Department of Puno

Puno is one of the twenty-four departments that, together with the Constitutional Province of Callao, make up the Republic of Peru. Its capital is the homonymous Puno and its most populated city is Juliaca. Located in the southeast of the country, it limits to the north with the department of Madre de Dios, to the east with Bolivia, to the southwest with the departments of Tacna and Moquegua and to the west with the departments of Arequipa and Cuzco. With 66,997 km², it is the fifth largest department, behind Loreto, Ucayali, Madre de Dios and Cuzco. It was founded on April 26, 1822.

His festival of the Virgen de la Candelaria was declared Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by Unesco on November 27, 2014.

It is estimated that this part of the Altiplano is the center of origin of the cultivated potato. El Collao was the territory of the ancient Pucará culture. Subsequently, various manors conquered by the Inca Empire developed in the region around the XV century. During the Colony, it was an important commercial area. At the end of the 18th century, it was an important theater of operations for the Tupac Amaru II Rebellion in its two phases. considered the First Libertarian Cry in America and his predecessor Tupac Amaru I was the first to rise up against European oppression. It was created as a department on April 26, 1822, replacing the colonial administration prior to the expulsion of the royalists stationed in the area, carried out only in 1824 after the Battle of Ayacucho.

History

In some valleys of the department of Puno there are some petroglyphs of Amazonian origin that prove that the Amazonians entered the mountains in archaic times petroglyphs of Quiaca. Coincidentally, according to Juan B. Palao Berastain, the Urus ethnic groups come from the Amazon. They are biological data verified through DNA and would belong to the Arawak group.

Regarding the Aurochs or Urus, the researcher Arthur Posnansky mentions in one of his writings that the Urus have been asked if the name of their race was truly that of Uru, and they answered that this is what they were called by the aimaras as an insult, because they went fishing and hunting at night, but the real name of their caste is kjotsuñi, which means "men of the lake" and are considered the primal race of America.

Sillustani.

Taquile Island.

In the following centuries, various Andean cultures developed, such as the Pucará culture, between the years 100 B.C. C. and 300 d. C., contemporary culture to the urban phase of Tiahuanaco, who dominated the monumental architecture in carved stone, such as the famous Puerta del Sol (located in Bolivia), which has the god Viracocha engraved.

The Aymara Kingdoms, Aymara lordships or lake kingdoms were a group of Amerindian peoples that flourished towards the late intermediate period, after the fall of the Tiahuanaco culture whose societies were geographically located in the Andean Altiplano or Collao plateau, which - from north to south- they occupied territories from Canchis and Canas to Potosí, they used the Aymara and Puquina languages.1 Among the most important Aymara architecture we find the chullpas Lagarto and Karachi de Sillustani.

In the department there are also many almost unknown but very important archaeological sites such as the Trinchera fortress, and the Colo Colo Tombs, near Patambuco or the Portal de Aramu Muru near Juli.

Over the years, different ethnic groups gathered around Lake Titicaca. Viracocha Inca is credited with having imposed Quechua among the Aymaras of Puno and Pachacútec his conquest after strong resistance.

During the viceroyalty, the region was a center of covetousness for its mineral wealth, especially its gold pans.

In 1870 the Arequipa-Puno railway line was installed and lake navigation began.

Geography

Location and boundaries

The Puno region is located in the southeastern highlands of the country, on the Collao plateau at: 13°0066'00” and 17°17'30” south latitude and 71°06'57” and 68°48 '46” west longitude of the Greenwich meridian. It borders on the south, with the Tacna region. To the east, with the Plurinational State of Bolivia and to the west, with the regions of Cusco, Arequipa and Moquegua.

Relief

Nevado Allincapac

Suasi Island

Lake Titicaca

The Puno region is located in the highlands between 3,812 and 5,500 m a.s.l. no. m. and between the ceja de selva and the high selva between 4,200 and 500 m a.s.l. no. m.. It is worth mentioning that the capital of the department is the city of Puno and is located on the shores of Lake Titicaca.

• Rios Suche, Huancané, Ramis, Coata, Ilave, Desaguadero and San Gabán.

• Lagos: Titicaca (the highest navigable lake in the world) and Arapa.

• Lagunas: Lagunillas, Saca Cocha and Umayo.

• Titicaca Islands: Amantani, Taquile, Soto, Chirita Islands archipelago, Ustute, Quipata, Chilata, Suasi, Esteves.

• • In Lake Huiñaimarca: Sicaya, Lote, Caana, Pataguata and Yuspique.

• Nevados: Allin Cápac (6000 m.) and Ananea Grande (5,830 m. n. m).

• Abras: Cruz Laca (at 4.850 m. n. m.) and Sipitlaca (at 4.800 m. n. m.) in Chucuito; Iscay Cruz (at 4.800 m. n. m.) in San Antonio de Putina; Susuyo (at 4.375 m. n. m.) in Carabaya.

Transportation

Boating in Puno.

Puno railroad.

Inca Manco Cápac International Airport, Juliaca.

The Puno region due to its very rugged geography (it is located in the Andes mountain range), which is accentuated in the area comprised by the Collao plateau, has a poor network of paved roads that connect the towns, the The road network is only dense in the provinces located on the shores of Lake Titicaca; however, despite these difficulties, the Puno region is well connected with the neighboring regions, with which it has a very fluid transport of people and goods.

The region has the Panamericana Sur and Interoceánica Sur highways, the most densely traveled segment is the Juliaca - Puno highway that daily receives hundreds of public and private transportation cars.

The region has an airport located in the city of Juliaca, this one located especially due to the flat geography of the area and the infrastructure it offers.

The region has 3 aeronomists:

• San Rafael airfield, located in the province of Melgar in the district of Antauta
• San Ignacio Airfield, located in the province of Sandia in the district of Putina Punco
• Ventilla airfield, located in Puno province in Puno district

Administrative division

The Department of Puno is administratively divided into 13 provinces. According to the last official census of the year 2017, the most populated province of the department is the Province of San Román and the least populated is the Province of Moho.

In terms of land area, the largest province is the Province of Carabaya with an area of 12,266 square kilometers and the smallest is the Province of Yunguyo with 290 square kilometers.

Demographics

Most populated cities

The following is a table with the main cities in the department of Puno:

Ethnography

• Whites are populations of European descent and descent. Immigrants mostly in the Virreinate of Peru. In Puno they represent 0.6% and at the national level 5.9%, according to the 2017 census.
• Mestizos are populations of two cultural unions; between Western and American culture. Currently in Puno they live 5.5% of mestizos and 60.2% at the national level, according to the 2017 census.
• Quechuas are native populations originating from the current states of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. The name derives from its same Quechua language, family of languages extended by much of the Cordillera region and related to the Inca Empire. In turn this great nation is an integral part of the inhabitants of the Department of Puno. According to the 2017 census in Puno, 57% are registered and at the national level with 22.3%.
• The Aimaras is a native population of South America that inhabits the Andean plateau of Lake Titicaca since pre-Columbian times, spreading its population between the west of Bolivia, southern Peru, northern Chile and northern Argentina. The name derives from its own Aymara language, they receive the name of collas, as a historical part of the Collasuyo. It is part of the population of the Puno Department. According to the 2017 census in Puno, 33.7% are registered and at the national level with 2.4%. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnograf%C3%ADa_del_Per%C3%BA

Authorities

Regionals

Like all the other departments of Peru and the Constitutional Province of Callao, it constitutes a de facto region with its own Regional Government as well as an electoral district that elects five congressmen.

• 2019 - 2022
  • Regional Governor: Walter Aduviri Calisaya of the Regional Development Integration Movement (Mi Casita).
  • Regional Deputy Governor: Agustín Luque Chayña, of the Movement of Integration for Regional Development (Mi Casita).
  • Counsellors:
  1. Puno:
     • Jorge Antonio Zúñiga Pineda (Poder Andino)
     • Severo Vidal Flores Ccopa (Movimiento de Integración por el Desarrollo Regional (Mi Casita))
  2. Azángaro:
     • Pelayo Cuba Pérez (Poder Andino)
     • Walter Mamani Quispe (Movimiento de Integración por el Desarrollo Regional (Mi Casita))
  3. Carabaya:
     • Abdón Vidal Pacco Hancco (Frente Amplio para el Desarrollo del Pueblo)
     • Noemí Elsa Cordova Leqque (Movimiento de Integración por el Desarrollo Regional (Mi Casita))
  4. Sucker:
     • Domingo Quispe Tancara (Movimiento de Integración por el Desarrollo Regional (Mi Casita))
     • Freddy Efraín Rivera Cutipa (Frente Amplio para el Desarrollo del Pueblo)
  5. Huancané: Germán Alejo Apaza (Movimiento de Integración por el Desarrollo Regional (Mi Casita))
  6. Lampa: Lizbeth Marisol Cutipa Apaza (Movimiento de Integración por el Desarrollo Regional (Mi Casita))
  7. Melgar: Samuel Pacori López (Movimiento de Integración por el Desarrollo Regional (Mi Casita))
  8. Sandia: Wilfredo Meléndez Toledo (Movimiento de Integración por el Desarrollo Regional (Mi Casita))
  9. San Román:
     • Isidro Pacohuanaco Pacco (Movimiento de Integración por el Desarrollo Regional (Mi Casita))
     • Nancy Salluca Huaraya (Moral and Development)
  10. Yunguyo: Deysi Jhuliana Chalco Coyla (Movimiento de Integración por el Desarrollo Regional (Mi Casita))
  11. San Antonio de Putina: José Luis Borda Cahua (Alianza para el Progreso)
  12. The Collao:
      • Jaime Chambilla Maquera (Movimiento de Integración por el Desarrollo Regional (Mi Casita))
      • Nury Mamani Machaca (Poder Andino)
  13. Moho: Héctor Coaquira Apaza (Movimiento de Integración por el Desarrollo Regional (Mi Casita))

Provincial municipalities

• 2015-2020

1. Puno: Lic. Martin Ticona Maquera
2. Azángaro: Ing. Isidro Solórzano Pinaya
3. Carabaya: Econ. Edward Rodríguez Mendoza.
4. Sucker: Abog. Juan Carlos Aquino Condori
5. The Collao: Ing. Santos Apaza Cárdenas
6. Huancané: Abog. Vilca Callata
7. Lampa: Ing. Clever Huaynacho Hañari
8. Melgar: Ing. Víctor Jesús Huallpa Quispe
9. Moho: Ing. Uriel Archangel Condori Yujra
10. Sandia: Mr. Miguel Quispe Type
11. San Antonio de Putina: Lic. Serapio Sucasaire Sucasaire
12. San Román: Pepikids
13. Yunguyo: Ing. Leonardo Fabio Concori Pilco

Military

• Peruvian Army:
• Peruvian Navy:
• Peruvian Air Force:TEN FAP Pharmaceutical Chemical Condori Huaraccallo Celso Víctor

Police

• National Police of Peru:

Religious

Of the Catholic religion:

• Mons. Jorge Pedro Carrión Pavlich (Bishop of the Diocese of Puno).
• Mons. José María Ortega Trinidad (Obispo de la Prelatura de Juli).

Economy

Quinoa cultivation.

The region concentrates a large part of its GDP in the primary sector, call it extractive activities such as mining, livestock, agriculture, the latter above all has subsistence in areas with less accessibility and lower human development index, it is the first national producer of: tin, alpaca fiber, potatoes, sheep meat, wool, quinoa, representing in most cases more than 40% of the country's total production.

The Economically Active Population (PEA) is approximately 749.5 thousand, there is an unemployment rate of 1.9%, and an Economically Inactive Population of 163.0 thousand people, all this according to INEI data for the year 2009. Of the total EAP, 49.5% belongs to the primary sector (extractive activities), 14.4% to commerce, 8.1% to manufacturing, 6.7% to transportation and communications, 3% to construction, 18, 3% to other services.

In the Puno region, according to the latest INEI Economic Census, there are a total of 37,663 commercial establishments, of which 41% are in the province of San Román, 22.6% in the province of Puno, and the remaining percentage is divided among the other provinces of the region. The GDP of the Puno Region is for the year 2009 of 3754.3 billion nuevos soles.

Culture

Taquile.

Festivities

Diablada puneña.

In the Puno region, each community, district and province pays homage to its patron saints, inherited from the time of the Viceroyalty of Peru; but which also brings with it ancestral rites typical of the Quechua and Aymara cultures, related to the cult of the pachamama (mother earth), the mama ccota (lake titicaca), the apus (protective hills in each town), natural seasons, etc. In short, the Catholic and ancestral beliefs merge into a unique syncretism, expressing devotion with dances, songs, meals, etc. It is also known that the location of the built churches was always based on "adoratorios" built by the original peoples, because that was the desire to catechize with the "extirpation of idolatries" during the colony.

Currently you can see how both beliefs coexist and among the most important we have:

• Puno - Puno:
  • Festival in Honor to the Virgin of the Candelaria named Cultural and Intangible Heritage of Peru and of Humanity. Main day 2 February.
• Azángaro - Azángaro:
  • Feast of the Eighth of the Child Jesus. Main Day 1 January.
• Carabaya - Macusani:
  • Feast in Honor to the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception. Main Day 8 December.
• Chucuito - Juli:
  • Feast in Honor to the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception. Main Day 8 December.
• The Collao - Ilave:
  • Festival in Honor to San Miguel Arcángel. Main day 29 September.
• Huancané - Huancané:
  • Festival of the Holy Cross of May. Main Day 3 May.
• Lampa - Lampa:
  • Feast in Honor to Saint James Apostle. Main Day 25 July.
  • Feast in Honor to the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception. Main Day 8 December.
• Melgar - Ayaviri:
  • Festival in Honor to the Virgin of the High Grace. Main Day 8 September.
• Moho - Moho:
  • Festival of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. Main Day 14 September.
• Sandia - Sandia:
  • Feast of the Eighth in Veneration to the Lord of Pacaypampa. Main day 21 September.
• San Antonio de Putina - Putina:
  • Festival in Honor to San Antonio de Padua. Main day June 13th.
• San Román - Juliaca:
  • Festival in Honor to Our Lady of the Mercedes. Main Day 24 September.
• Yunguyo - Yunguyo:
  • Festival in Honor to San Francisco de Borja named Cultural Heritage of Peru. Main Day 10 October.

Cultural heritage and tourism

His festivity Virgen de la Candelaria was declared Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by Unesco on November 27, 2014.

The region of Puno has innumerable natural attractions, among which the majestic Lake Titicaca stands out, which is the highest navigable lake in the world located at an altitude of 3810 m s. no. m., this with the floating islands (artificial islands made from dried Totora) among which Los Uros stands out, where descendants of the ancient Uru Chipaya live, whose lineage dates back to pre-Hispanic times.

From Puno you can follow cultural corridors corresponding to two different ethnic groups:

• The cultural corridor Aimara and
• The Quechua cultural corridor.

The Aymara Cultural Corridor

Titicaca Castle in Charcas Plateria.

Suasi Island.

This corridor comprises a series of Aymara-speaking peoples, descendants of the Lupaca kingdom. Starting from Puno, there are the following towns and communities on the Aymara cultural tour:

• Chimú and Ojerani Community
• Ichu village
• Chucuito (14 km from Puno), has two churches, Our Lady of the Assumption, Church of the Virgin of the Rosary and an inca temple called "Inca Uyu" which was formerly a ceremonial temple.
• Plate
• Ilave
• Juli (about 60 km), also known as "The Little American Rome", is located on the Titicaca margin and stands out for important churches of the Renaissance and Baroque period.
• In Ácora, (about 40 km) are located chullpas from K'ellojani and Molloqo.
• Pomata
• Zepita
• Yunguyo, and
• Desaguadero, on the border with Bolivia.

In the year 2022, the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Aymara communities of Bolivia, Chile and Peru, was included in the list of UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, this list was created in 2020 and includes the works teachers of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity.

The Quechua cultural corridor

Taquile.

The Quechua cultural corridor begins in Juliaca, and is made up of the following locations of interest:

• Paucarcolla, with his church, the mines of Cueva, the cataracts of Totorani and Vizcacha Pucará.
• Hatuncolla and its typical dwellings of dwellers of the Quechua area;
• Sillustani and its cemetery of pre-inc and Inca cultures.
• The peninsula of Capachica and the islands of Taquile and Amantaní.
• It will be able, with pre-inca ruins and interesting colonial churches as well as a rich craftsmanship of cooked mud (torito de Pucará).
• Ayaviri
• Lampa
• Azángaro
• Macusani, and
• Sandia with the tropical forests and the Candamo River basin (paradisiac place where adventure and ecotourism tourism takes place).

Patambuco, wonderful landscapes, colo colo tombs and trench ruins

Carnival of Patambuco with its colorful clothing, among them the llijllas, chuspas montera etc.

The pre-Inca trench ruins.

This entire route is a three-hour truck ride from Juliaca.

Education

• Public and private schools:
  • Total: 2708...
    • Initial education: 423.
    • Primary education: 1897.
    • Secondary education: 468.
• Universities:

Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno.

• • Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno
  • Universidad Andina Néstor Cáceres Velásquez
  • Universidad San Carlos
  • National University of Juliaca
  • Universidad Peruana Unión
  • Universidad Alas Peruanas