Cremation
Cremation or incineration is the practice of breaking up a dead human body by burning it, which often takes place in a place called a crematorium. Along with burial, cremation is an increasingly popular alternative for the final disposition of a dead body.
It is also used on animals for people who want to keep the ashes of their pets.
History
Antiquity.
The first known cremations occurred in the Mediterranean coastal area in the Neolithic, but declined during the establishment of Semitic culture in that area around the 3rd millennium BCE. C. Cremation was widely observed as a barbaric practice in the Ancient Near East, even in times of plagues corpses were piled up and buried in mass graves. The Babylonians, according to Herodotus, embalmed their dead and the Zoroastrian Persians punished anyone who attempted cremation with capital punishment, with a special regulation for the purification of profane fire.
In Europe, the earliest traces of cremation date from the early Bronze Age (2000 BC) in the Pannonian Plain and along the middle Danube. The custom became dominant through the Bronze Age with the urnfield culture (1300 BC). In the Iron Age, burial again became more common, but cremation persisted in the Villanovan culture and elsewhere. Homer comments on Patroclus's funerals, describing his cremation and his subsequent burial in a mound similar to those of the urnfield culture, being described as the earliest description of cremation rites.
Early cremations may have been connected to ideas of immolation by fire, such as Taranis, god of Celtic paganism (see Human Sacrifice).
The Hindu religion is notable for not only allowing it but prescribing it. Cremation in India is attested as early as the Cemetery H culture (1900 BC), considered to be the formative stage of Vedic civilization. The Rig-veda (in the mandala 10.15.14) contains references to the antyeṣṭi (funeral sacrifices), where the ancestors are invoked "cremated (agní-dagdhá) and not cremated (anagní-dagdhá)”.
Cremation was common, but not universal, in both Greece and Rome. In Rome, burial was considered the most archaic rite (according to Marcus Tullius Cicero, De Leg., 2, 22), and the gens Cornelia, one of the oldest in Rome —with the single exception of Sulla -, they never allowed the burning of their dead.
Christianity disapproved of cremation influenced by the principles of Judaism, and in an attempt to abolish Greco-Roman pagan rituals. Around the fifth century AD. C., the practice of cremation had disappeared from Europe.
Middle Ages
Cremation while alive was used as part of the punishment of heretics, and this did not just include burning alive at the stake. For example, in 1428 the Catholic Church dug up the corpse of world English translator John Wyclif (1320-1384) and cremated him.[citation needed] His ashes were scattered in a river as an explicit form of posthumous punishment, for denying the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation.
Retributive cremation (based on living shares) continued into modern times. For example, after World War II, the bodies of 12 men convicted of crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg Trials were not returned to their relatives, but cremated, and deposited in a secret location, as a specific part of a legal process aimed at denying the use of said location as any kind of memorial.
In Japan, however, a memorial building for executed war criminals, who were also cremated, was allowed to be erected to contain their remains.
The Modern Era
Fueled by hygienists, the modern cremation movement began in 1873, with the unveiling of a cremation chamber made by the Paduan professor Brunetti at an exhibition in Vienna. In Great Britain, the movement was supported by Queen Victoria's surgeon, Sir Henry Thompson, who with his colleagues founded the Cremation Society of England in 1874. The first in the United States was built in 1874 by Julius LeMoyne in Pennsylvania.. The second cremation in the United States was that of Charles F. Winslow, verified in Salt Lake City (Utah) in July 1877. The first crematoria in Europe were built in 1878 in Gotha (Germany) and Woking (England). The first cremation in Britain took place on March 26, 1886 (eight years after the crematorium was built) in Woking.
During World War II they were used to proudly cremate their homeland's fighters (however, the bodies of the opposing side, whether "Allies" or "Axis Powers" were burned at "bonfires" both to express contempt for them and to clear ground).[citation required]
Cremation was declared legal in England and Wales when Dr. William Price was prosecuted for cremating his son. Formal legislation then followed with the authorization of the Cremation Act 1902 (the Act had no legal extension in Ireland) which brought procedural requirements before a cremation could take place and restricted its practice to authorized places. Some Protestant churches began to accept cremation, under the rational premise of being: "God can raise a deceased from a bowl of ashes as easily as he can raise one from a bowl of dust." The Catholic Encyclopedia criticized these efforts, referring to them as a "sinister movement" and associating it with Freemasonry while saying that "in the practice of cremation there is nothing directly opposed to any dogma of the Church."
In 1963 Pope Paul VI lifted the ban on cremation, and in 1966 allowed Catholic priests the ability to officiate at cremation ceremonies. Some Catholic parishes have built "cineraries" where the faithful can deposit "in sacred" the ashes of your loved ones in a simple ceremony. These cineraries are free, do not allow plaques or offerings, and require documentation of the origin of the ashes.
In 2020, due to the Great Pandemic, cremation has been an effective alternative to try to find people who have died from the COVID19 coronavirus. In addition, instead of using wooden coffins, cardboard was used in some places, such as in New York.
Modern cremation processes
Crematory oven
The cremation process takes place in the so-called crematorium. It consists of one or more furnaces and tools for handling the ashes. A cremation oven is an industrial oven capable of reaching high temperatures (approximately 870 to 980 °C), with special modifications to ensure efficient disintegration of the body. One of those modifications consists of directing the flames to the torso of the body, where the main body mass resides.
The crematorium may be part of a chapel or funeral home, or it may be a stand-alone facility or service provided by a cemetery.
Kilns use a number of different fuel sources, such as natural gas or propane. Modern cremation ovens include control systems that monitor the conditions under which cremation takes place. The operator can make the necessary adjustments to provide more efficient combustion, as well as ensure that the environmental contamination that occurs is minimal.
A crematorium is designed to burn one body at a time. Burning more than one body simultaneously is an illegal practice in many countries.
The chamber where the body is placed is called a retort, and it is built with refractory bricks that help retain heat. These bricks need to be replaced every 5 years because the continuous expansion and contraction caused by the temperature cycle tends to fracture them.
Modern crematoriums are usually controlled by a computer or computer and are equipped with security systems and locks so that their use is legal and safe. For example, the door cannot be opened until the oven has reached its optimum temperature, the coffin is inserted into the retort as quickly as possible to avoid heat loss, through the top of the door. The coffin can also be quickly introduced by means of a conveyor belt, or an inclined ramp that can allow its introduction into the burner oven.
In crematoriums, relatives are allowed to see the coffin being introduced into the oven and sometimes this is done for religious reasons, for example Hindu culture; however, despite the respect with which the deceased is treated, this is essentially an industrial process, and not recommended for the sensitive or faint of heart.
Crematories have a standard size, a large number of cities have larger ovens capable of handling deceased with a body mass of up to 200 kg. However, morbidly obese people are preferentially buried instead of being sent to the cremation chamber.
In addition to human cremation, they are also currently used to cremate pets.
Container for the body
A body intended for cremation is first placed in a cremation container, which may be a corrugated cardboard box or a wooden coffin. Most casket manufacturers provide a line of caskets specifically designed for cremation. Another option is a cardboard box that sits inside a wooden frame, designed to resemble a traditional coffin. After the funeral and before cremation, the inner box is removed from the wooden frame, allowing the frame to be reused at another funeral.
Some funeral homes may also offer rental of traditional caskets, used only during funeral services, after which the body is transferred to another container for cremation. Coffins for rent are usually designed with movable and replaceable beds and lines at the end of each use.
In Australia, the deceased is cremated inside a coffin supplied by the undertaker. Reusable or cardboard coffins are unknown. If cost is an issue, a line of particleboard caskets, known in the trade as an "economy casket," is made available. Handles (if requested) are plastic approved for use in incineration. They can range from unfinished chipboard or covered with velvet fabric (if requested), to solid wood. Most prefer veneered chipboard.
Cremations can be a single service without any religious ceremony inside the crematorium chapel (even if there was one) or preceded by any other. The unique service allows planning cremations, to make better use of the ovens, having to keep the body overnight in a refrigerator. As a result, the applicable fees are lower. Unique service is often referred to as "The Western Chapel Service".
Incineration and collection of ashes
The box containing the body is placed in the retort and incinerated at a temperature of 760 to 1150 °C. During the process, a large part of the body (especially the organs) and other soft tissues are vaporized and oxidized due to the heat, and the gases are discharged into the exhaust system. The entire process takes at least two hours.
All that remains after the cremation is complete are dried fragments of bone (mostly calcium phosphates and secondary minerals) and the ashes. These represent approximately 3.5% of the total original body weight (2.5% in children, although there are variations due to body consistency). Because the size of the dried bone fragments are closely connected to the skeletal mass, their size varies from person to person. The person's skull retains its shape and part of its density.
Jewelry, such as wristwatches, rings, and earrings, is ordinarily removed from the body and returned to family members. The only non-natural item that requires prior removal is the pacemaker, as it could burst and damage the furnace retort. In the UK and certainly in other countries it is compulsory for the undertaker to remove the pacemaker before delivering the body to the crematorium, and to sign a statement stating that any pacemaker has been removed. After the cremation of the corpse has concluded, the bone fragments are removed from the retort, and the operator uses a pulverizer, called a "cremulator" where it processes them until they acquire the consistency of grains of sand (this depends on the efficiency of the cremulator); As for the skull, in some cases, as its dimension does not allow it to pass through the cremulator orifice, it is hit and crushed with an instrument similar to a roller, but larger, which slides over the charred skull until it is pulverized and converted. also powder (ashes); this operation has even been filmed and shown on television. Pulverizers generally make use of some sort of rotating mechanism to pulverize the bones, such as the ball mills on the older models.
In Japan and Taiwan, bones are not pulverized unless requested by relatives in advance, and are collected by the family at a funeral ceremony.
This is one of the reasons cremated remains are called "ashes". These are placed in a container, which can be a simple cardboard box or an extravagant urn. An inevitable consequence of cremation is that a minute residue of the person remains in the chamber after cremation and is combined with subsequent cremations.
Not all that remains is bone, sometimes lost jewelry, coffin ornaments, dental amalgams, and surgical grafts such as titanium hip replacements are removed, which upon inspection are removed to avoid any damage to the sprayer. The very small metal bits are removed and buried in the common ground and consecrated in an area away from the cemetery.
The funeral pyre
An alternative method used in some traditional cultures, such as Hindu and Buddhist, is to burn the body on a pyre consisting of a stack of dry wooden boards on which the person's body is placed either on top of or inside. The stack is lit with fire, which consumes the wood and the deceased. This method is not common in the Western world, where the use of crematoriums is widespread, and is also prohibited by law, in some countries.
Ways to preserve or dispose of ashes
The ashes are returned inside a plastic or cardboard container wrapped in a small velvet bag. An official cremation certificate accompanies the remains.
These can be confined in an urn, or sprinkled in a special place, a mountain, in the sea or buried in a cemetery. Additionally, there are special services, which are responsible for dispersing the ashes in a variety of ways and places. Some examples are the use of a helium balloon, accompanied by fireworks, dissipating them through special shotguns, or spreading them from an airplane. Some suggest sending the ash into interstellar space, and others suggest turning it into diamond, by a process for the manufacture of synthetic diamonds (since ash consists mainly of carbon). Cremated remains can also be incorporated, with urn and cement, into part of an artificial reef, or they can also be mixed with paint and made into a portrait of the deceased. Some people use a very small amount of the remains in tattoo ink, for keepsake portraits.
The ashes can be dispersed in national parks (in the United States) through a special permit. They can also spread on private property, with the prior consent of the owner. A portion of the cremated can be kept inside a medallion specially designed for this purpose, known as a keepsake pendant. The final disposition depends on the final will of the deceased, as well as his religious beliefs. Some religions allow cremation to be scattered or kept at home. Some like the Catholic insist on burying or burying the remains.
In 1997 the Spanish designer Gerard Moliné created the first biodegradable urn in Spain called Urna Bios designed to commemorate the memory of a person or a pet in the shape of a tree after death. This urn is made with 100% recycled materials of local origin and allows the ashes of a loved one to be deposited after the cremation process. In the upper part of the urn, a capsule allows a seed to be housed together with the necessary nutrients to ensure its growth, separated from the container where the ashes are deposited to prevent them from affecting the contact. Over time, the material with which the urn is made disintegrates, and this, together with the ashes, serve as fertilizer for the new tree.
Hinduism obliges the closest male relative (son, husband, father) of the deceased to immerse the ashes in the holy river of the Ganges, preferably in the holy city of Haridwar, India. The cremated remains can also be buried, in case it was a well-known person.
In Japan and Taiwan, ashes and bone fragments are given to the family and used in a funeral ritual before being entombed.
Reasons to choose cremation or cremation
Some people prefer cremation for personal reasons as it is more attractive than traditional burial. They find the idea of a long and slow decomposition process (corpse rotting) very unpleasant, preferring the alternative of incineration, since the remains are destroyed immediately. In other cultures such as those of Latin America, cremation is not widely used, although some prefer it, since in these countries they usually bury the corpses and after two years (prudent time in which the corpse has decomposed and the skeleton has remained completely & #34;clean") is exhumed to proceed to place the remains in an ossuary.
Other people see traditional burial as an unnecessary complication to their funeral process, so they prefer the simplicity of cremation.
Other people prefer cremation out of a simple 'fear of the drawer'. They think that an error is possible that allows his burial while alive. Exceptional cases have been reported in which, due to illness or other causes, the heart slows down and even momentarily stops its activity, in addition to the cases of catalepsy that were very much in vogue in 19th century literature. These people fear regaining consciousness when they are buried in their drawer and not being able to get out; they prefer, if they were alive, to die burned than to live buried.
Cremation can be more economical than traditional burial services, especially if direct cremation is chosen, in which the body is cremated as soon as possible according to legal provisions. However, the total cost will vary depending on the service desired by the deceased and his relatives. For example, cremation can take place after a full funeral service, or the type of container chosen.
Cremation makes it possible to spread ashes over a designated area, eliminating the costly need to occupy space within a tomb or crypt. However, some religions such as the Catholic suggest the grave or tomb as the final destination of the ashes, which adds a cost. The use of some types of niches, called columbariums (dovecotes) has spread due to the economy in space and its low price, costing much less than a crypt or mausoleum.
However, there are mystical movements that recommend cremation for the liberation of the soul, in such a way that it can return in another generation in a shorter time, although this later affirmation varies according to the movement to which it corresponds (Rosicrucian, Gnosticism, among others). others).
Environmental cost and benefit
Benefit
For some, cremation is preferable for environmental reasons. Burial or burial is a source of certain environmental pollutants. Embalming solutions can contaminate underground water tributaries with mercury, arsenic and formaldehyde. The coffins themselves can also contaminate. Another contaminating source is the presence of radioisotopes found in the corpse due, among other things, to radiotherapy against cancer, the victim of which the deceased died.
The growing scarcity of space for cemeteries is another problem. In the United States, the coffin is placed inside a concrete or concrete grave, which reduces space, becoming a serious problem. Many cemeteries, particularly in Japan and Europe, have begun to suffer from a lack of space. [citation required]
Cost
On the other hand, recent research indicates that the potential harm caused by emissions from cremations, although comparatively small on an international scale, remains statistically significant. Among other emissions, persistent organic pollutants indicate that cremation contributes 0.2% to the global emission of dioxins and furans.
An alternative method not yet very widespread is promation in which instead of burning the body, it is subjected to extreme cooling that crystallizes all the tissues and bones, to later turn into dust.
Religious appreciations of cremation
Dharmic religion
While the Abrahamic religion prohibits cremation and prefers burial, Eastern religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism mandate the use of cremation. In these religions, the body is visualized as a carrier of the soul at birth. One of the quotes from the Bhagavad Gita states:
"Just as old garments are thrown away and new ones are taken, the soul comes out of the body after death to take another new one."
That is why the corpse is not considered sacred, since the soul has abandoned it; thus, cremation is not considered unethical by Eastern religions. In Sikhism, burial is not prohibited, although cremation is the preferred option for cultural reasons, rather than religious reasons.
According to Hindu traditions, the reasons for preferring the destruction of the body through fire instead of burying it is to induce a feeling of separation from the fresh and disembodied spirit, which it will be useful to encourage in its passage to the another world (the last destination of the dead). This also explains the burials reserved for male saints (sadhus, whose spirit has already been sufficiently 'separated' due to lifelong ascetic practices) and infants and children up to five years of age (whose spirits are not they have lived almost to develop ties with this world).
The male saints are buried in the lotus position and not, as in other religions, in a horizontal position. Cremation is called antimsamskara, which literally means "the last condition".
Christianity
In Christian countries, cremation has lost acceptance among the people. The Catholic Church's discouragement towards cremation stemmed from several ideas: first, that the body is like an instrument through which the sacraments are received, is itself sacramental, and should be considered a sacred object; second, as an essential part of being human, it must be disposed of in an honorable and reverential way, and many early practices were viewed as pagan and insulting to the body; third, as an imitation of the burial of Jesus Christ, the body of a Christian was to be entombed, and fourth, that it constituted a denial of the resurrection of the body. Cremation was not prohibited because it definitely interfered with God's ability to resurrect the body; however, this was initially refuted by Minicius Felix, in dialogue with him Octavius.
Cremation was not de facto prohibited in and of itself, but in Europe, since the Middle Ages, it was practiced only very rarely in a situation where there were multitudes of bodies simultaneously after some great battle, for during "plagues" or some famine, and where there was a latent danger of sources of disease spreading through the corpses, these were buried in common graves covered with quicklime and only their clothes and belongings were burned.
In the early Middle Ages and even later, after the 18th century, rationalists and classicists began to point to cremation again as a denial of resurrection and/or life after death, although the cremation movement too often did not pay much attention to discerning the theological issues surrounding cremation.
The Catholic Church's intrinsic sentiment against cremation hardened when faced with its association with the rules of "professed enemies of God," which softened by the 1960s. The Catholic Church still prefers the traditional burial or burial of the body, but cremation is now freely permitted, as long as it does not mean a rejection of the belief in the resurrection of the body.
Until 1997, Catholic liturgical regulations required that cremation take place after the religious funeral ceremony, preferably with a body present, which should receive the blessing and be the subject of prayer, mentioning the deceased. Once this had concluded, the body could be cremated and a second religious service could be attended in the crematorium or at the time of burying the ashes as if it were the body itself. Current liturgical regulations allow a Mass with the container of ashes present, but prior authorization from the local bishop is needed if necessary. The Church maintains specific requirements for the reverent disposition of ashes; normally these are entombed or buried in an appropriate container, such as an urn (rather than keeping them in the home of relatives, although in some Catholic homes this is the usual practice). Catholic cemeteries today receive cremated remains, which are confined in special niches.
The Protestant Church was more in agreement with the use of cremation and long before the Catholic Church; pro-cremation sentiment was not entirely unanimous among Protestants; However, the first crematorium in Protestant countries was built in 1870, and in 1908 the dean and captain of Westminster Abbey, one of the most famous Anglican Churches, requested that the remains to be cremated should be buried near the cremation. abbey. Scattering or watering the ashes is an acceptable practice in many Protestant denominations, and some churches have their own 'garden of remembrance' where remains can be scattered. Another group that also supports cremation are the Jehovah's Witnesses.
On the other hand, some branches of Christianity remain in opposition to cremation, including some Protestant minorities. More notable is the prohibition maintained by the Orthodox Christian Church, except for exceptions that are considered unavoidable (when civil authorities or situations of possible epidemics require it). When cremation is chosen voluntarily, for a cause not good for the deceased, he or she is not allowed a church funeral, and may be excluded from liturgical prayers for the missing. In the orthodox religion, cremation is considered a general rejection of the concept of resurrection, and is viewed harshly as such.
Judaism
Judaism has traditionally disapproved of cremation (which was one of the traditional means of disposing of the dead in neighboring Bronze Age pagan Semitic cultures). In the same way, he has also disapproved of the preservation of the dead through embalming and mummification —a practice of the ancient Egyptians—. During the 19th century and early XX, as Jewish cemeteries in many European cities had reached their population limit, cremation was accepted as a means of burial among liberal Jews. Current liberal movements, such as Reform Judaism, continue to support cremation, although inhumation (burial) remains the preferred option.
Orthodox Jews have held a strict line on cremation. They disapprove of it as it is prohibited in Halacha (Jewish law). This halachic referent reinforces the resurrection of the person as a core belief of 'mainstream' Judaism, compared to other ancient trends such as the Sadducee, which deny it. Also the memory of the Holocaust, where millions of Jews were murdered by the Nazis and their bodies were disposed of by burning them in crematorium ovens or in burning pits, has given cremation very negative connotations for Orthodox Judaism of conservative groups.
Mormon Religion
Since its organization in 1830, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints through its leaders has urged its followers to avoid it, unless required by law, and to the extent possible, to consign the body to burial in the earth, and to allow nature to take care of its dissolution, "from dust you were created, and to dust you will become" (Gen 3:19). President Spencer W. Kimball wrote: "The meaning of death has not changed, it releases a spirit for growth and development, and places a body on mother earth." Over time the mortal body returns to the native element, and whether it is kept in a burial site chosen by the family, or buried in the depths of the sea, every essential part will be restored in the resurrection: " Each limb and its joint will be restored to its body; not even a hair from the head will be lost, all things will return to their proper and perfect framework".
Zoroastrianism
Generally, the Parsees totally prohibit cremation as something that defiles the fire, a symbol of all that is sacred. Burial is also unknown, for similar reasons, and the traditional method of disposing of a corpse is to display it as food for vultures in funerary buildings called "towers of silence." However some contemporary figures of the faith have opted for cremation. Singer Freddie Mercury, leader of Queen (British rock group), who was a Parsi-Zoroastrian believer, was cremated after his death. In addition, Rajiv Gandhi was the subject of much publicity from the cremation of his body on a sandalwood pyre, he too was a Parsi (although a Hindu by maternal line).
Neopaganism
Modern neopagan religions favor cremation.
Other religions that allow cremation
- Adventists
- asatrus
- Buddhism
- Calvinism
- Christian science
- scientific
- Quakers (Friends Society)
- Salvation Army
- hare krishnas (International Association for Krishna Consciousness)
- Hinduism (except for sanyasis, eunuchs and children under 5 years of age)
- Church of God Ministerial of Jesus Christ International
- Church of Wales
- Church of Ireland
- Scottish Episcopal Church
- Morava church
- united church of Canada
- Lutheranism
- Methodism
- Sikhism
- symptom
- Jehovah ' s Witnesses
- universal unity
- Jainism
- Catholicism
Other religions that prohibit cremation
Islam and Zoroastrianism emphatically forbid it. Neo-Confucianism under Zhu Xi strongly disapproves of family cremation as an unfilial act.
Recent negative historical experiences with cremation
World War II
During the Holocaust, massive crematoriums were built and operated by the Nazis within concentration camps to murder Jews. Since then cremation carries a very negative meaning for many Jews. A similar and predominant attitude in some countries that were occupied by the Germans during World War II, such as Poland and part of Russia. Partly also due to the role of cremation in the Nazi holocaust, the main leaders who were tried as war criminals at the Nuremberg Trials, who after being executed, were cremated and dispersed in secret locations.
The Tri-State Incident
A recent controversial event was the large scam carried out at the Tri-State crematorium located in the state of Georgia, in early 2002, where 334 corpses that had supposedly been cremated in previous years, were found intact and decomposing in the floor of the crematorium, stacked there by the owner of the crematorium. The identification of the corpses went "beyond", in many cases the "ashes" that were returned to the relatives, were not human, since in reality they were concrete and wood dust. Finally, Ray Brent Marsh—who was the operator at the time the bodies were discovered—had 787 criminal counts of fraud against him. On November 19, 2004, he was found guilty of all charges. He was sentenced to two 12-year prison terms by both the states of Georgia and Tennessee.
Cremation, the popular alternative to traditional funeral services
Cremation is the most ecological, most economical and one of the most popular options worldwide as a type of funeral service. Around the world, more and more people are choosing cremation for their funeral service, and the number continues to grow year after year. Below are the percentages of cremations as a type of funeral service for some countries with the highest acceptanceː Japan with 99.95%, Taiwan 93%, India with 85%, United Kingdom 76%, New Zealand 72%, Australia 70%, Peru 65%, USA 40%, Brazil 40%, France 38%, Colombia 35%, Mexico 28%, Argentina 25% (fig. 1).
In the United States, according to the NFDA, National Funeral Directors Association, these numbers are projected to continue growing. The acceptance of cremation as an option in funeral services surpassed that of traditional funeral services in the US for the first time in 2015 and it is estimated that by the year 2050 the percentage of people choosing cremation for their funeral service be around 90% (fig. 2).
FIG. 1
Percentage of cremations as a type of funeral service.
| Country | % Growth |
 Japan
| 99 per cent |
 Taiwan
| 93% |
 Hong Kong
| 92% |
Switzerland Switzerland
| 87% |
 India
| 85% |
 Czech Republic
| 82% |
 Thailand
| 82% |
 Slovenia
| 79% |
 Denmark
| 78% |
 Singapore
| 78% |
 Sweden
| 77% |
.svg){kind=small} United Kingdom
| 76% |
 New Zealand
| 72% |
.svg){kind=small} Australia
| 70% |
 South Korea
| 69% |
 Canada
| 65 per cent |
 Peru
| 65 per cent |
 Netherlands
| 61 per cent |
 Portugal
| 55% |
 Germany
| 52% |
 China
| 52% |
.svg){kind=small} Belgium
| 48% |
 Russia
| 47% |
 United States
| 45% |
 Finland
| 42% |
 Brazil
| 40% |
 Hungary
| 39% |
.svg){kind=small} France
| 38% |
 Andorra
| 35% |
 Colombia
| 35% |
 Austria
| 30% |
 Spain
| 40% |
 Serbia
| 28% |
 Mexico
| 28% |
 Argentina
| 25% |
 Iceland
| 24 per cent |
 Bulgaria
| 15% |
FIG. 2
Historical percentages and projections of traditional cremations and funeral services in the US.
| COUNTRY | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2017 | 2020 | 2030 | 2050 |
| Growth % | 32 | 40 | 48 | 51 | 56 | 71 | 90 |
| Traditional Funeral Service% | 61 | 53 | 45 | 42 | 38 | 23 | 8 |
Historical percentages and projection of cremations and traditional funeral services in Spain
| COUNTRY | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2017 | 2020 | 2030 | 2050 |
| Growth % | 16 | 25 | 36 | 40 | 45 | 65 | 85 |
| Traditional Funeral Service% | 84 | 75 | 64 | 60 | 55 | 35 | 15 |
FIG. 3
Source NFDA, National Funeral Directors Association. Data for 2017, 2020, 2030 and 2050 are projections.
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