tierra de Paz to the northwest; and more than 30 leagues (approximately 165 km) to the east, north and south encompassing the Chiriguano towns of Guancané (or Guacané), Guacara (or Guacaya) and Comechones, which were included in the northern and eastern part of the Chaco.
“...and because I am informed that in you, the said Luis de Fuentes, there are the parts and qualities that are required to go against the saying of the captain and greater justice of the uilla of Sant Bernardo de Tarija and his juridiçion to be twenty leagues of juridiçion hazia the indians chichas and land of peace,
Autonomy within the Viceroyalty of the Río de La Plata
In the 18th century and up to the beginning of the XIX was part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. On December 1, 1780, Viceroy Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo created the political government of Tarija, separated from the corregimiento:
To you, Don Joseph de Arze, neighbor of the village of San Bernardo de Tarija, salute: know that by a car that I provided in twenty and one of the current, with the opinion of my General Counsel Dr. Claudio Respigliosi, I have resolved to take care of you and to put to your care the Political Government of that village, with immediate subordination to this Superior Government, so that you govern it immediately,
Two decrees of King Carlos IV of Spain on February 17, 1807 ordered the segregation of the "party" of Tarija from the Municipality of Potosí and the Archbishopric of Charcas and incorporate them into the Municipality of Salta del Tucumán and the Bishopric of Salta:
The King — Governor-intendent of Potosi Province. -For the greater good and happiness of my vassals, Salta del Tucumán, I have had to send, in consultation with my Council of the Indies of 10 and 9 October of the year of a thousand eight hundred five, to erect a new Obispado, whose capital is that of that Province, assigning to the new diocese, among other territories, the whole party of Tarija of that Intendencia, whose party I have commanded to be placed under the jurisdiction What I take part in you so that they may understand to be supposed that party to the jurisdiction of the Salta Intendency, which has so far belonged to ours, making by this means more useful the rights of that Intendent, for its immediacy to the Chaco and its Reductions. As a result, you will make it easier and send it to you as much as I command you, the cars, documents and papers that exist in our respective archive to the aforementioned party of Tarija, as in the government, as in the contentious, without allowing for pregnancies, or reparings that hinder, or delay the remission of all that are necessary for your government, contributing to your part to have the most fulfilled will of my real.
Fecho in the Pardo, ten and seven of February, eight hundred seven. — I the King — By Mandate of Our Lord King — Silvestre Collar —
On July 25, 1807, an Open Town Hall was convened where the people of Tarijeños rose up against the new administration of the Crown of Spain. In the town hall, the Tarijeños accepted the separation of the Potosí intendancy, but in a riotous and violent manner they refused to form part of the administration of Salta del Tucumán; This would happen because when Tarija was a member of Potosí, it was mismanaged by the Potosí mayors and authorities, even leading to the oblivion of the territory. Without their presence as authorities, Tarija suffered scandals, robberies, murders and scams by outgoing foreigners from the highlands and from different regions; in this way the people of tarijeños deduced that it would be practically the same if it were part of Salta del Tucumán, even so having more connections with it; They would also be aware that if in tragic cases, such as the ones already mentioned, they would have to go again and ask for help from the Audiencia de Charcas, the Government of Paraguay and even the Government of Buenos Aires. In this way the people of Tarija proclaimed the freedom and independence of the territory of Tarija against the government of Salta. In course, the current and movements were taking shape, this because what was deduced would be happening, since the rulers did not give solutions to the problems of the attacks of the aborigines. The current concluded in a petition where different points were highlighted, among these: the errors of the Crown of Spain were highlighted with demands aimed at promoting the progress of the region and happiness of the inhabitants and the request for autonomy of Tarija with respect to jump. The document said:
The people of Tarija travel with honor the history of these evils, and wishing to put an end to it, or to remedy them in the part that is within their reach, He asks to testify to the Excma. Government Board, free and independent of the Government of Saltawhose functions shall be vested in this Cabildo, and Board, under the regulations and statutes that are to be determined by that Excma. To be looked at by these Magistrates with the utmost consideration for objects that are of great interest to the public good.
This petition would be signed by the majority of the lobbyists and representatives and; it would be presented to the Cabildo, at the request of the people and in its voice and name, by the leader of the movements, José Manuel Núñez de Pérez, captain of the Provisional Regiment of Career Volunteers and trustee general attorney of the Villa and its jurisdiction; there was a minority that would not accept this request. These actions taken by the tarijeños, had unleashed fury within the viceroyalty administrators and; The Crown of Spain, being in conflict in Europe, had to put aside the claims, protests and violent rebellions that occurred in Tarija and; they would leave the territory under the disposal of the Tarija authorities themselves, in this way Tarija would be constituted as a Governorate –autonomous territory– which was governed by the Cabildo, with authorities elected by the people, they organized the administration of the economy and the military forces. The corresponding pontifical bull for the modification of the limits of the dioceses, could not be issued because Pope Pius VII was a prisoner of Napoleon Bonaparte, due to this Tarija, not having an organization for a bishopric, complied the section of the religious field and was integrated into the bishopric of Salta.
The Viceroy of the Río de la Plata Santiago de Liniers ordered the Cabildo de Tarija to comply with the royal decree on April 27, 1808:
By Royal cédula of 17 February of last year, which in testimony has been addressed to me by the Government Intendencia de Salta, and which is communicated to V.S. by Potosi, it prevents the aggregation of that Party to the Government Intendencia de Salta; and in its consequence, I prevent V.S. from complying with it, recognizing by Gefe of that district to the said Province. - God etc.—April 27 of 808.—To the Court Justice and Regiment of the Villa de Tarija.
At the request for clarification of the first bishop of Salta, to whom the king had addressed a Royal Certificate of appointment indicating the jurisdictional transfer of the districts of Tarija and Chichas to Salta, another Royal Certificate of March 2, 1811 issued by the Regency Council, clarified:
That having deigned me to declare the aggregation to the Obispado and Intendencia de Salta of the whole party of Tarija, which formerly belonged to the Archbishop of Carcas, I also serve to declare, in order to avoid doubts and delays, that in the middle party of Tarija is understood Chichas, because so reported by the Marquis de Sobremonte, Governor then of Córdoba del Tucumán when proposed to me the division of the said new. (...) it is understood that even in the territory of the latter, the Tarija Party with Chichas.
Since the king's clarification was in 1811, Chichas was left out of the principle of uti possidetis of 1810 and was not part of the administration of Salta del Tucumán before the May Revolution that broke out in Buenos Aires, capital of the viceroyalty of Tucumán Silver river. For that reason, that territory was not claimed by the Argentine delegation. However, although there would be no response from the Cabildo de Tarija on whether it would abide by the act of joining the Salta del Tucumán mayor again, several Argentine authors supported the thesis that when Tarija was constituted as a republiqueta (losing part of its autonomy), it included Chichas, among them: Leguizamón and Mariano Zorreguieta (Historical Notes on Salta in the Colonial Age of 1872).
In 1813 Tarija, constituted as a republic, the Supreme Director Gervasio Antonio de Posadas established that Salta, Jujuy, Orán, Santa María and Tarija, became part of the Province of Salta; In this way, this extensive government began to have little autonomous presence during its emancipation.
War of Independence
When the May Revolution broke out in Buenos Aires, on May 25 a Buenos Aires Big Board was organized and they sent 2 sheets to each province of the interior, where the first sheet asked the Chapter Councils to recognize the Big Board and another document requesting the election of the deputies representing each province. On Saturday, June 23, Diego José de Pueyrredón arrives in Tarija and presents the specifications to the lobbyist president and first-vote mayor of Tarija Mariano Antonio de Echazú, seeing the tragic situation of supporting or not supporting Buenos Aires, an agreement was reached and on Monday, June 25, 1810, the Tarija Chapter Chapter, led by Mariano Antonio de Echazú, joined Tucumán in adhering to or supporting the May Revolution of Buenos Aires, this gave rise to independence against the royalists in Tarija, among another difficult situation of the election of deputies, in an open town hall on Thursday, August 18, 1810, the prominent young lawyer José Julián Pérez de Echalar was elected by the people and by the town council members as deputy representative for Tarija, in the same day the support for Buenos Aires that was given on June 25 is ratified. After the milestones, the Gaucho War began, constituting the Republic of Tarija, integrating into the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, thus losing a part of its autonomy. At the beginning of the Gaucho War in Tarija, the first two great Chapaco caudillos stood out: from the year 1811 the caudillo Ramón Rojas and his nephew Manuel Rojas who fought as soldiers of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and both died heroically fighting against the realistic. The Army of the North was organized, made up of Argentines, in which the Tarijeños would obviously be a part. The Army of the North was organized to liberate the provinces of Upper Peru from the royalists. The people of Tarija participated from the beginning to the end, the mayor of Tarija Mariano Antonio de Echazú sent a battalion of 600 men from the Provisional Cavalry Regiment of Tarija that would be commanded by the gaucho José Antonio de Larrea to contribute to the army in the Combat of Cotagaita, but this resulting in the first patriot defeat; In the second stage of the auxiliary campaigns to Upper Peru, the Tarija battalion would be divided into 300 men, to fight on November 7, 1810, the Battle of Suipacha was fought, in which the auxiliary armies commanded by the Gaucho Martín Miguel de Güemes and José Antonio de Larrea; after triumphing in Suipacha it was achieved was the first victory by the patriots; only five names of tarijeños who contributed were managed to be rescued, Basilio Íñiguez who died in the battle, Manuel Jaramillo, Manuel Álvarez, Domingo Morales and Leandro Pacheco who were rescued wounded.
On October 8, 1811, Tarija was invaded by royalist troops commanded by José Manuel Goyeneche and Jossef Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calahumana. They imprisoned the Tarija authorities, the population was repressed, and they were subjected to a series of punishments and into exile, this was because Tarija supported the Junta Grande of Buenos Aires, being that it was close to Tupiza where the royalists were in government, thus Tarija was the first patriotic town to be invaded by royalist troops, in this the Corregidor already declined by Goyeneche, Ambrosio Catoira, who previously supported the Cabildos de Tarija in 1810, Catoira supported the invasion of Goyeneche and Santa Cruz de Calahumana due to their threats, thus becoming the first traitor to Tarija and a traitor to the postulates to the Revolution. In February 1812, Captain Martín Miguel de Güemes arrived with his army on the orders of General Eustoquio Díaz Vélez. Gaucho Martín Güemes defeated the royalist troops in combat and freed Tarija in February 1812. On September 24 and 25, 1812, the Battle of Tucumán was fought. The patriots commanded by General Manuel Belgrano had a thousand horsemen, 800 infantrymen and 4 6-pound cannons, while the royalist forces commanded by General Juan Pío de Tristán and Moscoso consisted of three thousand men and 13 artillery pieces. Tarija was a participant and contributed to this victory with his cavalry and guerrillas, highlighting the major sergeant Pedro Antonio Flores. On February 20, 1813, the battle of Salta was fought, the patriot army commanded by Manuel Belgrano fought against the royalists led by Pío Tristán, in this military action, Tarija guerrillas participated accompanied by Captain Apolinario "Chocolate" Saravia.
At the end of 1816 a new invasion of River Plate territory began, the royalist José Melchor Lavin had arrived in Tarija with his troops, was appointed governor, José de La Serna y Martínez de Hinojosa arrived in Tarija in December 1816, in January 1817 Antonio María Álvarez Tomás took office as governor but at the end of that month he declined, La Serna left Tarija to go to Salta and Jujuy, he left as commander and governor to Mateo Ramírez and sub-commanders to Andrés de Santa Cruz and Malacabeza.
On April 14, 1817, the Battle of Tarija (known as the Battle of La Tablada) begins, in the afternoon Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid arrives by surprise with his troops in Tarija, this for provisions, horses, mounts and for a recess before going on his expedition to Upper Peru, Aráoz would be warned that royalists were in Villa and in Concepción, later Aráoz Francisco Pérez de Uriondo and different leaders waited for him at the Guadalquivir river, crossing it and headed to Campo de las Carreras, and arrived at the Chapel of San Roque, the gauchos who were commanded by Aráoz and Uriondo fought and started firing with their cannons at the royalists who were commanded by Mateo Ramírez, they were in the main square and in the Cabildo who were Protected with trenches that La Serna ordered to plant at the beginning of the year, Aráoz demanded the surrender of Ramírez, but he rejected it, at night the patriots made rounds and managed to catch different royalist emissaries. The following day, Tuesday, April 15, in the morning, the patriots organized to continue the battle, but they were warned that the royalists commanded by Malacabeza who had already arrived in Tolomosa, this to help Mateo Ramírez, Andrés de Santa Cruz would be by chance in the Villa to help Ramírez, but managed to be captured. A contingent of patriots commanded by Uriondo and by different leaders remained encircling the city so that Mateo Ramírez and his people would not meet with the royalists who arrived at Campo de La Tablada. Aráoz and his patriotic troops arrived at La Tablada to confront the royalists who were commanded by Subcomandante Malacabeza. In the afternoon the triumphant patriots gathered the royalists in the chapel of San Juan, western part of the Villa, Aráoz demanded the surrender of Mateo Ramírez in which he accepted, later they joined the two royalist troops with the leaders of Ramírez, Malacabeza and Andrés de Santa Cruz in the Campo de las Carreras to demand their surrender, which they accepted. Aráoz de Lamadrid stayed in Tarija until May 5, to organize himself and then leave for Upper Peru to reach Oruro and carry out the orders of Manuel Belgrano, before leaving he ordered Francisco Pérez de Uriondo to be installed as Governor of Tarija. Lamadrid returned to Tarija escaping from La Plata by the royalist troops, he arrived in Tarija, he entered Padcaya and then Toldos. The territory was liberated and integrated again into the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. On July 11, 1817, the royalist Mariano Ricafort Palacín arrived in Tarija and Abarca with his troops ordered to kill several inhabitants, cattle and burn the town hall, for this reason the governor Francisco Pérez de Uriondo ordered all the inhabitants to meet in Padcaya and He organized a fighting camp and went down to Jujuy and Salta where they faced the royalists and Ricafort.
On March 8, 1825, Tarija would be in royalist hands, in which Eustaquio Méndez together with his second commander, the sergeant major José María Aguirre Hevia Vaca in San Lorenzo were appointed to expel the last Spanish royalists from Tarija, Méndez commanded to José María Aguirre with an order to take possession of the capital in the form of a dam, an act in which approximately 15 royalists were cornered under the command of 2 officers, the troops of Méndez and Aguirre disarmed the royalists and emancipated the territory, on the 14th of March José Felipe de Echazú would be elected governor by votes and acclamation of the people.
In May 1825, Col. Irishman Francis Burdett O'Connor Bowen and Col. Bernardo Trigo Espejo from Tarija with Colombian troops, on the orders of Antonio José de Sucre, invaded Tarija and carried out a coup d'état, removing the governor from Tarija, José Felipe de Echazú Arce. Trigo called two meetings and sent letters to Chuquisaca that mentioned the annexation of Tarija to Upper Peru, but those from Chuquisaca denied them. Subsequently, Simón Bolívar, not being aware of it, received claims from Argentines who had come from Tarija, for which Bolívar ordered Sucre to decline his ordinance from the Colombian troops, O'Connor and Trigo. However, on August 26, 1826, an Open Cabildo in the town of Tarija proclaimed the will to belong to Bolivia, restoring Bernardo Trigo as governor, in addition to electing three deputies for the Bolivian Congress.
On November 30, 1826, the entire territory of the current department became an Argentine or Río de la Plata province, the territory of the Tarija province had an extension that varied between 480,000 and 450,000 km² (although certain historians say that its surface was 183,116 km², See: Province of Tarija).
Law - 2082 - Elevating to the category of Province, to the city of Tarija and its Territory.
The Constituent General Congress of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, has agreed and sanctioned the following law
Art. 1.o It is elevated to the Province range to the City of Tarija, with the adjacent territory.
– Art. 2.o All rights and prerogatives are declared to him by the Constitution and the laws in favour of the provinces.
- What the Congress itself communicates to V.E. for its intelligence and subsequent effects.
.– Congress Hall of Buenos Aires November 30, 1826.
– José María Rojas. president
- Alejo Villegas. Secretary
- To the former President of the Republic.
Buenos Aires December 1 of 1826. –Entered, post and proceed as agreed.
Rivadavia.
– Julián Segundo de Agüero.
The creation of the Argentine province (federal entity of the first degree) was due to requests from the people of Tarijá towards José Felipe de Echazú, who was a deputy in the Congress of Buenos Aires, managed to elevate Tarija to the rank of province, Felipe Echazú presented the bill on November 24, 1826 where there was a vote, achieving his victory, on November 30 it was promulgated and recognized by Congress, on December 1 it was promulgated and recognized by President Rivadavia, on December 24 of 1826 Tarija is integrated into the Constitution of the United Provinces of the South. In 1826 Tarija, with the rank of Argentine Province, encompassing the province of Sud Cinti and in a certain way the provinces of Sur Lípez and Sud Chichas although these were not official.
However, a few months before, when Argentina was at war with Brazil (Argentine-Brazilian War) the invasion of the newly created Bolivia began again, on the orders of Antonio José de Sucre he sent Burdett O'Connor and Bernardo Trigo together with Colombian troops to invade and take over the town hall, from that moment meetings were organized and letters were written so that the territory of Tarija be annexed to Bolivia. Bernardo Trigo Espejo and Burdett O'Connor in the last meeting, ordered the authorities of the parties or parishes of Tarija to be brought to the council, where they were repressed and forced to sign the last letter to the city of Sucre, the authorities being forced, and to think that the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, facing many internal and external conflicts, would take too long to help Tarija (the current Argentina in those years was plunged, after the Argentine War of Independence in an intense and impoverishing civil war between federal and unitary), one of the Tarija caudillos Eustaquio Méndez upon noticing the economic and political chaos to which Buenos Aires centralism led the United Provinces of the South and upon witnessing an invasion by Trigo, O' Connor and the Colombian troops, at that time believed that Tarija would prosper in the newly created Bolivia at least by selling singanis and trading with the Alto-Peruvian collas, Méndez signed or indifferently the letter that went directly to Chuquisaca; The Uriondos, Echazús and the majority of the population considered that it was better to remain in the United Provinces of the South (whose legal continuity is the current Argentina), the opinion of the caudillo of San Lorenzo Moto Méndez prevailed, and Tarija began to be annexed de facto Bolivia, even so without repealing Law 2082 on the Río de la Plata province of Tarija, but it meant a sad end to the Moto, since after having avoided different civil wars in Argentina, it fell into a Bolivian civil war by being under the orders of Bolivian President José Miguel de Velasco, in effect: Méndez and his troops clashed with Velasco's associates in the town of Santa Bárbara, losing the fight, Méndez and a contingent of his troops managed to escape but they were found and they shot the caudillo of San Lorenzo leaving him wounded, they took Méndez who was wounded to the Cabildo and he was imprisoned in the cell called "Infiernillo", where he was tortured, F Rancisca Ruyloba de O'Connor managed to convince the de facto prefect Sebastián Agreda that Méndez be transferred to his home, the place where he received treatment from Francisca Ruyloba, but on the afternoon of May 4, 1849, the leader of O'Connor died. San Lorenzo.
Incorporation into Bolivia
On September 24, 1831, the president of Bolivia, Jossef Andrés de Santa Cruz (who had previously invaded Tarija twice), promulgated the Law to classify the Province of Tarija as a department, despite having a strong Casimiro Olañeta's position before the promulgation. The bill was promoted and presented by the Tarija deputies Gabino Ibáñez and José María Aguirre. On November 10, 1832, by Law of the Republic of Bolivia, in the department ("Province" ) of Tarija, the first important subdivision was created, which would be the province of Salinas, with its capital of the same name (today O'Connor Province).
However, in the reform of the Political Constitution of the State of 1834, Tarija was still listed as a province of the department of Potosí and its highest political authority was the Lieutenant Governor, for which reason it only recently officially accepted the category of Bolivian department in October 1839, through another modification to the Magna Carta. In the same month, the first prefect of Tarija, Manuel Dorado, was sworn in.
Autonomy
Since 1880 the departments of Tarija and Santa Cruz fought for decentralization. In the years 2003 to 2004, the autonomist, federalist and even separatist sentiment of the people of Tarija continued to grow. The focus of the council was on the search for Regional Autonomy, as a response to Bolivian centralism. The leader of the autonomous process from 2007 to 2010 was the first elected prefect, Mario Adel Cossío Cortez. In 2008 the Autonomic Referendum was held, where Tarija on June 22 achieved 80% of the votes in favor of autonomy. In 2010, the precious federalism for the people of Tarija was sought, but in December of the year a coup d'état was carried out against Governor Mario Cossío, who had been serving as the first governor of Tarija since May 2010. After Cossío's dismissal, Lino Condori Aramayo had been elected by President Evo Morales and was de facto inaugurated.
Demographics
Due to the climatic conditions, Tarija constitutes one of the oldest European settlement areas, and is possibly one of the departments with the most European descent (Creoles, migrants, and miscegenation with the few indigenous people of Tarija). The population of the department of Tarija in the last sixty-five years has increased fivefold, thanks to migrants from the interior, more precisely by people from the western departments (La Paz, Oruro, Potosí and Cochabamba):
- 1950: 103 441 inhabitants
- 1976: 187 204 inhabitants
- 1992: 291 407 inhabitants (according to census)
- 2001391 226 inhabitants (according to census)
- 2012: 508 857 (Update)
| Population evolution of the Department of Tarija. |
|---|
 |
| Source: INE |
Languages
Recent laws recognize the official languages of Spanish and Guaraní.
Quechua and Aymara are spoken by people who are not from Tarija, but by people from the west or from the central valleys highlands of Bolivia.
The languages that are also recognized are the Wichí-Weenhayek, Qom-Toba, Chané, Tapieté, Chorote, Chulupí languages that relatively few native people speak in the Gran Chaco (take into account that the great Most of the indigenous people of Tarijeños understand Spanish perfectly, they are bilingual and even trilingual, for example: Spanish, Guaraní, Tapiete, etc).
In 2001:
| Language | Department of Tarija | Total number of speakers in Bolivia |
|---|---|---|
| Spanish | 365 710 | 6 821 626 |
| Quechua | 37 337 | 2 281 198 |
| Aimara | 7 219 | 1 525 321 |
| Guaraní | 4 578 | 62 575 |
| Other native languages | 2 468 | 49 432 |
Geography
The current territory of the department of Tarija extends through very different areas if you go from west to east and vice versa.
To the west lie the foothills of the Cordillera Oriental. The summits of this mountain range are covered by perpetual snow, existing below the level of the eternal snow various climatic and ecological floors that are clearly manifested in the vegetation: below the level of the eternal snow there is an area of montane meadows called the &# 34;pajonal" and the "bofedal".
Below this level arises one of the main plant formations of the Andean foothills, the nimbosilva called yunga, the yunga tarijeña, like other sectors of the southern yunga, is subdivided into two well-differentiated phytogeographic zones: that of the forests (pines, alders, cedros), or yunga alta and "el ramal" or "la enramada", that is to say, the jungle yunga itself, luxuriant in species.
To the east and below the yunga rise the plains ("pampas") and the parks and forests of the extensive Chacopampean plain that in this area corresponds to the sector of the Gran Chaco called Chaco Boreal and partially to the Central Chaco or "Monte Bravo".
The contrast is evident: the area of the high peaks is constantly icy, the transitional zone is mesothermal or temperate, with copious rainfall; In winter, the mesothermal valleys have, despite the tropical latitude, frequently low temperatures, snowfalls in the city of Tarija and its surroundings are not uncommon, mainly during the month of July, thanks to the altitude and the influence of cold wind fronts from Antarctica.. The area of the Chaco pampas or plains is dry and warm, although it is also exposed to low temperatures when the surazos (southern winds) blow during the winter.
Most of the rivers -almost all of them very large- rise in the mountains and in the mountains and heading towards the southeast are tributaries of the Cuenca del Plata, such as: the Bermejo, Pilaya, Pilcomayo, Nuevo Guadalquivir, Tarija River, Rio Grande de Tarija; Itaú and Itiyuro. About 6 million years ago, the Central Valley of Tarija was still a narrow although prolonged lake, the seismic activity of those distant times made the natural dikes disappear -of which the Angostura Canyon remains as a remnant- draining largely extinct lake. The Pilaya canyon is the sixth deepest in the world and opens the way to the Camblaya River, which later changes its name to Pilaya.
Territorial changes
The territory of Tarija in the viceregal era consisted of approximately 480,000 km² on average,[citation required] due to the incorporation of the Chaco by Viceroy Juan de Mendoza y Luna on November 1, 1614 and extends its jurisdiction to the banks of the Paraguay River and initiating expeditions and other missions that entered the Paraguay River, also extending to the territory on September 15, 1772 by the Pilcomayo River located in the middle of the Chaco to the south of this, and near Asunción del Paraguay.
But its surface changed over time and a large part of its territory was modified on different occasions in the Republican era. When it was annexed to Bolivia, the Bolivian government did not fully annex the territory, leaving areas to present-day Argentina and others ceding to the department of Potosí, acts that left the territory with an area of 340,000 km². When it was born as a department with Bolivia, it lost the territories of Sud Cinti and the southern ends of the province of Nor Cinti, which became part of the department of Chuquisaca, and; it lowered its limits with the department of Santa Cruz towards parallel 20°S.[citation required] In the government of Severo Fernández Alonso Caballero decided by Law of November 10, 1898, that the dividing line between Chuquisaca and Tarija would be parallel 21°S and not 20°S, so Tarija lost a territory that would later be divided mainly between Chuquisaca and Santa Cruz, and losing limits with it, losing a large part of the Chaco in favor of Chuquisaca.
Climate
If temperatures are averaged, an average that oscillates between 18 °C and 24 °C is obtained, with the areas with the lowest temperatures being directly proportional to the increases in altitude and latitude.
Despite the fact that all of Tarija is found on the maps in "intertropical" areas (north of the Tropic of Capricorn), the altitudes of the far west mean that cold temperatures with snowfall are frequent there at any time of the year. The Capital, among one of its nicknames, receives —with its umland or peripheral territory— the nickname of “The Valley of Paradise” or “paradise of spring” due to its spring-like conditions almost all year round, although in these areas on the more humid side of a temperate sub-humid climate and in the city a warm semi-arid climate - temperate with heat and a sensation equal to the Mediterranean, in the heart of the city and the center of the Tarija region certain days of winter are cold, and the temperature, especially during the month of July, usually drops to 5° C, and is even accompanied by snowfall, thanks to the surazos. Incredible thermal decreases are reached for the latitude and altitude; For example, in 1966 an absolute temperature of -9.5 °C was recorded in this city, and on July 20, 2010 in the same city of San Bernardo de Tarija the temperature dropped to -9.2 °C accompanied by copious snowfalls.. As for the Gran Chaco region of Tarija, its low altitude and low latitude (intertropical zone) suggest a priori that the climate must be warm all year round, however the continental nature and free flow of the winds " big bangs" from the southern quadrant coming from Antarctica mean that in winter (especially in the month of July) the temperatures also drop a lot in the Chaco: on July 20, 2010 some snowfall was recorded on the plains of the Gran Chaco Chapaco (or tarijeño), in the surroundings of Yacuiba and Villamontes; For this reason, the climate corresponding to that area is continental semitropical. On July 25, 2019, the most intense snowfall since 1954 was recorded in the Department of Tarija.
Ecology
Such a variety of physiography and climate correspondingly has an important variety of biomes, which has led to the creation of the following natural, protected areas towards the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, mainly at the initiative of the Tarija population itself. by the Tarija Environmental Protection Agency (PROMETA).
- Biological Reserve of the Sama Range
- Reserva Nacional de Flora y Fauna de Tariquía
- Natural Park of the Doce-Alarachi River
- National park and natural area of integrated management Aguaragüe (very degraded in 2010), its core is the Serrania del Aguaragüe.
- El Corbalán Reserve
- At the northeast end (in the heart of the countryside) is the Cabo Juan Natural Reserve.
Government and administration
The Governor is the highest departmental authority and is elected every 5 years. As of 2010, a governor and a departmental assembly are elected, in accordance with the provisions of the Bolivian constitution (2012).
In the same way, the department of Tarija also has a "Departmental Council" (similar to a departmental congress but it does not legislate, it is more dedicated to supervising the functions of the prefect, but with restricted functions) of 9 members called councilors. Each province of Tarija receives a minimum of 1 counselor, with the remaining counselors assigned according to the number of inhabitants. The election of the councilors corresponds by law to the municipalities. Tarija has a total of 11 municipalities.
On April 13, 2021, Oscar Montes Barzón was elected Governor of the department, winning with 54.44% of the votes. He was sworn in and was sworn in on May 4. The political alliance Unidos de Montes won in the municipalities of Uriondo, Entre Ríos and Cercado.
On March 7, 2021 Johnny Torres Terzo won in the capital city of Tarija and in the Cercado municipality with 53.68% of the votes, he was sworn in and sworn in on May 3.
Administrative Organization
The Department of Tarija has an area of 37,623 km² and is made up of 6 provinces, which are in turn divided into 11 municipalities.
| No. | Province | Area km2 | Capital | Municipality |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Francis Burdett O'Connor (1832) | 5309 | San Luis de Entre Ríos | 1 Between Rios |
| 2 | Near (1843) | 2078 | San Bernardo de Tarija | 2 Tarija |
| 3 | José María Avilés (1843) | 2742 | Francisco Pérez de Uriondo | 3 Uriondo |
| 4 Yunchá | ||||
| 4 | Eustaquio Méndez Arenas (1876) | 4861 | Villa de San Lorenzo | 5 San Lorenzo |
| 6 The Bridge | ||||
| 5 | Grand Chaco (1876) | 17 428 | Yacuiba | 7 Yacuiba |
| 8 Caraparí | ||||
| 9 Villamontes | ||||
| 6 | Aniceto Arce Ruiz (1894) | 5205 | Padcaya | 10 Padcaya |
| 11 Bermejo |
Economy
Tarija has the second largest natural gas reserves in South America. Higher gas revenues and foreign direct investment in gas exploration and distribution are driving growth and turning Tarija into the next industrial center.
Between 1905 and 1950, taking advantage of the situation of import substitution and European immigration in Argentina, there was an interesting industrial development in the city of Tarija and in rural areas. In the city of Tarija, breweries ("Germania" type Pilsen and "Estrella Malta Doble") and another brewery were established of beer in Iscayachi by Godofredo Arnold since wheat was grown there, which was used for Tarijeña beers; chocolate factories (a company owned by Víctor Navajas), soaps (including toilet soaps such as those of the "Corcus" company with its "Prado", "Espuma", "El Porteño" etc.), edible oils from peanut oil, the family Spanish Plans in 1905 established an important carpentry with machine tools in which billiard balls were manufactured, there were also cigarette factories and in the rural area the wine production already existing since the Spanish colony was promoted, although the modernization and expansion of production of quality wines is due to the Kohlberg family that in the first decades of the XX century immigrated from Germany, for this reason the Current Tarija wines have Central European characteristics in many of their varietals and at the beginning of the century XXI its vineyards are the ones cultivated at the highest altitude in the world. However, Tarija's economic heyday in the first half of the XX century could not overcome the declining Bolivian economy with its weak internal market.
In the valleys of Tarija, high-quality wines and singanis (singanis from Tarija are considered to be of high quality internationally) are produced for domestic consumption and export. The cultivation of the vine arrived in Tarija in 1584, the The first record of Chapacas vineyards dates from 1589 and 1590 in the town of San Lorenzo, Tarija and Tolomosa. The so-called Gran Valle Tarijeño is located at altitudes ranging from 1700 to 2000 m s. no. m. although there are vineyards from Tarija at 2400 masl; which are among the highest on the planet and include wineries that already have four centuries of history, such as the Casa Vieja in the Valle de la Concepción; On the other hand, about 18 km north of the city of Tarija, in the town of Sella every June the Patero and Singani Wine Festival is held; This distribution of excellent viticulture has allowed the establishment of a Tarijeño Wine Route.
The capital city also has dairy derivatives processing plants and nearby there is an interesting production of cheeses and hams, there are lumber industries, red ceramic factories and fruit packing plants. In large rivers such as the Bermejo and the Pilcomayo, river fishing for human food is important. For example, the Tapiete and Weenhayek communities usually fish abundant quantities of tarpon, boga, pacú, dorados, and sea bass in the Pilcomayo and the Bermejo; such fish are marketed in the rest of Tarija or exported to departments of the Altiplano.
The rural area covers an extensive area, with micro-regions in which a highly diversified agricultural activity is carried out. In addition to its vine crops, it has vegetable crops such as gherkin, garlic, coime (with which various local dishes such as anchi are prepared), potatoes, chamomile, oregano; as well as crops of wheat (in Padcaya and San Lorenzo part of the flour is processed and with it much of the dough is made that is used for the already industrial preparation of empanadas), peas, beans, and to a lesser extent corn; Citrus-based fruit growing (there is a citrus processing plant in the town of Bermejo), in the tropical humid lowlands the cultivation of sugar cane stands out (also in the aforementioned town of Bermejo there is an important "mill" 34; sugar), there are attempts to grow vines, no longer for wine purposes but for the direct consumption of the grapes, in the Gran Chaco (near Yacuiba). In other fertile sites in the region an incipient cultivation of Berries such as blueberries, raspberries or, especially in Tolomosita, strawberries and flowers for the national market and for export, also for export the production of sunflower cakes, soybean oil, sawn wood and turmeric.
Livestock is a promising resource that has been exploited since ancient times but has been relatively underdeveloped: the highlands are very suitable for breeding wolves, the mesothermal valleys are ideal for high-altitude goat, sheep and cattle farming, the plains of the Great Chaco are very suitable for cattle farming in dry areas and for pig farming. In particular, cattle farming has herds of Holstein dairy cattle and poultry farms with a large productive capacity. In addition to agricultural work, Tarija is home to skilled artisans who make hats, basketry, and ceramics. In 2010, the export of orchids began.
In the aforementioned production of dairy products from Tarija, cheeses and related products stand out, such as the morocilla (or round cheese), the quesillos (the cheeses are almost always made from goat's milk), the chaco cheese, the redondito cheese (which is widely used in the humitas filling) and yogurt. Until now, the main dairy production and its derivatives are carried out in the towns of Caldera, Tolomosa Grande and Pampa Grande.
Tarija has an advantageous location that directs its productive activity towards exports, particularly to the Argentine Republic. Its agricultural production has been favored with the construction of the San Jacinto dam, which provides irrigation water to the central valley. San Jacinto also generates electricity and is a center of tourist interest.
Since the 1990s, the eastern region of Tarija (especially the Chaco Boreal area) has taken on great relevance; Already at the beginning of the XX century, the existence of hydrocarbon deposits (for example, oil) was known in the eastern Andean foothills in the vicinity of Villamontes, Fortín Campero and since the 1990s gigantic natural gas fields such as Sanandita and Campo Margarita near Puerto Margarita have been surveyed and started to be exploited, but the Margarita gas fields are claimed by the Bolivian department of Chuquisaca. There are also deposits of rock salt.
There is a very early film industry in Tarija which has not yet established itself in 2012 since its productions usually have only the Bolivian market as their destination.
Tourism
Another important item that is planned to be developed based on a path of change after the elections held in April 2010, is tourism, taking advantage of the most outstanding landscapes such as the waterfalls called Chorros del Jurina, the elevated Coimata lagoons, or the landscape of the quebrada of La Angostura and the Pilaya Canyon, the convenient microclimates, lake and river spas, mountainous or flat areas suitable for adventure tourism, mountaineering, fishing sports, safaris, or the attractions that come from prehistory -valuable are the paleontological sites and museums-, historical -a rich heritage from colonial times-; theaters; the various traditional and folkloric elements of the Tarijeñidad that include music, songs, dances and gastronomy (for example, tasting its excellent full-bodied wines), festivals such as the Chapaco carnival with its Fiesta de las Comadres or the Gran Ronda Chapaca de Easter, the Great Serenade that on April 15 of each year commemorates the first independence of Tarija; the Fiesta de Santa Anita on July 26 of each year (dedicated especially to boys and girls, at the Santa Anita fiesta the chapaco boys and girls prepare foods such as saice that are then sold publicly in a symbolic way by buttons instead of of money: the buttons metaphorize the coins although they commemorate the pre-capitalist times of barter). Among other celebrations, festivities and cultural activities, Corpus Christi also has picturesque celebrations, among which the consumption of decorated ajipas and chicha de grape. Between August and September (a time that is usually cold and dry) the great Catholic pilgrimage to the sanctuary of the Virgin of Chaguaya is celebrated (in 2011 it officially began on Sunday, August 14). On August 16, the colorful Fiesta Grande de Tarija is celebrated with San Roque as its patron (a curious fact about this festival is that there are parades of dogs which are richly decorated).
Tarija is still difficult to access from multiple directions since it is not located in the main tourist axes of Bolivia, tourism remains relatively weak despite the beauty of the landscape and the pleasant climate. Visitors come from northwestern Argentina and from the interior to spend a happy day at one of the many wineries with live music. Some foreign visitors use the capital as a comfortable base to explore the, already in the collao of western Bolivia, Salar de Uyuni and other attractions in the wider area. However, the Government of the Department, which was recently elected in 2015, has taken up the cause of making better use of tourism potential and investing it on purpose.
In addition to the diverse nature of the Region for hikers, climbers and bird lovers it offers excellent photo opportunities and simple but very tasty cuisine that is why Tarija especially attracts with its annual calendar of events with themed fairs (fairs) and traditions. These include the Chapaca grape harvest Wine Festival in Uriondo, the lively carnival of Tarija and the Fiestas de Comadres y Compadres and the chunchos of San Roque. Every year the pilgrimage to Chaguaya is very popular, every year in April Tarija organizes an extensive international cultural program.
Tomatitas is especially during the weekends a popular destination in the vicinity of the city of Tarija. In addition to the possibility of swimming in the confluence of the Río Nuevo Guadalquivir and Río Erquis rivers, there are many restaurants with local specialties and live music. It is also worth seeing the San Jacinto Lake reservoir, with easy access and a beautiful location.
Villamontes is home to the International Fish Festival. Here fishing is a popular pastime. The sport can only be operated with hooks.
Further north, in the province of Méndez, is the aforementioned Chorros de Jurina waterfall, 40 meters high. From it emerge the two rivers Chorro Blanco and Chorro Negro, which flow through a beautiful landscape. In San Lorenzo the provincial leader of the XIX century Don Eustaquio "Moto" Mendez. The Museo Casa del Moto Méndez obviously bears his name. Inside, the items of the personal possessions of such a warlord and the weapons used at that time are kept. The church of San Francisco dates from 1709 and still preserves the original architecture. For sunbathing and swimming, the small lagoon of Coimata invites you with its clear spring waters. Such lagoons are formed by small waterfalls that have largely been unaffected by human depredation.
Prehistoric rock art can be found in the Padcaya caves where condors are well sighted. Further south, on the border with the province of Salta, is the small city of Bermejo, which is being conurbaned with the town of Aguas Blancas, characterized by its tropical sugar cane plantations. The International Lapacho Festival and fishing are also held in this town, and further east (as in the entire Chaco Tarijeño-Salteño) is the Salvador Mazza (Salta)-Yacuiba conurbation; (The Gran Chaco of Tarijeño does not have natural limits with the Province of Salta except for the very few meters of the small Caraparí river at this point), almost all of the limits between Tarija and Salta are artificial and in few places marked only by a wire fence that supposedly points to the parallel 22° S.
Although it still does not stand out for its tourist attractions, notable places such as Villamontes in the eastern area of Tarijeño-Chaco also deserve mention. This city is the main oil producer in the Tarija region, and the Tarija Region has been subordinate since 1826 to Bolivia, the main oil producer in Bolivia, the existence of these rich deposits was a reason why in the first quarter of the XX century< /span> triggered the so-called Chaco War.
Indexes
| Departments of Bolivia according to the size of their economy GDP (gross domestic product) in 2018 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Position | Department | Gross Domestic Product |
| 1.o |  Santa Cruz | US$ 11,811 million |
| 2. |  La Paz | US$ 11,319 million |
| 3.o |  Cochabamba | US$ 6.037 million |
| 4.o |  Tarija | US$ 3,204 million |
| 5.o |  Potosí | US$ 2,627 million |
| 6.o |  Oruro | US$ 2.071 billion |
| 7. |  Chuquisaca | US$ 2.030 million |
| 8. |  Beni | US$ 1,104 million |
| 9. |  Pando | US$ 373 million |
| Total |  Bolivia | US$ 40,581 million |
| Source: National Statistical Institute of Bolivia INE(2019) | ||
| Departments of Bolivia for average inhabitant wealth (gross domestic product per cup) in 2018 | ||
| Position | Department | GDP per Capita |
| 1.o | Tarija | US$ 5,689 |
| 2. | La Paz | US$ 3,926 dollars |
| 3.o | Oruro | US$ 3,849 |
| 4.o | Santa Cruz | US$ 3.663 |
| 5.o | Chuquisaca | US$ 3.243 |
| 6.o | Cochabamba | US$ 3,062 dollars |
| 7. | Potosí | US$ 2.961 |
| 8. | Pando | US$ 2,593 |
| 9. | Beni | US$ 2,359 dollars |
| Total | Bolivia | US$ 3,589 dollars |
| Source: National Statistical Institute of Bolivia INE(2019) | ||
| Economy size of the Department of Tarija (GDP) Average watering per inhabitant (PIB per Capita) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | GDP (in dollars) | GDP per Capita (in dollars) | Growth Departmental GDP |
| 1988 | US$ 219 million |  US$ 775 | |
| 1989 | US$ 228 million |  US$ 781 | + 5.05 % |
| 1990 | US$ 255 million | US$ 851 | + 8.62 % |
| 1991 | US$ 274 million | US$ 891 | + 6.51 % |
| 1992 | US$ 277 million |  US$ 874 | - 0.40 % |
| 1993 | US$ 274 million | US$ 843 | + 1.27 % |
| 1994 | US$ 273 million | US$ 816 | + 3.15 % |
| 1995 | US$ 292 million | US$ 849 | - 0.32 % |
| 1996 | US$ 321 million | US$ 905 | + 4.68 % |
| 1997 | US$ 390 million | US$ 1,069 | + 16.61 % |
| 1998 | US$ 442 million | US$ 1,178 | + 10.69 % |
| 1999 | US$ 426 million | US$ 1.103 | - 1.57 % |
| 2000 | US$ 442 million | US$ 1,112 | + 4.20 % |
| 2001 | US$ 455 million | US$ 1,120 | + 7.29 % |
| 2002 | US$ 496 million | US$ 1,197 | + 15.72 % |
| 2003 | US$ 589 million | US$ 1,391 | + 14.55 % |
| 2004 | US$ 764 million | US$ 1,766 | + 18.97 % |
| 2005 | US$ 1,076 million | US$ 2.437 | + 25.42 % |
| 2006 | US$ 1,357 million | US$ 3.014 | + 7.17 % |
| 2007 | US$ 1,685 million | US$ 3,670 | + 7.85 % |
| 2008 | US$ 2,057 million | US$ 4.394 | + 4.78 % |
| 2009 | US$ 2.026 million | US$ 4.248 | - 1.18 % |
| 2010 | US$ 2,239 million | US$ 4,609 | + 7.23 % |
| 2011 | US$ 2,912 million | US$ 5,886 | + 6.32 % |
| 2012 | US$ 3,687 million | US$ 7,323 | + 9.64 % |
| 2013 | US$ 4,413 million | US$ 8,595 | + 11.15 % |
| 2014 | US$ 4.549 million | US$ 8,691 | + 4.98 % |
| 2015 | US$ 3,581 million | US$ 6,714 | - 2.73 % |
| 2016 | US$ 2,744 million | US$ 5.051 | - 6.15 % |
| 2017 | US$ 3,030 million | US$ 5,477 | - 3.66 % |
| 2018 | US$ 3,204 million | US$ 5,689 | - 4.37 % |
| 2019 | US$
3.056 million | US$ 5,334 | |
| Note: In Red, the years of decrease of GDP 0% Down. In Green, the years Regular growth of GDP 0% and 4,50%. In Blue, the years of Good growth GDP 4.50% up. Source: National Statistical Institute of Bolivia INE(2019) | |||
Quality of life
The quality of life in the Tarija region has been developing along with the growth of the departmental economy, the quality of life of the people of Tarija has been constantly increasing since 2008, as a reference to this, the Gini indices, school enrollment expenses, average salary, etc. can be indicated.
| Bolivia
| 1,569.3 Bolivians | (2013) |
|---|---|---|
| Santa Cruz
| 1,790.5 Bs. | (2013) |
| Tarija
| 1.614.8 Bs. | (2013) |
| Cochabamba
| 1.452.0 Bs. | (2013) |
| La Paz
| 1,250.8 Bs. | (2013) |
| Oruro
| 1.115.1 Bs. | (2013) |
| Beni
| 1.109.3 Bs. | (2013) |
| Chuquisaca
| 1,035.1 Bs. | (2013) |
| Potosí
| 880.0 Bs. | (2013) |
References: "Bolivia: beyond inequality in income distribution".
Note: The figures used in this template are elaborated from the information compiled by the I.N.E, in the Bolivian national census of 2012.
| Bolivia
| 2.751.0 Bolivians | (2016) |
|---|---|---|
| Santa Cruz
| 3.384.0 Bs. | (2016) |
| Pando
| 3.017.0 Bs. | (2016) |
| Tarija
| 2.838.0 Bs. | (2016) |
| Beni
| 2.724.0 Bs. | (2016) |
| Cochabamba
| 2.645.0 Bs. | (2016) |
| La Paz
| 2.613,0 Bs. | (2016) |
| Oruro
| 2.430.0 Bs. | (2016) |
| Chuquisaca
| 1,858.0 Bs. | (2016) |
| Potosí
| 1.817.0 Bs. | (2016) |
References: "Household Survey 2016 - 2018 - I.N.E BOL"
| Bolivia
| 2.789,0 Bolivians | (2018) |
|---|---|---|
| Santa Cruz
| 3.235.0 Bs. | (2018) |
| Pando
| 3.193.0 Bs. | (2018) |
| Tarija
| 2.966,0 Bs. | (2018) |
| Beni
| 2.965,0 Bs. | (2018) |
| Cochabamba
| 2,749.0 Bs. | (2018) |
| La Paz
| 2.548.0 Bs. | (2018) |
| Oruro
| 2.490.0 Bs. | (2018) |
| Chuquisaca
| 2.441.0 Bs. | (2018) |
| Potosí
| 2.090.0 Bs. | (2018) |
References: "Household Survey 2016 - 2018 - I.N.E Bolivia"
Lorenz curve, and Gini coefficient (departmental)
| Bolivia
| 0.45 | (2013) |
|---|---|---|
| Tarija
| 0.35 | (2013) |
| Oruro
| 0.38 | (2013) |
| Beni
| 0.40 | (2013) |
| Cochabamba
| 0.43 | (2013) |
| Santa Cruz
| 0.45 | (2013) |
| La Paz
| 0.45 | (2013) |
| Pando
| 0.50 | (2013) |
| Potosí
| 0.51 | (2013) |
| Chuquisaca
| 0.54 | (2013) |
References: "Bolivia: beyond inequality in income distribution".
Departmental spending per school enrollment
| Bolivia
| 425 Bs | (2011) |
|---|---|---|
| Pando
| 2.125 Bs | (2011) |
| Tarija
| 1,200 Bs | (2011) |
| Chuquisaca
| 525 Bs | (2011) |
| Potosí
| 525 Bs | (2011) |
| Oruro
| 435 Bs | (2011) |
| Santa Cruz
| 390 Bs | (2011) |
| La Paz
| 300 Bs | (2011) |
| Beni
| 275 Bs | (2011) |
| Cochabamba
| 250 Bs | (2011) |
References: "Bolivia: beyond inequality in income distribution".
Coverage of basic services
| Bolivia
| Water:
80.8% | Basic sanitation:
52.7 per cent | Electricity: 85.4% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tarija
| Water: 91.1 per cent | Basic sanitation: 71.3% | Electricity: 91.3% |
References: "WATER AND BASIC SANITATION -Right for all Bolivians" UDAPE - UNDP.
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
| Bolivia
| Incidence of poverty (%) | Intensity of poverty (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Tarija
| 27.86% | 33.41% |
| Close | 20.99% | 33.05% |
| Great Chaco | 28.66% | 33.73% |
| Aniceto Arce | 34.76% | 32.51% |
| Mendez | 36.88% | 34.20% |
| Avilés | 45.78% | 33.21% |
| O'Connor | 50.32% | 34.48% |
References: EMH-Tarija 2019, Fundación Aru, Autonomous Departmental Government of Tarija.
Note: Until today (09/09/2020), the department of Tarija is the only subnational unit that has the MPI (Multidimensional Poverty Index) record, therefore for which no comparisons can be found at the sub-regional level.
Expected years of life, since birth
| Bolivia
| 71.2 Years |
|---|---|
| Santa Cruz
| 75.4 Years |
| Tarija
| 75.1 Years |
| Chuquisaca
| 74.0 Years |
| Beni
| 73.9 Years |
| Pando
| 73.2 Years |
| Oruro
| 72.2 Years |
| La Paz
| 70.6 Years |
| Cochabamba
| 70.1 Years |
| Potosí
| 65.5 Years |
References: "Sub-national Human Development Index - Radboud University - The Netherlands"
Total number of companies created and registered in the government system
| Bolivia
| Total number of companies created and registered (Management:2005) | Total number of companies created and registered (Management:2019) |
|---|---|---|
| Tarija
| 2.873 Companies | 16.359 Companies |
References: "Ministry of Economy and Finance - Eco Tarija - Bulletin 2019"
I.W.I Index
| Bolivia
| 60.8% | 2.03%
| 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Santa Cruz
| 73.4% | 2.79%
| 2010 |
| Tarija
| 66.4% | 1.82%
| 2010 |
| Pando
| 63.5% | 3.52%
| 2010 |
| Cochabamba
| 62.3% | 2.05%
| 2010 |
| La Paz
| 58.8% | 2.09%
| 2010 |
| Oruro
| 57.8% | 1.29%
| 2010 |
| Beni
| 55.0% | 2.57%
| 2010 |
| Chuquisaca
| 51.0% | 1.61%
| 2010 |
| Potosí
| 47.8% | 1.63%
| 2010 |
| Bolivia
| 64.14% | 2012 |
|---|---|---|
| Santa Cruz
| 79.0% | 2012 |
| Pando
| 70.5% | 2012 |
| Tarija
| 70.08% | 2012 |
| Cochabamba
| 66.4% | 2012 |
| La Paz
| 63.0% | 2012 |
| Oruro
| 60.4% | 2012 |
| Beni
| 60.1% | 2012 |
| Chuquisaca
| 54.22% | 2012 |
| Potosí
| 51.06% | 2012 |
References: "Sub-national development index - Radboud University - The Netherlands"
Housing Quality Index (I.N.E-Bolivia)
| Department/National | % of dwellings with low quality of life | % of dwellings with average quality of life | % of homes with high quality of life | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bolivia
| 3.0% | 36.3% | 60.7% | 2018 |
| Tarija
| 2.1% | 24.5% | 73.4% | 2018 |
| Santa Cruz
| 2.3% | 29.1% | 68.6% | 2018 |
| Cochabamba
| 2.4% | 35.3% | 62.3% | 2018 |
| La Paz
| 1.8% | 37.2% | 61.0% | 2018 |
| Chuquisaca
| 4.2% | 36.8% | 59.0% | 2018 |
| Beni
| 5.4% | 44.0% | 50.6% | 2018 |
| Oruro
| 8.9% | 41.4% | 49.7% | 2018 |
| Pando
| 7.5% | 50.3% | 42.2% | 2018 |
| Potosí
| 5.3% | 58.8% | 35.9% | 2018 |
References: "Household Surveys 2016-2018 I.N.E BOL".
Dates
The region of Tarija has three important commemorative dates: June 25 marks the adhesion of the Chapter Chapter of Tarija organized by the mayor of first vote Mariano Antonio de Echazú Mejía to formalize the support and integration to the May Revolution of the First Meeting of Buenos Aires of 1810, on August 18 the organization of the Open Town Hall of the aforementioned year is remembered, where support for Buenos Aires is ratified again, and José Julián was also elected by popular vote as deputy representative Pérez de Echalar, these dates being the beginning of the Independence of Tarija in the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. On April 15, the date on which the Battle of Tarija or also called the Battle of La Tablada (1817) was fought with troops commanded by the leaders Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid, Francisco Pérez de Uriondo and José María Avilés who left a few months free from the royalists. (High Peruvian Spanish royalists and then pro-Spanish royalists) to most of the Republiqueta de Tarija. Among the pro-Spanish royalists was Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calahumana who, after being defeated and imprisoned by the Tucuman and Tarija patriots, crossed sides and after being a Spanish royalist, became a hero of the Peruvian-Bolivians.
Culture
The natives of Tarija are called tarijeños. The Tarija region has its cultural nucleus in the city of Tarija itself, founded by Spaniards, largely Andalusians, Basques and Extremadurans, who mixed with the few Tomatas, Churumatas and Guaraníes, who had opposed the Incas and would be quickly exiled. and exiled outside their territory (territory that was completely depopulated, since the Inca only took all the tribes that inhabited the area towards the Andes); in the lower eastern or Chaco zone (sometimes called the "Gran Chaco") in addition to the Qom, Wichi/Weenkayek and other indigenous peoples insultingly called "Chiriguanos" by the Quechua and Aymara invaders; Since the end of the 20th century, all these towns have been highly genetically mixed with people of European origin and currently there are also Mennonite settlements dedicated to cattle raising and intensive agriculture and to the elaboration of the primary products of such productions, although they have not been established. been restricted to commodities but know how to give their products added value (for example, "Dutch" type cheeses). The traditional Creole inhabitants of the "lowlands" in the areas bordering the Province of Salta (Argentina) and the Paraguayan Boreal Chaco they usually receive the name of chaqueños and maintain their culture even closer (if not identical) to the gaucho as well as the chaco.
In the second week of April of each year (centering on April 15) the Fiesta de la Tarijeñidad is celebrated since that date commemorates the victorious battles against the royalists, the Battle of Tarija. Creole customs are practiced and encouraged in festivals and rural festivals, one of the most recognized is the Festival of the Chaco Tradition, which is celebrated on the last weekend of August, among the traditional activities are: The ambrosiada, the pelada de chiva, the dressage of colt, the pialada, and, among the gaucho games, the following are practiced: the jugada de taba, the corrida de ortija, and the cucaña or encebao stick. In addition to mounting clubs with music and dance.
Gastronomy
Some dishes and drinks from the Chapaca, Chaco and Guarani gastronomy:
|
Most of these foods are typical of the entire region throughout the year, some are more characteristic of certain areas or certain dates.
Folk dances and music
|
|
In the past, the cueca chapaca was accompanied with a variety of instruments such as guitars, bass drums, accordions, bandoneons, concertinas, piano, tambourines, bandurrias and harp. Currently these dances are only accompanied by the sound of guitars, violins and bass drums. In the celebrations the erque, the caña, the camacheña, the box, the quenilla are executed. These instruments are played according to the time of the "chapaco calendar"; For example, in the rainy season (summer) the erque is performed accompanied by the caja, the "rueda del erque" and particular verses and tunes are sung. In Holy Week the chapaco violin is played, the "rueda del violín" and the tunes of the time are sung. In autumn and winter, known by the locals as the "dry season", the "reed" instrument is played, the "rueda de la caña" and tunes are sung according to the festivity or party. The same happens with the camacheña (which is a variant of the Guarani flutes and the Tacuara flute) that is played accompanied by the caja in the Fiesta Grande de Tarija: San Roque and in successive festivities. Festival of the Chaqueñatarijeña Tradition, which is celebrated on the last weekend of August, among the traditional activities are: the ambrosiada, the pelada de chiva, the dressage of the foal, the pialada, and, among the gaucho games, they practice: the tabas play, the ring bullfight, and the cucaña or encebao stick. In addition to mounting clubs with music and dance.
In literature, Héctor Pino Ichazo, Eduardo Wilde, Lindaura Anzoátegui Campero, Jesús Urzagasti, Jorge Campero and Octavio Campero Echazú and Óscar González Alfaro (1921–1963) known as Óscar Alfaro (San Lorenzo, (San Lorenzo, Tarija, September 5, 1921 - La Paz, December 25, 1963), was a literary poet, storyteller Chapaco).
In sports, the cyclist with the Glass Casa Real team: Horacio Gallardo.
Capaco Spanish
This accent is spoken mainly in the valleys and highlands of the Tarija department, but also in the Villa Abecia region and in nearby areas of Chuquisaca. This dialect is different from those mentioned above, it is a variation or pronunciation of Andalusian Spanish and colonial Basque. The voseo is fully used in Tarija, and the yeísmo was fully used in previous years, sustaining itself in rural areas. The chapaca or tarijeña tune is very similar to those used in the territories and provinces of the cuyo region, central region and eastern northern Argentina, this is due to the common linguistic and cultural legacy between chapacos and Argentines; since the territory where it was spoken before was the Argentine Province of Tarija.
Vexillology
First representative flag: In the course of searching for an area for the foundation of the future Villa de San Bernardo between March and July 1574, Saint Bernardo de Claraval and the Immaculate Virgin of the Conception were taken as protectors. by the colors sky-blue and white. Fuentes y Vargas and his people initially settled in Tomayapo, Paicho, Tarixa La Viexa (baptized in mid-1539, current San Lorenzo) and in the area where Villa San Bernardo de Tarija would be founded, in the middle of the construction of the Villa, its explorers headed to the center of the Tarija Valley, where it was baptized as the Valley of Our Immaculate Lady of the Blessed Virgin of the Conception. It took little time for the colors to be adapted in details of traditional and religious festivals, also in the clothing of the settlers such as ponchos and garments or details. Years after the start of the emancipation of Tarija, the flags of blue-celeste at the top and white at the bottom, currently called albicelestes, were taken to the independentist guerrillas, representing the regional territory of Tarija.
Flag of the Department of Tarija and the Cercado Province: Created on March 30, 1976 by Municipal Ordinance 005 in the management of Francisco Vázquez Alemán, president of the H. Municipal Council. Horizontal shape and divided into two, bicolor with red upper and white lower.
Flag of the Province of Francis Burdett O'Connor Bowen and the Municipality of Entre Ríos: Created on August 17, 1995 by Municipal Ordinance 010/95 in the management of Juan Íñiguez Ibáñez, president of the H. Municipal Council. Horizontal shape and divided in two, bicolor with a blue upper half and a white lower half.
Flag of the Province of José María Avilés and the Municipality of Francisco Pérez de Uriondo: Created on July 6, 1928, through the Ordinary Meeting of the Club Deportivo de Avilés el Valle de la Concepción. Horizontal shape and divided in two, bicolor with light blue upper and white lower.
Flag of the Municipality of Yunchará: By Municipal Ordinance. Horizontal shape and divided in two, upper bicolor blue and lower white.
Flag of the Eustaquio Méndez Arenas Province and the Municipalities of San Lorenzo and El Puente: Created on September 14, 1984 by Municipal Ordinance. Horizontal shape and divided in two, bicolor with red upper and blue lower.
Flag of the Gran Chaco Province and the Yacuiba, Caraparí and Villamontes Municipalities: Created on April 14, 1994 by Municipal Ordinance 013/94 in the management of Manuel Epifanio Ortiz G, president of the H. Municipal Council. Horizontal shape and divided in two, bicolor with green upper and white lower.
Flag of the Aniceto Arce Ruiz de Mendoza Province and the Municipality of Padcaya: Created by decree. Horizontal shape and divided into three, tricolor of upper red, middle white and lower green.
Flag of the Municipality of Bermejo: Created on July 4, 1995 by Municipal Ordinance 013/95. Horizontal shape and divided in two, bicolor with green upper and white lower.
Flag of the Guarani Nation: Created on March 18, 2006 by the assembly, leaders and councilors of the Guarani people. Horizontal shape and divided into three, tricolor of light blue upper, green middle and brown lower.
Heraldry
First shield: According to the Royal Provision of July 26, 1577, issued by Viceroy Toledo, the Cabildo of San Bernardo de Tarixa through the Second Ordinary Mayor of Villa Gutiérrez Velásquez de Ovando, requested the King of Spain Felipe II, the granting of a coat of arms, the King through the Royal Certificate of Concession, granted the Villa de San Bernardo de la Frontera de Tarixa the coat of arms at the end of 1580. Its design that is not well specified: It consisted of a form of Labarum, in the center or in the heart there was a shell in the abyss of the main shield.
Second coat of arms: On December 15, 1888, the Municipal Council of Tarija, chaired by Domingo Paz Arce and Juan Navajas, approved the Ordinance establishing the second coat of arms of Tarija, the author of which is unknown. Its design would be callused with a border; in the background a slope of a hill and country landscape with little woods and a blue sky; a broad bundle of wheat, a single plow and a dove flying across the field.
Third shield: In Ordinary Session of March 23 and 24, 1934, the H. Municipal Council of the City of Tarija, under the presidency of Isaac Sassón Attie and; the presence of the councilors Epifanio, Echenique and Heriberto Dols respectively, approved and promulgated the Municipal Ordinance that establishes the Third Shield of the city of Tarija. The outstanding and winning proposal was the one presented under the label "La Coraza Colonial", whose historical study fell to Dr. Octavio O'Connor D'arlach from Tarija. The original shield is located at the top of the Municipal Building (Town Hall). Design:
Shape: It presents the Spanish casulada shape (bull skin).
Border: A border of gold-colored enamel, which surrounds the field of the shield; bordura means piece of honor and; his presence means protection, favor and reward; The color gold means: wealth, strength and constancy.
Landscape: The landscape on the shield alludes to the Valle de Tarij (Tarija Valley), discovered and named in August 1535 by Hidalgo Juan Sedizo and; also alluding to the valleys of Andalusia, home region of several of the 50 Spaniards and the founder of Villa Fuentes y Vargas.
River: Behind the armor and traversing the landscape, are the currents of the Guadalquivir River (from the Arabic الوادي الكبير al-wādi al-kabīr, "the big river"); on the right flank of the shield, the waters of the Guadalquivir River of Seville, Spain run and; On the sinister flank of the shield, the waters of the Guadalquivir de Tarija River flow, this river would be baptized in this way in Tarija, approximately around the year 1575 and 1576.
Shield or armor: Made up of two pieces of metal prostrate on a gray podium, the Breastplate and the Espaldar, the armor was an important piece used by the Spanish in the process of discovery, conquest and founding of towns in the vast territory of the Indies.
Helm: A helmet of burnished silver, tertiary, red and white feathers, with five shackles or grills, with a closed visor and looking slightly to the right, signifying the origin of the Andalusian nobility of Luis de Fuentes y Vargas.
Exterior ornaments
Superior Currency: The Superior Currency bears the name, Tarija; because it is an exterior ornamentation of the shield, "It will bear the name of" a name acquired in August 1535 by the Spaniards Juan de Sedizo, Antonio Gutiérrez and Diego Pérez del Río, who baptized the central valleys with the name of "Valle de Tarij[a]", later Tarixa and Tarija.
Inferior Currency: The Inferior Currency bears the motto of: Very Loyal and Very Faithful; Archbishop Dr. Gregorio de Molleda y Clerque during his visit to the Villa de Tarija in April 1750, on behalf of the King of Spain Fernando VI (of the House of Bourbon), in an official act held in the Iglesia Matriz (Temple of the Order of the Jesuits, today the Cathedral of Tarija, by provision of March 11, 1925 when the Bishopric of Tarija was instituted), delivered the Royal Certificate of Concession and granted the Shield of the Villa de San Bernardo de Tarija the Badge Imperfect: “Very Loyal and Very Faithful” in recognition “…for their important services since the foundation in the evangelization of the tribes and the exploration of the Chaco…”, with the inhabitants of the jurisdiction of Tarija identifying themselves as Very Loyal to the King and the Crown of Spain and Very Faithful to the Catholic Religion.
Stars: Five-pointed with gold enamel; meaning each of the provinces of the territory according to the date of creation.
Triumphal crown of laurel and olive branch: In the lower exterior part of the shield, intertwined by the lower badge or crossed by the butts of both branches, bordering the right and left side of the shield: the laurel signifying imperishable victory and; the olive tree meaning Immutable Spirit.
This third shield had different versions, one of these was; a full armor facing forward holding a spear and some hills within the landscape.
Daily Newspapers
- Diary Digital La Voz de Tarija
- El Chaco Informa (Tarija)
- Andaluz (Tarija)
- El Chaqueño (Tarija)
- The Newspaper (Tarija)
- The New South
- El País (Tarija)
- The Bermejeño (Tarija)
- El Chaqueño (Tarija)
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