Cumaná
Cumaná is a Venezuelan city, capital and seat of the public powers of Sucre State, Venezuela. It is located at the entrance to the Gulf of Cariaco, next to the mouth of the Manzanares River. It currently has a population of 374,706 inhabitants, which by adding those of the surrounding towns of El Peñón, Cantarrana, El Tacal, San Juan de Macarapana and other nearby towns, forms a conurbation with a total of 680,918 inhabitants that make up the Metropolitan Area. from Cumaná, distributed in 598 km² of surface; It is located in the North-Eastern Region of the country. It is the capital of the Sucre State and center of the eastern region. Since July 3, 1591, it has expressly received the title of city, with the privilege of coat of arms. The city of Cumaná has also been known as "The World Capital of Culture" and "The Venezuelan Athens".
History
The region was originally occupied by some indigenous groups who apparently came from the Orinoco basin. The indigenous Chaimas and Guaiqueríes also inhabited the island of Margarita. Alexander von Humboldt speaks in his accounts of these Indians and says that they were related to the Waraos and that they spoke a form of the Warao language. The Spaniards who sought pearls in the town of Nueva Cádiz, on the island of Cubagua, since 1500 were provided with fresh water in the Puerto de las Perlas, a town that gave rise to the city on the Cumaná River and where wealth was also extracted. pearl plant in the area, together with the indigenous people, on an islet in the river, which they baptized as "Manzanares", in commemoration of the river that runs through Madrid. For this reason, they needed access to the river to be free of possible attacks, which is why King Fernando El Católico ordered the construction of the Santa Cruz de la Vista fort. In 1501 a group of Franciscan friars established a mission in Puerto de Perlas, the first in the Kingdom of Tierra Firme in the New World. This mission was attacked on numerous occasions by the indigenous people of the area. At the beginning of that year another expedition arrived, made up of two ships, with Rodrigo de Bastidas and Juan de la Cosa, who bartered with the indigenous people.
Cumana is the oldest city still standing, of the cities founded on the mainland of the American continent. It was founded in 1515, as the result of the utopia of a handful of Dominican and Franciscan friars led by the friars Pedro de Córdoba and Antonio de Montesinos who dreamed of a peaceful evangelization, without the presence of soldiers and merchants. On October 3, 1515, a group of indigenous Cumanagotos led by the chief Maragüey, rose up violently, destroying the convent and killing the friars who were in it, taking revenge on the incursion of Spanish slavers near the area. Approximately on November 27, 1515, Fray Pedro de Córdoba rebuilt the convents and the town, providing them with a temple and a school, leaving new Franciscan friars who continued to teach the indigenous children. When the news reached Santo Domingo of new indigenous uprisings, the Royal Court sent Gonzalo de Ocampo to the front with a group of soldiers, with the mission of pacifying the area at any cost. It was the first European city in South America called La Primogenita in 1520.
Gonzalo de Ocampo made various entries against the indigenous people, captured and executed a good number of them and began to rebuild a fortress called Santa Cruz de la Vista and to bring more settlers to Cumaná, which he called "New Toledo"..
In the shadow of the fortress, the friars rebuilt their convent. In it, Fray Pedro de Córdoba and Fray Bartolomé de las Casas would stay, who were denouncing the abuses committed against the indigenous people in the New World. Other indigenous uprisings and the strong earthquake of 1530 weakened the Spanish foundations, delaying the definitive establishment of the Cumaná government. In 1562, Fray Francisco de Montesinos raised the city with what was left of Nueva Toledo de Ocampo, which he renamed Nueva Córdoba . Finally, in 1569, the conquistador Diego Fernández de Serpa established the definitive government of the city that he baptized as Cumaná, a name that has lasted until the present.
European colonization
Gonzalo de Ocampo names Cumaná as a Spanish town in the year 1521, although since 1500 it was known as Puerto de las Perlas due to the settlement of Spaniards who were dedicated to the extraction of pearls in the area together with the natives, for what King Fernando the Catholic ordered to build the fort of Santa Cruz de la Vista, and from 1513 Franciscan and Dominican missionaries sent by Fray Pedro de Córdoba from Santo Domingo began to populate and evangelize it. According to historical accounts, the convent in which the Dominican religious lived is destroyed during an indigenous rebellion led by Cacique Maragüey. Approximately on November 27, 1515, Fray Pedro de Córdoba rebuilt the convents and the town of Nueva Córdoba, providing them with a school and leaving new Franciscan friars who continued with the teaching of indigenous children. It was the first European city in South America called La Primogenita in 1520. Ocampo restored the fort of Santa Cruz de la Vista in 1520 and named this town New Toledo de Cumaná. A second rebellion damaged the fort again in 1521 when Fray Bartolomé de las Casas arrived with the intention of peacefully colonizing the region. However, disputes with Ocampo forced him to return to Santo Domingo in 1522. In 1521 Captain Jácome Castellón he raised the fort again and in 1523 founded the city that was called the glorious Santa Inés de Nueva Córdoba.
In 1530 Nueva Córdoba was hit by an earthquake. The city has to be rebuilt by its inhabitants. Given the events that occurred in Cubagua in 1543, when this town was invaded by French pirates, Nueva Toledo suffered a stagnation in its development. In 1562 Fray Francisco Montesinos was appointed mayor. In 1569, Diego Hernández de Serpa renamed the town Cumaná (a name which, according to the language spoken by its first settlers, meant "union of sea and river") and began to govern it. On July 2, 1591, King Felipe II granted Cumaná the title of city and gave it a coat of arms, crowned by the patron saint Santa Inés.
The family of Juan Rangel Sanguino, made up of him, his wife María Durán, his father-in-law Esteban García, four daughters between the ages of 18 and 22, and a son aged 9, arrived in Cumaná in 1569, on the expedition he had organized Diego Hernández de Serpa for the colonization of the territory of Nueva Andalucía that had been awarded to this conqueror.
The province of Nueva Andalucía was, without a doubt, the most important governorate in the eastern part of the country. The other governorates revolved around it, in one way or another: Guayana, Trinidad, Margarita. It can be affirmed that the neo-Andalusian government included the current territories of the Anzoátegui, Monagas and Sucre states. Guayana and Trinidad were provinces of the governorate on various occasions, but historically they retain an individuality that gives them a special physiognomy, which cannot happen with Barcelona, the current capital of the Anzoátegui state, and in whose territory an ephemeral province was forged at a given time..
Since the expeditions of the conquerors, various names were given to various eastern lands, with denominations that will be included in the government of Nueva Andalucía. In addition to Trinidad, Guayana and Paria, which are the most enduring, there is Maracapana, a province that covers the entire coast of the Cumanagotos and Píritu. Cumaná will be, however, the key word, because it refers to the coast where the Manzanares River flows, to the river itself and, over time, to all the provinces that will form the governorate.
The designation of Nueva Andalucía is clear from the capitulation signed with Diego Hernández de Serpa: three hundred leagues of coast between the Orinoco and the Amazon, (the Marañón or Amazonas) was the dividing line between Venezuela and Brazil, (this The province was the entire immense region between the Orinoco and the Amazonas, looking at the Tordesillas line, which gives Portugal only the belly of Brazil, to the east of that meridian.On the fixation of the Amazonas as the limit of that province, there are no doubts in the royal mind. (Each appointment alludes to it.) This territory was ceded to Brazil by the conuquero Santos Michelena, (according to him, we had too much land) plus the "girón de tierra" that goes from the Orinoco to the Morro In practice, that stretch of land will be the government, with its center in the city of Cumaná, that is, the southern limit will be formed by the Orinoco, and its continuity by the Caño Mánamo, the largest drainage in the north deltaic Guyana will give many headaches and will remain impenetrable for many years. The east is Cumaná fundamentally.
The name of Nueva Andalucía began to gain strength with the capitulations of Juan de Espés, signed in Madrid on March 11, 1536; but only after Fernández de Serpa —1568— it acquires a clear dimension and a practical application, although sometimes the first documentation also includes Guayana, as, indeed, it was included. Only that Guayana will become a particular government, with its own physiognomy, from the expeditions of Antonio de Berrío at the end of the XVI century.
The name of Nueva Andalucía, like many other names that recalled the ancient homeland, rejuvenated in the affection of the conquerors and settlers, was used on various occasions and in various places. In 1510, this was the name given to the governorate ceded to Ojeda, a strip located between Cabo de la Vela (Goajira peninsula) and the Gulf of Urabá, (land that Venezuela lost in 1941 as a result of the Treaty of Border Demarcation and Navigation of the common rivers between Colombia and Venezuela during the presidency of Eleazar López Contreras); then, in 1536, the governorate of Espés "two hundred leagues of coast on the mainland, beginning from the river they call Salado, which is near the Gulf of Paria..."; later, the governorship handed over to Francisco de Orellana, capitulation signed in Madrid on February 13, 1544, over territory south of the Amazon; and, finally, the governorship of Hernández de Serpa, in 1568, which acquired a historical dimension, to such an extent that in 1779 the Historia corográfica, natural y evangelica de la Nueva Andalucía” was published, written by fray Antonio Caulín, one of the most beautiful books of provincial Venezuelan literature.
Evangelism
Before November 1514, Franciscan and Dominican missionaries were already on the coast of Cumaná, working together to evangelize the indigenous people of the area. Through Cumaná the penetration of the gospel into the American mainland began without interruption since 1515 and on May 17, 1519 the king asked the pope to create the diocese of Paria on the eastern coast of Venezuela. The pope erected the diocese and named the relative of Adriano VI, Pedro Barbirio, bishop, who did not travel to establish the diocese and the project did not materialize and was abandoned before 1521. The Franciscans established their houses in the vicinity of what it is today Cumaná, and the Dominicans, ten leagues to the west, in Chichirivi. The evangelizing essay of the Dominicans ends in 1520, due to uprisings, looting and deaths caused by the natives. Other attempts, of the same missionary nature, were made in 1531 and 1541. In 1521, Captain Gonzalo de Ocampo built a poor fortress at the mouth of the Manzanares River, which Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas called Nueva Toledo. In 1521, Jácome de Castellón built a fortress in order on the ruins of the previous one. It is partially destroyed by the earthquake of 1530. The first city founded, which remains to this day, was called Nueva Córdoba until 1591, when it became Cumaná and was granted a new coat of arms. The re-founder was the Dominican Fray Francisco de Montesinos; the exact date, February 1, 1562. From that day the city is completely normalized. The founding document is preserved under the title of "Election and appointment of the justice and regiment and the other officials of the new town of Córdoba on the banks and ports of the Cumaná river on the coast of the mainland". It is a single city, without a government, a unique case as well, since it was about populating before founding the mission. The city will serve as the base and capital of the governorship that will be created in 1568. The document begins in this way: "On the first of February of one thousand and five hundred and sixty-two years, while the neighbors and residents who were presently in this new town of Córdoba who came with the most reverend Father Fray Francisco Montesinos, of the Order of Santo Domingo, a provincial who is currently from the province of Santa Cruz [...]» And Those first neighbors immediately authorized the founder, by voice and in writing, freely, democratically, to form a republic, that is, to choose the authorities that should govern the new town. There were twenty Spanish neighbors, some with "their wife and children at home," and nine Christian Indians with his people. In accordance with the law and many times, also in accordance with practice, as on this occasion, the Indians were vassals in equal conditions to the peninsulars, to the Spaniards of any part.
After Nueva Córdoba was founded, Montesinos had to proceed to penetrate the land that they call the Aruacas in the documentation. Indeed, the east was populated by the Arawaks, of diverse culture. The Royal Audience of Santo Domingo provided a notification order for the founder, dated May 21, 1562; but by then the Order had removed the friar from the scene. The city remained standing until the arrival of Fernández de Serpa.
Government of Nueva Andalucía
On November 24, 1569, the first governor of the province of Nueva Andalucía arrived, created by royal decree of May 27, 1568. He changed the name of the city, expressly calling it Cumaná, although the habit was more powerful, so that the one in Nueva Córdoba remained in practice for many years. He names justice and regiment. He adds settlers and can count from the first day forty neighbors, heads of families, housed in 150 thatched houses. Since July 3, 1591, it has expressly received the title of city, with the privilege of coat of arms. Since then, he has obtained his historic patent so as not to lose his name anymore, and there he is, with his beautiful load on his back.
Before 1562, no town achieved its definitive roots, only Cumaná fully subsists. From the Unare River to the Caño Mánamo and from the coast to the Orinoco, it will be mainly the work of the Franciscan and Capuchin missionaries from 1650, when the missions were definitively established. In 1585, Captain Sebastián Díaz Alfaro founded San Sebastián de los Reyes, the entrance to the eastern plains; in 1586 San Baltasar de los Arias appeared, re-founded in 1637 on the site it has today with the name of Cumanacoa; its founder was Captain Juan Rengel de Serpa; on February 18, 1643, it was organized by Juan de Urpín; In 1586, Cristóbal Cobo founded Nueva Écija de San Cristóbal, which would receive a new name in 1588, San Felipe de Cumanagotos; On April 7, 1594, Governor Francisco de Vides established Nuestra Señora de Clarines; This city joins San Felipe de Cumanagotos in 1596 and Nueva Frechilla de San Cristóbal de Clarines appears, which lasts seventy-four years. The current town of Clarines is a Capuchin foundation, later. San Felipe de Austria arose in 1604; it changes places several times until consolidating itself as Cariaco from 1615.
In 1631 a province appeared in the territories located between the Neverí and Unare rivers. It will receive the name of the governorship of New Barcelona, granted to Juan de Urpín, a Catalan "graduated with a bachelor's degree in canon law, doctor in civil law and lawyer of the Royal Court of Santo Domingo." He is the founder of the second most important city in Nueva Andalucía, today the capital of the Anzoátegui state, it was called Nueva Barcelona, now simply Barcelona. It was founded on February 12, 1638. Carúpano has existed since 1645. Urpín died in 1645; the province was maintained until it was incorporated into Nueva Andalucía in 1654. Communication between Caracas and Cumaná was expedited with the Urpinian foundations, at the same time that the cattle economy of the century XVIII throughout the eastern region, unifying the Cumanese government and extending its western limit to the Unare river, on the shores of the province of Venezuela.
In 1676, the Marquis de Maitenon with a fleet of 10 ships and 800 French buccaneers attacked Margarita Island and Cumana. This daring action motivated the Spanish to fortify Cumana. In June 1680, the pirate Michel de Grammont successfully attacked Cumaná with a force of 50 men. The pirate escaped wounded and took refuge on the island of Aves.
In 1741, the governorship and general captaincy of Nueva Andalucía comprised three territorial provinces: Cumaná, Nueva Barcelona and Guayana. The latter will depart from its jurisdiction, as we have seen. The set of cities and towns that make up the government in that year of 1741 is this: Cumaná, with 4,263 inhabitants; San Baltasar de los Arias or Cumanacoa, with 760; San Felipe de Austria or Cariaco, with 1,322; Santo Tomé de Guyana, with 400; the Real Fuerza de Araya, with 679; San Miguel de Río Caribes, with 518; Santa Rosa de Carúpano, with 636; New Barcelona, with 3,209; Villa de Nuestra Señora de Belén or Aragua de Barcelona, with 376. In addition, 14 doctrinal towns and 7 mission towns. The city of Maturín, capital of the Monagas state, was founded on December 7, 1760 by Fray Lucas de Zaragoza, as a mission.
Governors
The army of Governor Diego Hernández de Serpa was the most important arrival in the provinces of Tierra Firme during the XVI century, and of course, as far as Nueva Andalucía is concerned, since then there was a government as such, with a political organization and destiny. In this sense, Hernández de Serpa is the creator of the province and organizer of the city that always remained the head of the government. Don Diego had received title for life. He is soon killed in a battle with the natives. They are replaced by the mayors, in accordance with the law and tradition, while a new incumbent is elected. On June 15, 1571, the Royal Court of Santo Domingo sent Captain Antonio Luis Cabrera, a native of Margarita, as interim governor. He will be replaced by Adriano Padilla in 1572, until September 15, 1573, when he assumes the government owned by Garci Fernández de Serpa, son of Don Diego. He had difficulties to be recognized, since both the Cabildo and the Audiencia rejected lifetime governorships. He disappeared around 1584, the mayors ruled and then an interim, Pedro de Almazán. Another one replaced him in 1585, Felipe Torrellas de Linares, who remained until 1587, when the Portuguese Rodrigo Manuel Núñez Lobo was named owner.
On May 23, 1592, the capitulation was signed with Francisco de Vides, who was named governor with the right of succession. Dismissed in 1597, he was replaced as interim by his lieutenant Marco Antonio Becerra. On August 12, 1598, Diego Suárez de Amaya was appointed titular governor, from whose government the normal succession was regularized: Pedro Suárez Coronel, 1605; Juan de Haro, 1613; Diego de Arroyo y Daza, 1619, who built the castle of Araya and defeated the invading Dutch in 1622 and 1623; Christopher of Eguino and Mallea, 1626; Enrique Enriquez de Sotomayor, 1631; Benito Arias Montano, 1633; Fernando de la Riva Aguero, 1643; Gregorio de Castelar, 1645; Pedro Brizuela, 1652. And so, within the rule of law, until the last, where names such as Antonio de Sucre, interim in 1792; Vicente Emparán, who took office on December 22 of that year and governed honestly and correctly until June 6, 1804. He will be in Caracas on April 19, 1810, with the rank of President of the Audiencia, Governor and Captain General from Venezuela.
Juan Manuel Cagigal replaced Emparán until 1809. His successor, Lorenzo Fernández de la Hoz, lasted only months. The next owner, Eusebio Escudero, was appointed by the Supreme Board in the name of King Fernando VII. He governed until April 27, 1810, when a board was established that governed until 1811, replaced by a supreme legislative power. An executive power formed by Vicente Sucre, priest Diego Botino and José Leonardo Alcalá, exercised in that year, until José Miguel Alcalá, Vicente Sucre and José Ramírez had been appointed, in the elections held on May 14, 1812. The province tried a own road, parallel to Caracas. The plural executive ruled until August, when Cumaná and the other Venezuelan provinces returned to royalist hands.
The Cuman government succeeded, from 1812, Emeterio Ureña until 1813, appointed by Domingo Monteverde; Francisco Javier Cerveriz; Eusebio Antonanzas; Francisco Azcue; Gaspar Miguel Salaverria; Juan Cini and Tomás Cires. The latter was appointed on February 4, 1815 and held office until January 1820. Cires is appointed "because the government and administration of Cumaná in the province of Nueva Anadalucia is vacant due to the departure of Colonel Francisco Escudero [...]", as if things had not already taken a definitive turn, with the war that keeps those names alive in the memory of the people, backlights in front of the national heroes of the region, Santiago Mariño, the first, shoulder to shoulder with Simón Bolívar in those brave days
On January 27, 1820, Antonio Tobar was appointed, who governed until April 14, 1821. From that day until October 16 of the same year, Colonel José Caturla governed, who capitulated to General José Francisco Bermúdez, that besieged the city since August. It is now the time for change, which begins with Diego Vallenilla and José Grau. Nueva Andalucía disappears to make way for Cumaná as the capital of the department of Orinoco in the Republic of Gran Colombia, Bolívar at the head.
Queries: General Archive of the Indies.
Certificates of the Spanish monarchy relating to the eastern part of Venezuela.
Royal Court of Santo Domingo.
18th and 19th century
In 1726 the Province of Cumaná was created, made up of the territories of: Cumaná, Guayana, Barcelona, Maturín and the island of Trinidad. This organization is disintegrating when Guayana becomes an independent province. In 1766 a very important earthquake took place that destroyed the city. In the year 1777 the Captaincy General of Venezuela was created, made up of seven provinces, among which was the Province of Cumaná. In 1797 a new earthquake occurs that again destroys almost all the buildings in the city.
The naturalists Pehr Loefling and Alexander von Humboldt arrived in Cumaná in 1754 and 1799 respectively. Both remain in this city for several days and make numerous observations on the geology, fauna, flora and society of the entire Oriente region. Humboldt recounts that at that time there was still a population of Guaiquerí indigenous people at the entrance of the city itself, although they only spoke Spanish.
After the events that occurred in Caracas in April 1810, two commissioners from the Caracas Cabildo arrived in Cumaná and a meeting was called to set up a Provisional Governing Board that later assumed the government of the Province. When Gran Colombia was formed, Cumaná was the capital of the great Department of Orinoco. At the time of dissolving Gran Colombia and José Antonio Páez assuming the presidency of Venezuela, the country is divided into 11 provinces, one of them is Cumaná, which in turn is divided into Cumaná, Cariaco, Carúpano, Río Caribe, Güiria, Aragua from Maturin and Barrancas. Then the State of the East is formed with its capital in Cumaná.
In 1835, José María Vargas assumed the presidency of Venezuela. On July 25 of that year, Cumaná joined as a supporter of the revolution that wants to overthrow the president. In 1851 a series of riots took place that wanted to depose President José Gregorio Monagas, attempting independence and separation from the rest of the country. In 1853, an earthquake destroyed a large part of Cumaná. The movement against the president fails to overthrow him. In 1856, José Tadeo Monagas is elected president and Cumaná and Maturín are separated in a new territorial division.
Contemporary history
- 9 July 1997, an earthquake of magnitude 7.0 was reported on the Richter scale for about a minute causing 73 deaths throughout the state. The strong images of the tragedy in the city of Cumaná were widely disseminated by the national media.
- July 30, 2017, at least one was reported dead in the state, while the elections to the National Constituent Assembly were held.
Archdiocese of Cumaná
Through Cumaná the penetration of the gospel into the American continent began at the hands of the Franciscan friars around the year 1501, followed by the Dominicans in 1513. This intense evangelizing activity led them to the founding of Cumaná in 1515, by of Fray Pedro de Córdoba. In order to consolidate the missions in the area, Pope Leo X created in 1519 the first Diocese of mainland with the name of Paria and based in the city of Cumaná, naming Pedro Barbirio, a friend of Erasmo de Rotterdam and relative of Pope Adriano VI, who, due to different situations, could not take possession of the diocese. Later in the 18th century the creation of the Diocese of Cumaná was announced but for strategic reasons the civil authorities requested that it be created in Guyana to stop English penetration from the east. The diocese of Cumaná was established on October 12, 1922, by means of the pontifical bull Ad munus, of Pius XI, and was its first Bishop, Monsignor Sixto Sosa Díaz. Pope John Paul II recognized, in his first apostolic visit to Venezuela, that the evangelization of the mainland of the American continent had begun in Cumaná, which led him to elevate it to the rank of Archdiocese in 1992, doing historical justice to the city. becoming the metropolis of the Ecclesiastical Province of Cumaná, formed by the Archdiocese of Cumaná, the Diocese of Margarita, the Diocese of Barcelona, the Diocese of Carúpano and the Diocese of El Tigre. Provisionally, the Diocese of Valle de Pascua was also part of this ecclesiastical jurisdiction. In 2018, the diocese of El Tigre was created, also as a suffragan of Cumaná. The Christian history of continental America began together with the history of Cumaná, where the first mass on the American mainland had been officiated. Its main patron saint is Santa Inés, virgin and martyr; her historical co-patrons are Saint Francis of Assisi, Our Lady of Mount Carmel, and Saint John the Baptist.[citation needed]
Location
| Northwest: Caribbean Sea | North: Isla de Margarita/ Araya | Northeast: Gulf of Cariaco |
| West: Caribbean Sea/ Mochima National Park/ Caracas |  | This: The Rock (Venezuela)/ Mariguitar |
| Southwest: Puerto La Cruz | South: Cantarrana/ San Juan | Sureste: Cumanacoa |
Climate
 Average climate parameters in Cumana, Venezuela | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Ene. | Feb. | Mar. | Open up. | May. | Jun. | Jul. | Ago. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual |
| Average temperature (°C) | 31.1 | 31.7 | 32.2 | 32.0 | 32.8 | 31.7 | 31.7 | 31.7 | 32.2 | 32.8 | 32.2 | 31.7 | 32.0 |
| Average temperature (°C) | 24 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 25 | 23 | 25.1 |
| Temp. medium (°C) | 20.0 | 20.6 | 21.7 | 22.8 | 23.3 | 22.8 | 22.8 | 22.8 | 22.8 | 22.8 | 22.2 | 21.1 | 22.1 |
| Temp. min. abs. (°C) | 18 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 16 | 16 |
| Total precipitation (mm) | 7.6 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 7.6 | 48.25 | 104.1 | 119.4 | 121.9 | 83.8 | 58.4 | 43.2 | 22.9 | 622.3 |
| Source: The Weather Channel Interactive, Inc. January 2016 | |||||||||||||
Political-administrative division
The city is divided into Seven (7) Parishes which are part of the Sucre Municipality of which Cumaná is also the capital, these are: Valentín Valiente, Altagracia, Santa Inés, San Juan, Ayacucho, Gran Mariscal, and Raúl Leoni.
Communications
Land route
Cumana is located on the coast of Sucre state, overlooking the Caribbean Sea. The most significant land accesses are the following: From the state of Anzoátegui, the city can be accessed through the Troncal 09; from the state of Monagas through the municipality of Montes, it can be accessed from Local 01. To the west, Cumaná is connected to the cities of Puerto La Cruz, Barcelona and Lecherías. Through this route you can reach Caracas, and vice versa. To the east, the city communicates with the rest of the Sucre state, as well as with the Monagas state and its capital, Maturín. To the east there is also land access to the Araya and Paria peninsulas, as well as to the towns of Río Caribe, Carúpano, El Pilar and Casanay; It has three land terminals, two extra-urban ones located on Av. las palomas and on the Antonio José de Sucre Highway and an urban one in the center of the city.
Seaway
Cumana has several ports that, for the most part, are in charge of commerce, transport and accommodation for boats. At the passenger level, Cumaná has maritime transport for private and public use to the island of Margarita, the towns of Araya and Manicuare on the Araya peninsula. This transport service is provided by the private Venezuelan maritime transport companies Navibus and Naviarca. There are also several private terminals for small boats (colloquially called tapaítos). Previously, Conferry also provided service to the Isla de Margarita from this city, however, this disappeared due to the obsolescence and deterioration of the vessels and the non-availability of new units.
Airway
Cumana currently has the Antonio José de Sucre International Airport, from which you can access the capital. At the national level, most of the flights to Cumaná depart from other cities in the country, such as Caracas. The Antonio José de Sucre airport currently does not have international access; Due to this, the only way to access the city is through other international airports located in the country, such as the Simón Bolívar de Maiquetía International Airport, in the state of Vargas, or the General en Jefe Santiago Mariño International Airport, in the Margarita Island. Work is currently underway on the second runway to enable the international airport
Heritage
Santa Inés Co-Cathedral Church
The Co-Cathedral Church of Santa Inés is the oldest in the city. Restored around 1853, this church is located in the San Francisco neighborhood, right next to the ruins of the Castillo de Santa María de La Cabeza. It should be noted that the church of Santa Inés was not the first to be built; the Church of Nuestra Señora del Carmen, which was located between the two castles of Santa María and San Antonio, was built shortly after the Colonial Asiento. This church was the first Cathedral of the city, it retains the title of co-cathedral and its appointment as a Basilica has been considered.
Saint Agnes is considered by the Catholic Church as the patron saint of purity. She is one of the most popular saints of Christianity, it is likely that she was martyred at the beginning of the persecution of Diocletian, who would publish the edicts of her in March of the year 303 of our era. Every year, a special celebration is held in the city to venerate Santa Inés, patron saint of the city. The event consists of a procession that runs through the center of the city and ends at the Church.
Castle of San Antonio de la Eminencia
San Antonio de la Eminencia is a colonial castle built in the 17th century by the Spanish monarchy in Cumaná, Venezuela, to protect the city from the constant attacks of English, French and Dutch pirates. Originally called Careacus, its construction began around 1659. The fortress underwent several renovations due to the damage caused by the violent earthquakes that have shaken the city in recent centuries. A minor fortress was built in 1668; Don Juan de Urtarte, governor of the Province of Cumaná, requested the fortification of the structure in 1670.
José Antonio Páez was arrested in the castle in 1849 for taking up arms against President José Tadeo Monagas after having led an assault on Congress in January 1848. Páez remained in the castle until May 24, 1850, when he was expelled from the country. The castle was declared a National Monument in 1965. Currently, the castle is open to the public, and can be visited by tourists who are in the city.
Santa Maria de la Cabeza Castle
Santa María de la Cabeza is a colonial castle built in the 17th century by the Spanish monarchy in the center of the city of Cumana, Venezuela. It was built for defense and as a residence for governors. Its construction was ordered by Sancho Fernando de Angulo y Sandoval, Governor of the Province of Cumaná. Construction began in 1668 when Angulo y Sandoval's predecessor, Juan de Urtarte, wrote a memorandum to the King of Spain stating that the castle of San Antonio de la Eminencia built on the hill of the eminence was no longer suitable for the defense of the area, was used as the residence of the colonial governors.
The building was designed in the permanent bastioned fortification style of construction, popular during the 17th century, with a of proportional geometric plan. The bastions were used as the main defensive elements. The castle housed a garrison of 250 soldiers, and was the seat of government of the Province of Cumaná until its destruction by the 1929 earthquake. The castle was declared an Asset of Cultural Interest and Municipal Heritage in May 2005.
Sacred Eucharistic Heart of Jesus Metropolitan Cathedral
The cathedral of Cumaná began to be built in the XVIII century with the name of Seo Cordis Iesu (Headquarters of the of Jesus). In 1929, an earthquake partially destroyed the building, but it was restored in 1936. It was designed by Monsignor Breckman, who also brought the wood that makes up the cathedral from the mountains of Cariaco.
The cathedral is a neo-classical construction, with wooden altarpieces brought from the Iberian Peninsula. Its religious figures also come from Spain. The cathedral was chosen as the Metropolitan headquarters of the Archdiocese of Cumaná in 1992.
Andrés Eloy Blanco's birthplace
On Sucre street, in front of Plaza Bolívar in the city of Cumaná, right next to the governor's residence, is the birthplace of Andrés Eloy Blanco, considered by many to be the best poet of the century XX from Venezuela. The property preserves the characteristics of Mantuan houses from the beginning of the century. Recovered at the request of the cultural society of the city, it is today the headquarters of the museum dedicated to the memory of the famous Cumanés. In it, the poet's birthplace is identified, and in addition to the period furniture, the vine that inspired his best-known poem "the 12 grapes of Old Night" is still preserved. This house became an invariable object in his extensive lyrical work and the main reason for his longing during the time of exile.
Home of the poet José Antonio Ramos Sucre
The birthplace of the Poet is located in the historic center (near the Santa Inés Church) at No. 29 Sucre Street, in the City of Cumaná. In 1907, the Ramos family moved to Caracas. From then on the house had several owners, until in 1976 the Sucre State Government decided to recover it, and offered it as the headquarters of the José Antonio Ramos Sucre Center for Literary Activities. Today it has become a cultural multi-centre, offering talks, concerts and conferences there, as well as a Literary Biennial that bears the name of the poet.
Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho Museum
This building was built in 1945 as a municipal palace during the Medina Angarita administration. It was declared a museum in 1974 for the celebration of the sesquicentennial of the Battle of Ayacucho. The museum maintains a functional spatial architecture typical of the neo-colonial style, where the areas are grouped around a central patio with corridors. There everything related to the life and work of General Antonio José de Sucre is exposed; samples of goods belonging to the Marshal and his family, as well as objects from the XIX century such as oil paintings, photographs, models referring to the battlefield, furniture, documents, weapons and clothing.
Anthropological Museum of Sucre State
On the occasion of the sesquicentennial celebration of the death of the Grand Marshal of Ayacucho, in 1981, this museum institution was created, which is based in the former residence of Dr. Luis Daniel Beauperthuy, discoverer of the yellow fever vector. It has an archaeological collection made up of ceramic vessels, utilitarian objects, body ornaments, lithic axes, and other pieces of the traditional and peasant culture of the area, indigenous cultures, and the Venezuelan colonial period, from excavations made in the region.
Museum of the Sea
The Museum of the Sea was inaugurated on October 12, 1984, at the headquarters of the old airport in the city of Cumaná, where it operated for thirteen years. In 1997, each of its important collections was closed and stored due to the rupture of the aquariums as a result of the earthquake that struck the city of Cumaná that same year and due to the increase in the water table in the area where it was located. In 2005, it was reopened at the Luis Manuel Peñalver Cultural Complex, located on Calle Vela de Coro, where it currently works and remains open for the enjoyment of the Sucre community and its visitors.
Cumana Contemporary Art Museum
Located on the only important elevation in the Sucre state capital, the modern Museum of Contemporary Art of Cumaná contrasts with the rancid and imposing presence of the Castillo San Antonio de la Eminencia. It has a small but substantial permanent collection of works by national artists, most of which have won prizes at the Cumaná Plastic Arts Biennial, of which it is the headquarters. The program essentially includes traveling exhibitions.
Redoma The Indian
This monument was sculpted by José Pizzo. Its construction began in 1945 and ended between 1956 and 1957. At the time of its completion it was given the name Bienvenida, since the way in which the Indian presents the fish was like these in Colonial times received the Spanish.
Convent of San Francisco
This building is a mute witness of Cuman culture. In this convent the first University of Cumaná and Latin America functioned, during the colony the chairs of philosophy, theology and Latin grammar functioned; also functioning as a Cumana seminary. Created by Decree of the Provincial Legislative Assembly of 1812, after Independence as the National College of Cumaná where theology, civil law and medicine classes were taught. Currently the headquarters of Dr.Sonrisa Payasos of Hospital Sucre works.
Allegorical Monument to the Foundation of Cumaná
This large-format sculpture is the work of the Italian-Venezuelan artist Hugo Daini; erected in 1965. The Indian represents the aborigines that populated our region and the Monk the Evangelization of the Dominican and Franciscan Friars who officiated the first masses on the mainland of the American continent.
Bolivar Boulevard
Street restructured as Boulevard Bolívar in 1980 by Governor Álvarez Marval. It is located between Sucre and Bolívar streets.
Government Palace
Founded in 1930, at the top of the façade are busts of the goddesses Paria and Araya. It served as the Administrative Office of the Regional Government until 1999. Its restoration is awaited since it was partially destroyed by a fire during a student protest in which Enrique Maestre participated, who was Governor of Sucre state and never had the will to compensate the damage caused to said construction.
Governor's House
Of colonial construction, this mansion, which in principle served as a residence for governors, is located in front of Plaza Bolívar. It is currently used as a government office, session room. It has a beautiful central patio and the hall of heroes, with works by renowned national and regional artists.
Plaza Bolivar
Built in 1930 to commemorate the centenary of the death of the Liberator, by Doctor Antonio Álamo, president of the State. Originally known as Parque Bolívar, it is built on the remains of the Sucre Museum, which collapsed in the 1929 earthquake. Before the Sucre Museum, the Casa de la Moneda was built in the same place (from 1797 to early 1900).
Plaza Bolívar, along with Plaza Pichincha, were both restored for the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the founding of Cumaná.
Athenaeum of Cumaná
Founded on May 2, 1983. It is located in an old house in front of Plaza Bolívar, its significance as a cultural disseminating entity makes it worthy of the attention of those who visit or come to Cumaná.
Luis Mariano Rivera Theater
The “Luis Mariano Rivera” Theater (formerly Paramount Cinema), is located in front of Plaza Miranda, in the heart of the city of Cumaná. With a capacity for 400 spectators, it is the setting par excellence for the promotion, dissemination and development of the auditory, performing and visual arts, in addition to all those cultural expressions and manifestations that originate in Sucre territory.
Ayacucho Park
Located in the heart of Cumaná on the banks of the Manzanares River, it has 2.1 hectares developed for the enjoyment of citizens. The Park dates from the XIX century and is the result of the expansion of a smaller plaza built to honor the historic Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) and the glorious feat of the Grand Marshal Antonio José de Sucre, illustrious son of Cumaná. Located on the banks of the Manzanares River, it presents an important sample of ceibas, mahogany, guácimos, caujaros, matapalos, apamates, mangoes, coconut palms, guayacanes, palm trees and chaguaramos that serve as habitat for the large iguanas of this beautiful place.
It has wide pedestrian avenues made of granite. It exhibits an equestrian statue of Mariscal Antonio José de Sucre, the work of the Italian sculptor Giovanni Turini, seated on a pedestal made by the sculptor, also Italian, José Carabelli. The execution of the monument, the square and the park was decreed by the President of the Republic Juan Rojas Paúl in 1888. It was inaugurated on October 28, 1890.
Important Sites
Museum of Archeology and History
Located on Sucre street. There you can see permanent exhibitions of archaeological objects belonging to the Colonial era found in the excavations carried out in the different municipalities of the State.
Art Gallery
Located on Montes street, it promotes the cultural activity of the State (sculpture, painting, photography, among others).
Customs House
House from the colonial era that is preserved within the spaces of the Avecaisa company, where the main customs office of Cumaná operated.
Marina Cumanagoto
Built in the first period of Carlos Andrés Pérez under the governorship of Gastón Navarro Donna, in December 1983 through an agreement between the Tourism Corporation of Venezuela and the private company Marina Cumanagoto C.A. It provides service for national and foreign vessels that make tourism in Venezuela. It has an infrastructure to house 125 boats in water and 72 beehive type.
Sugar Loaf Hill
It is an exceptional viewpoint. From there you can see the city and the adjacent landscapes in all their scenic magnitude. A particular example is the panoramic view that allows the enjoyment of the Gulf of Cariaco-Peninsula de Araya physiographic complex, which as a whole constitutes an incomparable landscape uniqueness.
Coastal Parks
Coastal parks are coastal wetlands considered international stations for migratory birds. Representatives are the Lagunas de los Patos (320 hectares) and Punta Delgada (147 hectares), both seriously threatened by urban actions, despite having specific presidential decrees for protection under the figure of Coastal Parks.
Manzanares River
The Manzanares River is the supreme scenic potential of Cumaná. The river crosses the city from south to north and is a historical landmark as it was the closest source of fresh water to Nueva Cádiz (island of Cubagua) and the reason for the first stable settlement of Europeans on the American continent. However, it has become a marshy center of contamination, of stagnant waters, whose channel is defined as a precarious water course of inexorable swamping.
Universities
- University of the East - Rectoral Headquarters, UDO
UDO Sucre
Universidad de Oriente Núcleo de Sucre, Venezuela - Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Industrial Rodolfo Loero Arismendi (IUTIRLA)
- Universidad de los Andes, ULA - (Centro Regional Cumaná)
- Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez, UNESR
- Open National University, UNA
- Universidad Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho, UGMA - (Sede Cumaná)
- Catholic University Cecilio Acosta, - (Cumaná Tutoria)
- Cumaná University Institute of Technology, - (Sede Principal)
- Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador, - (Sede Cumaná)
- Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica de la Fuerza Armada Bolivarian, - (Núcleo Sucre)
- Bolivarian University of Venezuela,
- Polytechnic University of Sucre
- Caribbean Maritime University
- National Experimental University of Safety (UNES)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Santa Rosa (Extension Cumaná), Palacio Arzobispal.
- Universidad Nacional Experimental de las Artes (UNEARTE Extension Cumaná), Ateneo de Cumaná.
Sports infrastructure
- Polideportivo Félix Lalito Velásquez
- Estadio Delfín Marval
- Caigüiré Stadium
- UDO Stadium
- Gymnasium Cubierto Cumanagoto
Health centers
- University Hospital Complex Antonio Patricio de Alcalá.
- Special Hospital of Altagracia Dr. Julio Rodríguez Sanatorio Antituberculoso de Oriente (SAO)
- Hospital Salvador Allende.
- Centro Clínico Universitario de la UDO
- Josefina Clinic of Figuera.
- Orient clinic.
- San Vicente de Paul Clinic.
- Clínica Virgen del Valle.
- Santa Rosa Clinic.
- Polyclinic Sucre.
- Venezuelan Red Cross.
- Public Ambulatory Network.
Media
Television
- TV IMAGEN Web
- NVH - NEWS CANAL
- TELESOL channel 7
- Cumaná TV (TVC)
- Prisma Television
- Tv Light
- Vision Tv
- TALEN TV
- TELEVISION
- PLUS TV 24
- Telecaribe region Sucre
- Cayaurima Television Canal 9
- Genesis TV
- Sucre TV
- The Stories of José (only for the internet)
Radius
- Radio 2000 AM
- Radio Cayaurima 96.5 FM
- Radio Sucre AM
- Radio Continent 680 AM
- Radio Manzanares 1580 AM
- Radio Be Happy 94.3 FM
- Radio RIO 106.9FM
- Radio Cool 101.7 FM
- Radio Fe y Alegría 92.1 FM
- Radio Big Party 88.9 FM
- Radio 104.1 FM The station of your senses
- Radio La Cumanesa 105.3 FM
- Radio 89.3 La X FM
- Radio Musical 100 FM
- Radio Exodus FM
- Radio Guacharaca FM
- Radio Style Venezuela
- Radio Promogenita 106.1 FM
- Alternative Radio Mix 97.9 fm
- 95.1 OYE FM
- Radio Joven 102.9 FM
- Radio Kambio 96.1 FM
- Radio Sucre Luz Stereo 99.9 FM
- Radio Sin Fronteras 102.5 FM
- Radio 88.1 FM Antena 8
Written press
- El Diario de Sucre
- Diario Province 'Dean of the Sucre State Journals'
- Daily RegionHeadquarters
- 21st Century The Journal of Today
- TimeSucre Region
- Diario Ciudad Cumaná
- Pedro Lucas
- "Son Son" Peter Luke
Magazines, weekly and monthly
- Automotive Guide
- The Messenger of Truth
- Commercial Sucre
- Educating you is Art
- Total Useful Guide
- Onda Retro Report
Web
- Oriente24.com - News Platform
- Digital Tile
- Presslternativa
- Atarraya
- Turimiquire
- Cayaurima Web
Economy
The metropolitan area of Cumana is home to important industries that include the construction sectors as well as the food, candy and tobacco sectors, and automotive industrial centers, such as Toyota; It has PDVSA headquarters, industries such as Polar and Coca Cola, and is the destination of a significant influx of tourists due to its high-class hotels and shopping centers, as well as beaches and rivers.[citation required]
Twinned cities
Town twinning is a concept whereby towns or cities from different geographic and political zones are paired up to foster human contact and cultural links.
TepebaşıTurkey (10 March 2016).
Other sites
Churches and historical sites
- Concatedral Church of Santa Inés. Sucre Street.
- Metropolitan Cathedral Sacred Eucharistic Heart of Jesus. Cathedral Street.
- Virgin Church of the Valley. Perimetral Avenue.
- Santa Ana Church. Gran Mariscal Avenue.
- Sanctuary Our Lady of Altagracia. Mariño Avenue.
- Our Lady of Carmen Church. Urb. Cumanagoto.
- Saint Vincent de Paul Church. Arismendi Avenue.
- San Luis Gonzaga Church. Urb. Faith and Joy.
- Our Lady of Coromoto Church. Urb. Drinker.
- Church of Our Lady of Chiquinquirá. Urb. Cascajal.
- Santa Rosa de Lima Church. Santa Rosa Street.
- Our Lady of Hope Church. The Plain.
- Church of the Risen Christ. Urb. Brazil.
- Our Lady of the Mercedes Church. The Kidney.
- San José Church. Cantarrana
- Holy Family Chapel. Barrio San Luis.
- San Francisco Chapel of Assisi. Boca de Sabana.
- Santa Cruz Chapel. The Salado.
- Cruz de la Unión Chapel. Barrio Cruz de la Unión.
- Capilla N.S. del Valle. The Tacal.
- Holy Chapel. Barrio las Palomas.
- Chapel N.S. Del Carmen. Carmelite sisters. Cathedral Street.
- Chapel of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul. Calle Blanco Fombona.
- Chapel of the Teress Sisters, N.S. of the Perpetual Help. Campeche.
- Hermitage of Carmen. Castillo Santa María de la Cabeza.
- Santa Inés Chapel. GNB.
- Major Arquidiocesan Seminar San José
- Evangelical Christian Church of Cumana. "God be the Glory." First Evangelical Church founded in Cumaná on October 4, 1927.
Recreational parks
- Ayacucho Park. Av. Humboldt on the banks of the Manzanares River.
- Guaiquerí Park. Av. Arismendi.
- Memorial to the foundation of Cumaná.
Museums, libraries and theaters
- Museum of Archaeology and History. Sucre Street.
Cucuna ceramic sample - Gran Mariscal Museum of Ayacucho. Humboldt Avenue.
- Municipal Museum. Av. Christopher Columbus.
- Museum of Contemporary Art. In front of the San Antonio Castle of Eminence.
- Museum of the Sea. Calle Vela de Coro.
- Art Gallery. Montes Street, one block from CANTV.
- Central Public Library Armando Zuloaga Blanco
- UDO Library
- Library El Peñón
- José Antonio Ramos Sucre Library
- Ateneo Library
- Quixotillo Theatre. Miranda Street.
- Luis Mariano Rivera Theatre. Calle Paraíso.
- Cultural Complex Luis Manuel Peñalver. Calle Vela de Coro.
- Cinematheque. Av. Christopher Columbus next to the Marina Plaza Shopping Center.
- Maria Rodriguez Theatre. Calle Vela de Coro.
- Acoustic shell. Guaiquerí Park.
- Amphitheater Ignacio Arenas
Cumana Market
In Cumaná is the Municipal Market of Sucre, the largest retail market in the country and the most important in the eastern part of the country. Although it is not part of the historical sector of the city, the Municipal Market is one of the places that tourists should not miss. The market works every day of the year, and in it you can get a wide variety of products and collectibles, including local crafts. It also has food stores, where you can find everything from local to international dishes. Location: El Islote Avenue with Blanco Fombona Street, El Islote neighborhood.
Beaches
Cumaná has a long west coastline of more than 7 kilometers where several of the best beaches in the east of the country are located, the most important being San Luis beach and the beaches of Los Uveros, Los Bordones and On the east coast, the beaches of El Monumento and El Peñón, without forgetting the great gallery of beaches along the rest of its entire coast.
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