Corruption Perception Index

IPC 2022 — Note that the red the color, the more corrupt the country is.

90-99 80-89 70–79 60–69 50–59

40-49 30–39 20–29 10-19 0-9

Data not available

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index published annually since 1995 by Transparency International, a non-governmental organization based in Berlin. The index ranks countries "by their perceived levels of corruption in the public sector," all determined by opinion polls and expert assessments. The IPC defines corruption as "the misuse of public power for private gain."

The 2021 CPI, published in January 2022, ranks approximately 180 countries on a scale of 0 (totally corrupt) to 100 (totally clean) based on the situation determined for each country between May 2020 and May 2021. In the latest list, Denmark, Finland, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore and Sweden were perceived as the world's six least corrupt nations and have all ranked high, while South Sudan (a country mired in constant social and economic crises, with an average score -occupying the last position on the list- of 11 out of 100 in 2021), Syria, Somalia, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Yemen and North Korea, with a score below 16 in all cases, are perceived as the most corrupt countries in the world.

Evaluations of the index are mixed: some econometric analyzes by the World Bank have determined that, although limited, the CPI data is consistent. Other sources have pointed out possible methodological flaws, limitations in the definition of complex concepts such as corruption as it is a "survey of surveys" and not a true analysis of corruption and "elitist and misleading biases" due to the origin of the surveys and personalities who participate in their preparation.

Conceptual approach

Corruption can be defined as a harmful, vast, diverse and global phenomenon whose agents belong to the public sector as well as private companies. It does not refer to the simple looting of state assets. Corruption includes offering and receiving bribes, kickbacks; embezzlement and negligent allocation of public funds and spending; the undervaluation or hypervaluation of prices; political or financial scandals; electoral fraud; the payment of journalists, the purchase of information in the mass media or the infiltration of agents to obtain information and attendant benefits; influence peddling and other transgressions; the illegal financing of political parties; the use of public force in support of dubious judicial decisions; the biased sentences of the judges; undue favors or exaggerated salaries from friends, despite their disability. The contests rigged on material works, the improper or biased supervision or qualification of the same; the purchase of instruments, poor quality weapons, etc., etc.

Methods and interpretation

Transparency International (TI) commissioned Johann Graf Lambsdorff of the University of Passau to compile the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI). The 2005 CPI draws data from 16 surveys from ten institutions. The institutions that provided the data for the 2005 index are: Columbia University, Economist Intelligence Unit, Freedom House, Information International, International Institute for Management Development, Merchant International Group, Political and Economic Risk Consultancy, the Economic Commission for Africa, the World Economic Forum and the World Markets Research Centre. Early CPIs used opinion polls, but today only 'expert' analysis is used. TI requires that at least three sources be available in order to assess a country on the CPI.

About the IPC, TI writes in its FAQ that “the point of view of residents is well correlated with that of outside experts. In the past, the recognized experts behind the CPI sources were often businessmen from industrialized countries; the point of view of the least developed countries was underrepresented. This has changed over time, and analysts from emerging economies have been increasingly given a voice."

Because this index is based on surveys, the results are subjective and are less reliable in countries from which fewer sources are drawn. Furthermore, what is legally defined (or perceived) as corruption differs by jurisdiction: for example, a public donation may be legal in some jurisdictions but illegal in others; An action considered acceptable in one country such as tipping may be considered bribery in another.

History

Three new sources were included for the 2007 index: Wave Asian Bank National Performance Assessment Rankings, African Development Bank National Policy and Institutional Assessments, and the Bertelsmann Transformation Index. Inclusion of Afghanistan, Cape Verde, Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Kiribati, Liberia, Maldives, Montenegro, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Djibouti.

Data

Legend:

Corruption Perception Index 2012–2021:

#	País o territorio	2021​		2020​		2019​		2018​		2017​		2016​		2015​		2014​		2013​		2012​
		Pts.	Δ	Pts.	Δ	Pts.	Δ	Pts.	Δ	Pts.	Δ	Pts.	Δ	Pts.	Δ	Pts.	Δ	Pts.	Δ	Pts.
1	Dinamarca Dinamarca	88		88	1	87	1	88		88	2	90	1	91	1	92	1	91	1	90
1	Nueva Zelanda Nueva Zelanda	88		88	1	87		87	2	89	1	90	1	91		91		91	1	90
1	Finlandia Finlandia	88	3	85	1	86	1	85		85	4	89	1	90	1	89		89	1	90
4	Singapur Singapur	85		85		85		85	1	84		84	1	85	1	84	2	86	1	87
4	Suecia Suecia	85		85		85		85	1	84	4	88	1	89	2	87	2	89	1	88
4	Noruega Noruega	85	1	84		84		84	1	85		85	2	87	1	86		86	1	85
7	Suiza Suiza	84	1	85		85		85		85	1	86		86		86	1	85	1	86
8	Países Bajos Países Bajos	82		82		82		82		82	1	83	4	87	4	83		83	1	84
9	Luxemburgo Luxemburgo	81	1	80		80	1	81	1	82	1	81		81	1	82	2	80		80
10	Alemania Alemania	80		80		80		80	1	81		81		81	2	79	1	78	1	79
11	Reino Unido Reino Unido	78	1	77		77	3	80	2	82	1	81		81	3	78	2	76	2	74
12	Hong Kong Hong Kong	76	1	77	1	76		76	1	77		77	2	75	1	74	1	75	2	77
13	Canadá Canadá	74	3	77		77	4	81	1	82		82	1	83	2	81		81	3	84
13	Austria Austria	74	2	76	1	77	1	76	1	75		75	1	76	4	72	3	69		69
13	Islandia Islandia	74	1	75	3	78	2	76	1	77	1	78	1	79		79	1	78	4	82
13	Estonia Estonia	74	1	75	1	74	1	73	2	71	1	70		70	1	69	1	68	4	64
13	Irlanda	74	2	72	2	74	1	73	1	74	1	73	2	75	1	74	2	72	3	69
18	Australia	73	4	77		77		77		77	2	79		79	1	80	1	81	4	85
18	Bélgica Bélgica	73	3	76	1	75		75		75	2	77		77	1	76	1	75		75
18	Japón Japón	73	1	74	1	73		73		73	1	72	3	75	1	76	2	74		74
18	Uruguay Uruguay	73	2	71		71	1	70		70	1	71	3	74	1	73		73	1	72
22	Francia	71	1	69		69	3	72	2	70	1	69	1	70	1	69	2	71		71
23	Seychelles Seychelles	70	4	66		66		66	6	60	5			55		55	1	54	2	52
24	Emiratos Árabes Unidos Emiratos Árabes Unidos	69	2	71		71	1	70	1	71	5	66	4	70		70	1	69	1	68
25	Bután Bután	68		68		68		68	1	67	2	65		65		65	2	63		63
25	República de China	68	3	65		65	2	63		63	2	61	1	62	1	61		61		61
27	Estados Unidos	67		67	2	69	2	71	4	75	1	74	2	76	2	74	1	73		73
27	Chile Chile	67		67		67		67		67	1	66	4	70	3	73	2	71	1	72
29	Barbados Barbados	65	1	64	2	62	6	68		68	7	61				74	1	75	1	76
30	Bahamas Bahamas	64	1	63	1	64	1	65		65	1	66				71		71		71
31	Catar Catar	63		63	1	62		62	1	63	2	61	10	71	2	69	1	68		68
32	Portugal	62	1	61	1	62	2	64	1	63	1	62	1	63		63	1	62	1	63
32	Corea del Sur Corea del Sur	62	1	61	2	59	2	57	3	54	1	53	3	56	1	55		55	1	56
34	España España	61	1	62		62	4	58	1	57	1	58		58	2	60	1	59	6	65
34	Lituania Lituania	61	1	60		60	1	59		59		59	2	61	3	58	1	57	3	54
36	Brunéi Brunéi			60		60	3	63	1	62	4	58						60	5	55
37	Israel Israel	59	1	60		60	1	61	1	62	2	64	3	61	1	60	1	61	1	60
37	San Vicente y las Granadinas San Vicente y las Granadinas	59		59		59	1	58		58	2	60				67	5	62		62
37	Letonia Letonia	59	2	57	1	56	2	58		58	1	57	2	55		55	2	53	4	49
40	Cabo Verde Cabo Verde	58		58		58	1	57	2	55	4	59	4	55	2	57	1	58	2	60
40	Costa Rica Costa Rica	58	1	57	1	56		56	3	59	1	58	3	55	1	54	1	53	1	54
42	Eslovenia Eslovenia	57	3	60		60		60	1	61		61	1	60	2	58	1	57	4	61
43	Polonia Polonia	56		56	2	58	2	60		60	2	62		62	1	61	1	60	2	58
43	Santa Lucía Santa Lucía	56		56	1	55		55		55	5	60						71		71
43	Italia Italia	56	3	53		53	1	52	2	50	3	47	3	44	1	43		43	1	42
46	Botsuana Botsuana	55	5	60	1	61		61		61	1	60	3	63		63	1	64	1	65
46	Georgia Georgia	55	1	56		56	2	58	2	56	1	57	5	52		52	3	49	3	52
46	Dominica Dominica	55		55		55	2	57		57	2	59				58		58		58
49	República Checa República Checa	54		54	2	56	3	59	2	57	2	55	1	56	5	51	3	48	1	49
49	Malta Malta	54	1	53	1	54		54	2	56	1	55	1	56	1	55	1	56	1	57
49	Mauricio	54	1	53	1	52	1	51	1	50	4	54	1	53	1	54	2	52	5	57
52	Chipre Chipre	53	4	57	1	58	1	59	2	57	2	55	6	61	2	63		63	3	66
52	Ruanda Ruanda	53	1	54	1	53	3	56	1	55	1	54		54	5	49	4	53		53
52	Granada Granada	53		53		53	1	52		52	4	56
52	Arabia Saudita Arabia Saudita	53		53		53	4	49		49	3	46	6	52	3	49	3	46	2	44
56	Omán Omán	52	2	54	2	52		52	8	44	1	45		45		45	2	47		47
56	Eslovaquia Eslovaquia	52	2	49	1	50		50		50	1	51		51	1	50	3	47	1	46
58	Namibia Namibia	49	2	51	1	52	1	53	2	51	1	52	1	53	4	49	1	48		48
58	Grecia Grecia	49	1	50	2	48	3	45	3	48	4	44	2	46	3	43	3	40	4	36
58	Jordania Jordania	49		49	1	48	1	49	1	48		48	5	53	4	49	4	45	3	48
58	Armenia Armenia	49		49	7	42	7	35		35	2	33	2	35	2	37	1	36	2	34
62	Malasia Malasia	48	3	51	2	53	6	47		47	2	49	1	50	2	52	2	50	1	49
63	Croacia Croacia	47		47		47	1	48	1	49		49	2	51	3	48		48	2	46
64	Cuba Cuba	46	1	47	1	48	1	47		47		47		47	1	46		46	2	48
64	Montenegro Montenegro	46	1	45		45		45	1	46	1	45	1	44	2	42	2	44	3	41
66	Santo Tomé y Príncipe	45	2	47	1	46		46		46		46	4	42		42		42		42
66	Rumania Rumania	45	1	44		44	3	47	1	48		48	2	46	3	43		43	1	44
66	Vanuatu Vanuatu	45	2	43	3	46		46	3	43
66	China China	45	3	42	1	41	2	39	2	41	1	40	3	37	1	36	4	40	1	39
70	Sudáfrica	44		44		44	1	43		43	2	45	1	44		44	2	42	1	43
70	Jamaica	44		44	1	43	1	44		44	5	39	2	41	3	38		38		38
70	Túnez Túnez	44		44	1	43		43	1	42	1	41	3	38	2	40	1	41		41
73	Senegal Senegal	43	2	45		45		45		45		45	1	44	1	43	2	41	5	36
73	Hungría Hungría	43	1	44		44	2	46	1	45	3	48	3	51	3	54		54	1	55
73	Ghana Ghana	43		43	2	41		41	1	40	3	43	4	47	1	48	2	46	1	45
73	Islas Salomón Islas Salomón	43	1	42		42	2	44	5	39	3	42
73	Kuwait Kuwait	43	1	42	2	40	1	41	2	39	2	41	8	49	5	44	1	43	1	44
78	Bulgaria Bulgaria	42	2	44	1	43	1	42	1	43	2	41		41	2	43	2	41		41
78	Baréin Baréin	42		42		42	6	36		36	7	43	8	51	2	49	1	48	3	51
78	Benín Benín	42	1	41		41	1	40	1	39	3	36	1	37	2	39	3	36		36
78	Burkina Faso Burkina Faso	42	2	40		40	1	41	1	42		42	4	38		38		38		38
82	Bielorrusia Bielorrusia	41	6	47	2	45	1	44		44	4	40	8	32	1	31	2	29	2	31
82	Trinidad y Tobago Trinidad y Tobago	41	1	40		40	1	41		41	6	35	4	39	1	38		38	1	39
82	Timor Oriental Timor Oriental	41	1	40	2	38	3	35	3	38	3	35	7	28		28	2	30	3	33
85	Maldivas Maldivas	40	3	43	14	29	2	31	2	33	3	36
85	India	40		40	1	41		41	1	40		40	2	38		38	2	36		36
87	Guyana Guyana	39	2	41	1	40	3	37	1	38	4	34	5	29	1	30	3	27	1	28
87	Marruecos Marruecos	39	1	40	1	41	2	43	3	40	3	37	1	36	3	39	2	37		37
87	Colombia Colombia	39		39	2	37	1	36	1	37		37		37		37	1	36		36
87	Surinam Surinam	39	1	38	6	44	1	43	2	41	4	45	9	36		36		36	1	37
87	Tanzania Tanzania	39	1	38	1	37	1	36		36	4	32	2	30	1	31	2	33	2	35
87	Etiopía Etiopía	39	1	38	1	37	3	34	1	35	1	34	1	33		33		33		33
87	Vietnam Vietnam	39	3	36	1	37	4	33	2	35	2	33	2	31		31		31		31
87	Kosovo Kosovo	39	3	36		36	1	37	2	39	3	36	3	33		33		33	1	34
87	Macedonia del Norte Macedonia del Norte	39	4	35		35	2	37	2	35	2	37	5	42	3	45	1	44	1	43
96	Argentina	38	4	42	3	45	5	40	1	39	3	36	4	32	2	34		34	1	35
96	Lesoto Lesoto	38	3	41	1	40	1	41	1	42	3	39	5	44	5	49		49	4	45
96	Turquía Turquía	38	2	40	1	39	2	41	1	40	1	41	1	42	3	45	5	50	1	49
96	Serbia Serbia	38		38	1	39		39	2	41	1	42	2	40	1	41	1	42	3	39
96	Brasil Brasil	38		38	3	35		35	2	37	3	40	2	38	5	43	1	42	1	43
96	Indonesia Indonesia	38	1	37	3	40	2	38	1	37		37	1	36	2	34	2	32		32
102	Sri Lanka Sri Lanka	37	1	38		38		38		38	2	36	1	37	1	38	1	37	3	40
102	Kazajistán Kazajistán	37	1	38	4	34	3	31		31	2	29	1	28	1	29	3	26	2	28
102	Gambia Gambia	37		37		37		37	7	30	4	26	2	28	1	29	1	28	6	34
105	Ecuador Ecuador	36	3	39	1	38	4	34	2	32	1	31	1	32	1	33	2	35	3	32
105	Perú Perú	36	2	38	2	36	1	35	2	37	2	35	1	36	2	38		38		38
105	Costa de Marfil Costa de Marfil	36		36	1	35		35	1	36	2	34	2	32		32	5	27	2	29
105	Panamá Panamá	36	1	35	1	36	1	37		37	1	38	1	39	2	37	2	35	3	38
105	Moldavia Moldavia	36	2	34	2	32	1	33	2	31	1	30	3	33	2	35		35	1	36
110	Tailandia	35	1	36		36		36	1	37	2	35	3	38		38	3	35	2	37
110	Albania Albania	35	1	36	1	35	1	36	2	38	1	39	3	36	3	33	2	31	2	33
110	Bosnia y Herzegovina Bosnia y Herzegovina	35		35	1	36	2	38		38	1	39	1	38	1	39	3	42		42
110	Mongolia	35		35		35	2	37	1	36	2	38	1	39		39	1	38	2	36
110	Malaui Malaui	35	5	30	1	31	1	32	1	31		31		31	2	33	4	37		37
115	El Salvador El Salvador	34	2	36	2	34	1	35	2	33	3	36	3	39		39	1	38		38
115	Sierra Leona Sierra Leona	34	1	33		33	3	30		30		30	1	29	2	31	1	30	1	31
117	Argelia Argelia	33	3	36	1	35		35	2	33	1	34	2	36		36		36	2	34
117	Filipinas Filipinas	33	1	34		34	2	36	2	34	1	35		35	3	38	2	36	2	34
117	Egipto Egipto	33		33	2	35		35	3	32	2	34	2	36	1	37	5	32		32
117	Zambia	33		33	1	34	1	35	2	37	1	38		38		38		38	1	37
117	Nepal Nepal	33		33	1	34	3	31		31	2	29	2	27	2	29	2	31	4	27
122	Suazilandia Suazilandia	32	1	33	1	34	4	38	1	39	4					43	4	39	2	37
122	Ucrania Ucrania	32	1	33	3	30	2	32	2	30	1	29	2	27	1	26	1	25	1	26
124	Níger Níger	31	1	32		32	2	34	1	33	2	35	1	34	1	35	1	34	1	33
124	México México	31		31	2	29	1	28	1	29	1	30	5	35		35	1	34		34
124	Gabón Gabón	31	1	30	1	31		31	1	32	3	35	1	34	3	37	3	34	1	35
124	Papúa Nueva Guinea Papúa Nueva Guinea	31	4	27	1	28		28	1	29	1	28	3	25		25		25		25
128	Bolivia Bolivia	30	1	31		31	2	29	4	33		33	1	34	1	35	1	34		34
128	Kenia Kenia	30	1	31	3	28	1	27	1	28	2	26	1	25		25	2	27		27
128	Azerbaiyán Azerbaiyán	30		30		30	5	25	6	31	1	30	1	29		29	1	28	1	27
128	Togo	30	1	29		29	1	30	2	32		32		32	3	29		29	1	30
128	Laos Laos	30	1	29		29		29		29	1	30	5	25		25	1	26	5	21
128	República Dominicana República Dominicana	30	2	28		28	2	30	1	29	2	31	2	33	1	32	3	29	3	32
128	Paraguay Paraguay	30	2	28		28	1	29		29	1	30	3	27	3	24		24	1	25
128	Yibuti Yibuti	30	3	27	3	30	1	31		31	1	30	4	34		34	2	36		36
136	Malí Malí	29	1	30	1	29	3	32	1	31	1	32	3	35	3	32	4	28	6	34
136	Rusia Rusia	29	1	30	2	28		28	1	29		29		29	2	27	1	28		28
136	Liberia Liberia	29	1	28		28	4	32	1	31	6	37		37		37	1	38	3	41
136	Angola Angola	29	2	27	1	26	7	19		19	1	18	3	15	4	19	4	23	1	22
140	Pakistán Pakistán	28	3	31	1	32	1	33	1	32		32	2	30	1	29	1	28	1	27
140	Mauritania Mauritania	28	1	29	1	28	1	27	1	28	1	27	4	31	1	30		30	1	31
140	Birmania Birmania	28		28	1	29		29	1	30	2	28	6	22	1	21		21	6	15
140	Uzbekistán Uzbekistán	28	2	26	1	25	2	23	1	22	1	21	2	19	1	18	1	17		17
144	Kirguistán Kirguistán	27	4	31	1	30	1	29		29	1	28		28	1	27	3	24		24
144	Uganda Uganda	27		27	1	28	2	26		26	1	25		25	1	26		26	3	29
144	Camerún Camerún	27	2	25		25		25		25	1	26	1	27		27	2	25	1	26
147	Bangladés Bangladés	26		26		26		26	2	28	2	26	1	25		25	2	27	1	26
147	Mozambique Mozambique	26	1	25	1	26	3	23	2	25	2	27	4	31		31	1	30	1	31
147	Madagascar Madagascar	26	1	25	1	24	1	25	1	24	2	26	2	28		28		28	4	32
150	Guinea Guinea	25	3	28	1	29	1	28	1	27		27	2	25		25	1	24		24
150	Irán Irán	25		25	1	26	2	28	2	30	1	29	2	27		27	2	25	3	28
150	Guatemala Guatemala	25		25	1	26	1	27	1	28		28		28	4	32	3	29	4	33
150	Tayikistán	25		25		25		25	4	21	4	25	1	26	3	23	1	22		22
154	Líbano Líbano	24	1	25	3	28		28		28		28		28	1	27	1	28	2	30
154	República Centroafricana República Centroafricana	24	2	26	1	25	1	26	3	23	3	20	4	24		24	1	25	1	26
154	Nigeria Nigeria	24	1	25	1	26	1	27		27	1	28	2	26	1	27	2	25	2	27
157	Honduras Honduras	23	1	24	2	26	3	29		29	1	30	1	31	2	29	3	26	2	28
157	Zimbabue Zimbabue	23	1	24		24	2	22		22		22	1	21		21		21	1	20
157	Camboya Camboya	23	2	21	1	20		20	1	21		21		21		21	1	20	2	22
157	Irak Irak	23	2	21	1	20	2	18		18	1	17	1	16		16		16	2	18
161	Eritrea Eritrea	22	1	21	2	23	1	24	4	20	2	18		18		18	2	20	5	25
162	República del Congo República del Congo	21	2	19		19		19	2	21	1	20	3	23		23	1	22	4	26
162	Guinea-Bisáu Guinea-Bisáu	21	2	19	1	18	9	28	1	27	11	16	1	17	2	19		19	6	25
162	República Democrática del Congo República Democrática del Congo	21	3	18		18	1	19	2	21		21	1	22		22		22	1	21
165	Nicaragua Nicaragua	20	2	22		22	3	25	1	26		26	1	27	1	28		28	1	29
165	Comoras Comoras	20	1	21	4	25	2	27		27	3	24	2	26		26	2	28		28
165	Chad	20	1	21	1	20	1	19	1	20		20	2	22		22	3	19		19
165	Haití Haití	20	2	18		18	2	20	2	22	2	20	3	17	2	19		19		19
165	Sudán	20	4	16		16		16		16	2	14	2	12	1	11		11	2	13
170	Turkmenistán	19		19		19	1	20	1	19	3	22	4	18	1	17		17		17
170	Burundi Burundi	19		19		19	2	17	5	22	2	20	1	21	1	20	1	21	2	19
172	Libia Libia	17		17	1	18	1	17		17	3	14	2	16	2	18	3	15	6	21
172	Guinea Ecuatorial Guinea Ecuatorial	17	1	16		16		16	1	17	2							19	1	20
174	Afganistán Afganistán	16	3	19	3	16		16	1	15		15	4	11	1	12	4	8		8
174	Corea del Norte Corea del Norte	16	2	18	1	17	3	14	3	17	9	8		8		8		8		8
174	Yemen Yemen	16	1	15		15	1	14	2	16	2	14	4	18	1	19	1	18	5	23
177	Venezuela Venezuela	14	1	15	1	16	2	18		18	1	17		17	2	19	1	20	1	19
178	Siria Siria	13	1	14	1	13		13	1	14	1	13	5	18	2	20	3	17	9	26
178	Somalia	13	1	12	3	9	1	10	1	9	1	10	2	8		8		8		8
180	Sudán del Sur	11	1	12		12	1	13	1	12	1	11	4	15		15	1	14