Cupressaceae

Filogenia de la familia Cupressaceae

The Cupressaceae (scientific name Cupressaceae) are a family of conifers in the order Cupressales. They are trees or shrubs with often aromatic wood and foliage, with tightly packed scale-like leaves from 1 mm to 3 cm long. It is a cosmopolitan family from warm to cool-temperate climates. They are widely used for their wood, their fragrance, and as ornamentals.

Description

Theoretical Introduction in Descriptive Terminology of Plants

Trees or shrubs, wood and foliage often aromatic. The bark of the trunks is often fibrous, peeling off in long ribbons in mature trees, or forming blocks. Leaves persistent (deciduous in 3 genera), simple, spirally arranged or twisted at base appearing distichous, opposite, or whorled, scale-like, densely packed and as short as 1 mm to linear and up to 3 cm long, with resin canals, shed with the lateral branches, adult leaves tight or sparse, sometimes sparse and linear on the main branches and scale-like and tight on the lateral branches, leaves scale-like often dimorphic, the lateral leaves keeled and bent around the branch and the leaves at the tip and base of the branch flat. Monoecious or Dioecious (Juniperus, "Austrocedrus" and "Fitzroya" are dioecious). Microsporangiate strobili with spirally or oppositely arranged microsporophylls, microsporangia 2–10 on abaxial surface of microsporophyll, pollen without "sacca". Cones maturing in 1-3 years, scales peltate or basally attached and flattened, juicy in Juniperus, fused to bracts, persistent (deciduous in Taxodium), ovules 1 to 20, on adaxial surface of scale, erect (micropyle facing away from cone axis), in some ovule may eventually be inverted. Archegonia variable in number per ovule, grouped. Seeds with 2 (rarely 3) lateral wings (wings absent in some genera), embryo right, cotyledons 2-15.

Ecology

It is a cosmopolitan family from warm to cool temperate climates. About 3 quarters of the species occur in the Northern Hemisphere. Some 16 genera contain a single species, and many of them have restricted distributions.

Members of this family grow in diverse habitats, from wetlands to dry soils, and from sea level to high elevations in montaneous regions.

Cupressaceae includes the largest plants on Earth, Sequoia sempervirens, almost 112 m tall and 6.7 m in diameter, and the largest (Sequoiadendron giganteum, 106 m high and 11.4 mm in diameter). Some species live 2,000-3,500 years or more.

Phylogeny

Theoretical Introduction in Philogenia

The family was long divided into Cupressaceae sensu stricto and Taxodiaceae on the basis of differences between their leaves. Cupressaceae s.s. it has opposite and scale-like or spiral and linear leaves, while Taxodiaceae has mostly spiral and linear leaves. The leaves of Metasequoia (Taxodiaceae) however are opposite, and those of Athrotaxis (Taxodiaceae) can be scales. There are numerous similarities (and potential synapomorphies) that unite these families: fusion of cone scale and bract, lateral wings on seeds derived from seed coat, microsporangia two or more per microsporophyll, more than two seeds per cone scale, shedding of small branches, clumped archegonia, wingless pollen grains, peltate cone scales in many genera, and DNA sequence characters (Brunsfeld et al. 1994, Eckenwalder 1976, Hart 1987, Stefanovic et al 1998, Tsumura et al 1995, Watson and Eckenwalder 1993). Finally, Cupressaceae s.s. it is monophyletic and probably arose from a paraphyletic assemblage, the "taxodiaceae". So the evidence shows that you have to unite the two families.

Cupressaceae s.s. it is divided into two well-supported clades: the cupresoid clade, comprising all Northern Hemisphere groups, and the callitroid clade, comprising all Southern Hemisphere taxa. Cupressaceae s.s. it is the sister group of the clade of three taxodioid genera: Taxodium, Glyptostrobus, and Cryptomeria. Taxodium grows in the eastern United States and Mexico and, like its sister genus Glyptostrobus (from southern and central China), is deciduous. Cryptomeria grows in a wide range in China and Japan. Another well-sustained trio of genera that diverged early in the evolution of the Cupressaceae is the sequoioid clade of Metasequoia, Sequoia, and Sequoiadendron. Metasequoia was widely distributed and is one of the most common genera of Cupressaceae in the Northern Hemisphere from the late Cretaceous to the Miocene. Its native range is now restricted to an isolated region of west-central China, and it was known outside its native range only as a fossil until 1944. Its deciduous habit seems to have evolved parallel to that of Taxodium and Glyptostrobus. Sequoia and Sequoiadendron, like Metasequoia and many other genera, contain only one species each and are very geographically limited. Sequoia is restricted to the coastal regions of northern California and southern Oregon and Sequoiadendron to the mountainous regions of central California. Cunninghamia, a genus of about three species from Southeast Asia, is sister to the rest of the family.

Juniperus is a member of the cupressoid clade and the second largest genus of conifers after Pinus. Junipers are largely confined to the Northern Hemisphere, with centers of diversity in the deserts of Mexico and the southwestern United States, the Mediterranean, and central Asia and China. Its species are found from sea level to tree line high, and from deserts to swamps. Some species in this genus are pests and have invaded millions of acres of farmland. The juicy cones of junipers are eaten by birds and small mammals, and long-distance transport by birds is suspected to have transported the genus to Atlantic islands such as the Azores, Bermuda, and the Canary Islands.

Junipers are sister to the Old World genus Cupressus, which formerly included 16 species from western North and South America. These New World species have been transferred to Callitropsis. Callitropsis nootkatensis has been difficult to locate taxonomically due to its distinctive morphology. This important timber species of northwestern North America has been located on Chamaecyparis, on Cupressus, and on Xanthocyparis. Its closest relative may be a recently described species from forests in northern Vietnam, Callitropsis vietnamensis.

Sciadopitys, was traditionally placed in "Taxodiaceae". The leaves of this genus appear to be fused in pairs, but these paired structures are probably a species of modified stem. Numerous morphological, molecular, and other differences argue for their separate family status (Stefanovic et al. 1998), like the Sciadopityaceae.

Taxonomy

Theoretical Introduction in Taxonomy

29 (perhaps 32) genera, some 110 to 130 species. The most represented genera are Juniperus (about 68 species), Callitropsis (18 species), Callitris (15 species), Cupressus (12 species), Chamaecyparis (7 species), Thuja (5 species), Taxodium (3 species), Sequoia (1 species) and Sequoiadendron (1 species).

The classification, according to Christenhusz et al. 2011, which also provides a linear sequence of gymnosperms through genus:

• Family 11. Cupressaceae Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 222. (1822), Nom. cons. Type: Cupressus L. Synonyms: Juniperaceae J.Presl & C.Presl, Delic. Prag.: 142 (1822). Type: Juniperus L. Thujaceae Burnett, Outl. Bot.: 502, 1149 (1835). Type: Thuja L. Cunninghamiaceae Siebold & Zucc., Fl. Jap 2: 1, 3 (1842). Type: Cunninghamia R.Br. Taxodiaceae Saporta, Ann. Sci. Nat, bot, be. 5: 4: 44 (1865), Nom. cons. Type: Taxodium Rich. Sequoiaceae C.Koch ex Luerss., Grundz. Bot.: 265 (1877). Type: Sequoia Endl. Cryptomeriaceae Gorozh., Lekts. Morf. Sist. Archegon.: 88 (1904). Type: Cryptomeria D.Don. Thujopsidaceae Bessey, Nebraska Univ. Stud. 7: 325 (1907). Type: Thujopsis Siebold & Zucc. ex Endl. Actinostrobaceae Lotsy, Vortr. Bot. Stammesgesch. 3: 98 (1911). Type: Actinostrobus Miq. Callitridaceae Seward, Fossil Pl. 4: 124, 151, 336 (1919). Type: Callitris Vent. Limnopityaceae Hayata, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 25. 1932. Type: Taxodium Rich. Taiwaniaceae Hayata, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 26 (1932). Type: Taiwan Hayata. Tetraclinaceae Hayata, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 27 (1932). Type: Tetraclinis Masters. Microbiotaceae Nakai, Tyosen-Sanrin 165: 13 (1938). Type: Microbiota Komarov. Metasequoiaceae S.Miki ex Hu & W.C.Cheng, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., be. 2, 1: 154 (1948). Type: Metasequoia Hu & W.C.Cheng. Athrotaxidaceae Doweld, Prosyllab. Tracheophyt.: xix (2001). Type: Athrotaxis D.Don. Libocedraceae Doweld, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 33: 42 (2001). Type: Libocedrus Endl. Neocallitropsidaceae Doweld, Prosyllab. Tracheophyt.: xx (2001). Type: Neocallitropsis Florin. Widdringtoniaceae Doweld, Prosyllab. Tracheophyt.: xx (2001). Type: Widdringtonia Endl. Arceuthidaceae A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 79 (2006). Type: Arceuthos Antoine & Kotschy. Diselmaceae A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 96 (2006). Type: Diselma Hook.f. Fitzroyaceae A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 80 (2006), ‘Fitz-Royaceae’. Type: Fitzroya Hook.f. ex Lindl. Pilgerodendraceae A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 87 (2006). Type: Pilgerodendron Florin. Platycladaceae A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 97 (2006). Type: Platycladus Spach

29 genera, about 130 species, almost cosmopolitan. This sequence is based on the phylogenetic trees of Gadek et al. (2000) and Little et al. (2004).

• 11.1. Cunninghamia R.Br. in L.C.M. Richard, Comm. Bot. Conif. Cycad. 149 (1826), Nom. cons., non Schreb. (1791), No. Type: C. sinensis R.Br., nom. illeg. (≡ C. lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook., ≡ Pinus lanceolata Lamb.) Synonyms: Belis Salisb, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 315 (1807), No. Type: B. jaculifolia Salisb, nom. illeg. (≡ Pinus lanceolata Lamb.) Jacularia Raf., Gard. Mag. & Reg. Rural Domest. Improv. 8: 247 (1832), nom. illeg. Raxopitys J.Nelson, Pinaceae: 97 (1866) Type: R. cunninghamii J.Nelson, nom. illeg. (≡ Pinus lanceolata Lamb.)

• 11.2. Taiwan Hayata, J. Linn. Soc, Bot. 37: 330 (1906). Type: T. cryptomerioides Hayata

• 11.3. Athrotaxis D.Don, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 234 (1838). Type: A. selaginoids D.Don

• 11.4. Metasequoia Hu & W.C.Cheng, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., ser. 2, 1(2): 154 (1948), Nom. cons., non Miki (1941, No. = fossil). Type: M. glyptostroboides Hu & W.C.Cheng, Nom. & typ cons.

• 11.5. Sequoia Endl, Syn. Conif.: 197 (1847), Nom. cons. Type: S. sempervirens (D.Don) Endl. (≡ Taxodium sempervirens D.Don)

• 11.6. Sequoiadendron J.Buchholz, Amer. J. Bot. 26: 536 (1939), Nom. cons. prop. Type: S. giantum (Lindl.) J.Buchholz (≡) Giant Wellingtonia Lindl.) Synonyms: Wellingtonia Lindl, Gard. Chron. 1853: 823 (1853), nom. illeg., non Meisn. (1840). Type: Giant W. Lindl. Americus Hanford, Great Calif. Tree: 6 (1854), Nom. Type: A. Giant (Lindl.) Hanford Sequoiadendron giantum (Lindl.) J.Buchholz ≡ Giant Wellingtonia Lindl.) Washington Winslow, Calif. Farmer 2: 58 (1854), Nom. inadmis., non Raf. ex J.M.Coulter (1900), Nom. cons. Type: W. californica (≡ Sequoiadendron giantum (Lindl.) J.Buchholz ≡ Giant Wellingtonia Lindl.)

• 11.7. Cryptomeria D.Don, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 233 (1838). Type: C. japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) Cupressus japonica Thunb. ex L.f.)

• 11.8. Glyptostrobus Endl, Syn. Conif.: 69 (1847). Type: Taxodium japonicum Brongn., nom. illeg., non (L.f.) Brongn. (CHUCKLES) G. pensilis (Staunton ex D.Don) K.Koch

• 11.9. Taxodium Rich., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 16: 298 (1810). Type: T. distichum (L.) Rich. (≡ Cupressus disticha L.) Synonyms: Schubertia Mirb. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 3: 123 (1812), No. Type: S. disticha (L.) Mirb. (≡ Cupressus disticha L.) Cuprespinnata J.Nelson, Pinaceae: 61 (1866), nom. illeg. Type: C. Disticha (L.) J.Nelson Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. ≡ Cupressus disticha L.)

• 11.10. Papuacedrus H.L.Li, J. Arnold Arbor. 34: 25 (1953). Type: P. papuana (F.Muell.) Libocedrus papuana F.Muell.)

• 11.11. Austrocedrus Florin & Boutelje, Acta Horti Berg. 17(2): 28 (1954). Type: A. chilensis (D.Don) Pic.Serm. & Bizzarri (≡) Thuja chilensis D.Don)

• 11.12. Libocedrus Endl, Syn. Conif.: 42 (1847). Type: L. doniana Endl. nom. illeg. (≡ L. (D.Don) Sarg. ≡ Dacrydium plumosum D.Don) Synonym: Stegocedrus Doweld, Novit. Syst. Pl. Vasc. 33: 42 (2001). Type: S. austrocaledonica (Brongn. " Gris) Doweld (≡) Libocedrus austrocaledonica Brongn. & Gris).

• 11.13. Pilgerodendron Florin, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 24: 132 (1930). Type: P. uviferum (D.Don) Florin (≡ Juniperus uvifera D.Don)
• 11.14. Widdringtonia Endl, Gen. Pl. Suppl. 2: 25 (1842). Type: W. cupressoides (L.) Endl. (chuckles) Thuja cupressoides L.) Synonyms: Pachylepis Brongn, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 30: 189 (1833), nom. illeg., non Less. (1832). Type: P. cupressoides (L.) Brongn. (≡ Widdringtonia cupressoides (L.) Endl. ≡ Thuja cupressoides L.) Parolinia Endl, Gen. Pl. Suppl. 1: 1372 (1841), nom. illeg., non Webb (1840, Brassicaceae). Type: Thuja cupressoides L.

• 11.15. Diselma Hook.f., Fl. Tasmaniae 1(5): 353 (1857). Type: D. archeri Hook.f.

• 11.16. Fitzroya Hook.f. ex Lindl., J. Hort. Soc. London 6: 264 (1851), as ‘Fitz-Roya’, Nom. & orth. cons. Type: F. patagonica Hook.f. ex Lindl. (CHUCKLES) F. cupressoides (Molina) I.M.Johnst. ≡ Pinus cupressoides Molina) Synonym: Cupresstellata J.Nelson, Pinaceae: 60 (1866). Type: Cupresstellata patagonica (Hook.f. ex Lindl.) Fitzroya patagonica Hook.f. ex Lindl.)

• 11.17. Callitris Vent., Decas Gen. 10 (1808). Type: C. rhomboidea R.Br. ex Rich. " A.Rich. Synonyms: Frenela Mirb, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 13: 30, 74 (1825), nom. illeg. Type: Frenela rhomboidea (R.Br. ex Rich & A.Rich.) Endl, by typing (≡ Callitris rhomboidea R.Br. ex Rich. & A.Rich.) Cyparissia Hoffmanns, Preis-Verzeichn. Pfl, ed. 7: 20 (1833), nom. illeg. Type: C. australis (Pers.) Hoffmanns. (≡ Cupressus australis Pers. = Callitris rhomboidea R.Br. ex Rich. & A.Rich.) Octoclinis F.Muell., Trans. " Proc. Philos. Inst. Victoria 2(1): 21 (1857). Type: O. macleayana F.Muel l. Laechhardtia Gordon, Pinetum Suppl.: 40 (1862). Type: L. macleayana Gordon, nom. illeg. (≡ Frenela variabilis Carr.) Nothocallitris A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 85 (2006). Type: N. sulcata (Parl.) Callitris sulcata Parl.).

• 11.18. Actinostrobus Miq. in J.G.C. Lehmann, Pl. Preiss. 1: 644 (1845). Type: A. pyramidalis Miq.

• 11.19. Neocallitropsis Florin, Palaeontographica, Abt. B, Paläophytol. 85B: 590 (1944). Type: N. araucarioides Florin (Compton) Callitropsis araucarioides Compton) Synonym: Callitropsis Compton, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 45: 432 (1922), nom. illeg., non Oersted (1864). Type: C. araucarioids Compton

• 11.20. Thujopsis Siebold & Zucc. ex Endl., Gen. Suppl. 2: 24 (1842), Nom. cons. Type: T. dolabrata (Thunb. ex L.f.) Siebold & Zucc. (≡ Thuja dolabrata Thunb. ex L.f.) Synonym: Dolophyllum Salisb, J. Sci. Arts (London) 2: 313 (1817), No. Type: Thuja dolabrata Thunb. ex L.f.

• 11.21. Thuja L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1002 (1753). Type: T. Westernis L. Thya Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 480 (1763), nom. illeg.

• 11.22. Fokienia A.Henry & H.H.Thomas, Gard. Chron., be. 3. 49: 67 (1911). Type: F. hodginsii (Dunn) A.Henry & H.H.Thomas (≡) Cupressus hodginsii Dunn)

• 11.23. Chamaecyparis Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. Phan. 11: 329 (1841). Type: C. sphaeroida Spach, nom. illeg. (≡ C. thyoids (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ≡ Cupressus thyoids L.). Synonyms: Retinispora Siebold & Zucc., Fl. Jap 2: 36 (1844). Type: R. obtusa Siebold & Zucc. Shishindenia Makino ex Koidz, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 9: 101 (1940). Type: S. ericoides (Boehm.) Makino ex Koidz. (≡ Chamaecyparis obtusa var. ericoides Boehm.).

Note: Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Ericoides' is a cultivar, not a natural variety of C. obtusa.

• 11.24. Cupressus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1002 (1753). Type: C. sempervirens L. Synonyms: Callitropsis Oerst, Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1864: 32. (1864), Nom. Type: C. nootkatensis (D.Don) Florin (≡ Cupressus nootkatensis D.Don). Xanthocyparis Farjon & T.H.Nguyên, Farjon et al.Novon 12: 179 (2002), Nom. cons. prop. Type: X. vietnamensis Farjon & T.H.Nguyên. Tassilicyparis A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 72 (2006). Type: T. dupreziana (A.Camus) A.V.Bobrov & Melikian (≡) Cupressus dupreziana A.Camus). Platycyparis A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 73 (2006). Type: P. funebris (Endl.) Cupressus funebris Endl.). Hesperocyparis Bartel " R.A.Price, Phytology 91: 179 (2009). Type: H. macrocarpa (Hartw. ex Gordon) Bartel (≡ Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. ex Gordon) Neocupressus de Laub., Novon 19: 301 (2009), nom. illeg. Type: N. macrocarpa (Hartw. ex Gordon) from Laub. (≡ Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. ex Gordon)

Note: Adams et al. (2009) Cupressus formed two nails: the clay of the Old World Cupressus was brother of Juniperuswhile the claw of the new world Cupressus (Hesperocyparis) including Xanthocyparis vietnamensis and Callitropsis nootkatensis. However, Mao et al. showed that (2010) Cupressus in its wider sense including Xanthocyparis and Callitropsis It's monophytic with weak sustenance. Until the resolution of the phylogenetic position of Cupressus, here you take a conservative option and you decide to position Cupressus in broad sense, including Callitropsis, Hesperocyparis and Xanthocyparis.

• 11.25. Juniperus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1038 (1753). Type: J. communis L. Synonyms: Sabina Mill, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4, 3 (1754). Type: S. vulgaris Antoine (≡ Juniperus sabina L.) Cedrus Duhamel, Traité Arb. Arbust. 1: xxviii, 139. t. 52 (1755), No. Type: Not designated. Thujiaecarpus Trautv, Pl. Imag. 11 (1844). Type: T. juniperinus Trautv., nom. illeg. (chuckles) Juniperus oblonga M.Bieb. = J. communis var. saxatilis Pall.). Arceuthos Antoine & Kotschy, Westr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: 249 (1854). Type: A. drupacea (Labill.) Antoine & Kotschy (≡) Juniperus drupacea Labill.) Sabinella Nakai, Tyosen-Sanrin 165: 14 (1938). Type: S. phoenicea (L.) Nakai (≡ Juniperus phoenicea L.)

• 11.26. Calocedrus Kurz, J. Bot. 11: 196 (1873). Type: C. macrolepis Kurz Sinónimo: Heyderia C.Koch, Dendrologie 2(2): 177 (1873), nom. illeg., non Link (1833, fungus). Type: H. decurrens (Torrey) Calocedrus decurrens (Torrey) Florin ≡ Libocedrus decurrens Torrey).
• 11.27. Tetraclinis Masters, J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 14: 250 (1892). Type: T. joint (Vahl) Masters Joint Thuja Vahl)

• 11.28. Platycladus Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. Phan. 11: 333 (1841). Type: P. stricta Spach, nom. illeg. (chuckles) P. Orientalis (L.) Franco ≡ Eastern Thujais L.) Synonyms: Biota (D.Don) Endl., Syn. Conif.: 46 (1847), nom. illeg., non Cass. (1825). Type: B. Orientalis (L.) Endl. (≡ Eastern Thujais L.)

• 11.29. Microbiota Komarov, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 4(23/24): 180 (1923). Type: M. decussata Komarov

Economic importance

The family produces highly valued wood. Cryptomeria, Chamaecyparis, Juniperus, Sequoia, Taxodium, Thuja and many other genres are suitable for house building, railway construction, for floor and door planks, coffins, shingles, boat building, siding panels, wooden pencils, and many other purposes.

Many woods in this family have natural fragrances and have been used as natural moth repellents in cabinets and chests and in the manufacture of perfumes.

Cones of Juniperus communis are used to flavor gin.

Juniperus pollen contains one of the most potent airborne allergens, and the tremendous amount of pollen produced by this genus is highly correlated with nasal, sinus, and lung allergies in humans. and pets.

Chamaecyparis, Cupressus, Juniperus, Platycladus, Thuja and other genera They have been extensively cultivated as ornamentals.

References