Cordoba Province (Argentina)

Córdoba, in the text of the Provincial Constitution Province of Córdoba, is one of the twenty-three autonomous provinces that make up the Argentine Republic. In turn, it is one of the twenty-four self-governing states or jurisdictions of the first order that make up the country, and one of the twenty-four national legislative electoral districts. Its capital and most populous city is the homonymous Córdoba, also having as alternate capital to the city of Villa de la Concepción del Río Cuarto according to Provincial Law No. 10,169 promulgated on October 25, 2013.

It is located in the geographic center of the country, to the west of the Central region of Argentina, bordering to the north with Catamarca and Santiago del Estero, to the east with Santa Fe, to the southeast with the province of Buenos Aires, to the south with La Pampa and to the west with San Luis and La Rioja. With 3,978,982 inhabitants in 2022 it is the second most populous first-order jurisdiction —behind Buenos Aires—, with 165,321 km², it is the fifth largest —surpassed by Buenos Aires, Santa Cruz, Chubut and Río Negro— and with 18.5 inhabitants/km², it is the sixth most densely populated, behind the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and the provinces of Tucumán, Buenos Aires, Missions and Santa Fe.

44% of the population is agglomerated in the provincial capital (Gran Córdoba) with more than 1,900,000 inhabitants, making it the second urban agglomeration in the country after Greater Buenos Aires.

History

Ancient History

According to research, the first societies in the Sierras de Córdoba came from the southeast. These people would have used the river route to go from the southwestern lowlands to the Sierras Pampeanas.

The context of life at that time put them in contact with a megafauna characterized by glyptodonts, megatherians and smilodonts.

The transition to a sedentary lifestyle occurred from agricultural activities, and is dated to 1500 years old. The ancient inhabitants went from living in eaves to building "pit houses", characteristic of the people who inhabited this area. It is believed that they were of an elaborate construction since they could have contained "gallery systems where there were hearths or storage areas."

At the arrival of the Spanish conquerors (XVI century), the region of this province was inhabited by the Comechingones, mostly in the mountain region, in turn they extended to the pampean region sharing territory with the Het nomadic, while in the northeast area they were suffering an invasion by the Sanavirones. For their part, in the northwest were the Olongastas, a partiality of the Diaguitas, while on the banks of the Carcarañá River was the eponymous ethnic group, highly culturally influenced by the Guarani.

Colonial Period

Diego de Rojas in 1543 was the first Spaniard to explore the area of the Córdoba mountains. He left Cuzco with a contingent of 300 men, with the mission of discovering a province between Chile and the Río de la Plata, facing a fierce resistance from the comechingones in his path. Rojas died from an arrow attack, and the expedition returned, already decimated, under the command of Francisco de Mendoza.^{[citation needed]}

Since the creation of the Viceroyalty of Peru by royal decree of March 1, 1543, the Tucumán region was integrated into it, including present-day Córdoba. The Province of Tucumán, Juríes and Diaguitas was created in 1564, with its first governor being Francisco de Aguirre based in Santiago del Estero. With the creation of the Government of Tucumán in 1566 and the Bishopric of Tucumán in 1570, this region began to gain importance.

On July 6, 1573, Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera founded the city of Córdoba de La Nueva Andalucía, on the banks of the Suquía River called by the conquerors Río Primero, in a place called Quizquizacate by the natives, coming from territories currently in the center of Santiago del Estero, Sanavirones who were invading Comechingones territories (in the Sanavirona language the name of the place meant "Meeting of the rivers"). The name given by Cabrera to the city is a tribute to his wife, Doña Luisa Martel de los Ríos, whose family came from the province of Córdoba in the community of Andalusia, Spain. Cabrera was looking for two objectives. One of them was to have an exit to & # 34; La Mar del Nord & # 34;, that is to say, to the Atlantic Ocean, since he believed that the Mar Chiquita Lagoon was a bay of this ocean; and he also tried to found a city on the banks of the Paraná River. The second of the objectives was the fabulous City of Los Césares, for this reason he disobeyed the orders of the Viceroy of Peru and founded the city of Córdoba to the south of the jurisdiction assigned to him. Said disobedience motivated Cabrera to be executed by vile garrote in the city of Lima, in Peru on August 17, 1574.

If until 1620 Córdoba had only been a place for the sale of slaves, after the decline of the indigenous population, slaves took their place in production. During the second half of the 17th century, the Calchaquí wars and the incursions into the Chaco region provided new contingents of indigenous families (Quilmes, Mocovíes and Qoms) who were entrusted to the neighbors. The changes produced undoubtedly generated a multi-ethnic campaign that gradually underwent a process of miscegenation with the natural increase of the population. According to the first census of 1778, the region of Córdoba (city and countryside) registered 44,506 inhabitants, of which 35% of the population was Spanish or white and the other 65% was made up of castes (blacks, mulattoes, Indians, mestizos, zambos). 16% of the population was concentrated in the city while 84% was located in rural areas. From that time on, and largely due to the mixogenesis by which males of the dominant "white" they had offspring with women of the same lineage or with those of the other "castes" the predominance of the gaucho population began in rural areas (bear in mind that at that time more than 90% of the territory of the provinces was rural). In 1622 the Seca Customs of Córdoba was created with the intention of preventing the smuggling of silver and gold obtained from the Northwest and Upper Peru, as well as from mountainous regions (for example from the gold mines of La Carolina (San Luis)), and exported illegally through the port of Buenos Aires.

Juan Gutiérrez de la Concha, governor of Córdoba in 1806

Virgen del Rosario del Milagro, also called "La Negrita", is the patron of the province of Córdoba.

In 1774, the change of priest in the Pocho chapel confronted the bishop's authorities with José de Isasa and José de Tordesillas, two influential people of the place. The bishop threatened to resort to the Court of the Holy Office, while Isasa armed two hundred men to march on Córdoba and assert his reasons. They gave up their purpose before crossing the Primero or Suquía river and the situation was resolved peacefully.

In 1776, since it was part of the Governorate of Tucumán, it became part of the newly created Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata. The Argentine city of Córdoba, due to its geographical location almost in the center of the Southern Cone, was the hub of land communications between the Spanish territories located to the southeast with the Río de la Plata and therefore its outlet to the Atlantic Ocean, to the west with the captaincy General of Chile that was the outlet to the Pacific Ocean and to the north with Upper Peru for this reason the region that in the XVIII century It corresponded to the current Argentine province of Córdoba, which at that time had 20,000 inhabitants.

When the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata was administratively subdivided, in accordance with the Royal Ordinance of Intendants of January 28, 1782, the current province of Córdoba was located within the Intendancy of San Miguel de Tucumán Governorate. The Royal Decree of August 5, 1783, abolished the Government of Tucumán, with which Tucumán, together with Catamarca, Santiago del Estero, Jujuy, Salta, Tarija and the Puna de Atacama, became part of the new Government of Salta del Tucumán, with government headquarters in Salta (since 1792). While the rest of the territory formed the Government of Córdoba del Tucumán, which included Córdoba, San Luis, Mendoza, San Juan and La Rioja.

Its first mayor governor was the Marquis Rafael de Sobremonte, who would later become viceroy of the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata.

The Villa de la Concepción del Río Cuarto was founded on November 11, 1786 by order of Rafael de Sobremonte, then Governor Mayor of Córdoba del Tucumán. On March 19, 1798, the Cabildo was installed.

The development of the province in these times was favored by the Franciscans and the Jesuits, who sought to evangelize the natives of the place. They built ranches, temples, buildings, and developed a cultural, religious, educational, and political system. In 1613 they founded the first university in Argentina. The Camino de las Estancias Jesuíticas and the Manzana Jesuítica were of such importance that they were declared a World Heritage Site by Unesco in the year 2000.

19th century

In 1806 the English invasions of the Río de la Plata took place, in which a large part of the Banda Oriental and the province of Buenos Aires were under occupation by the United Kingdom. On June 27, the city of Buenos Aires surrendered to the British, while Viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte withdrew to the city of Córdoba along with a few hundred militiamen. On July 14, Sobremonte named the city of Córdoba provisional capital of the viceroyalty, calling to disregard any order from Buenos Aires while it was occupied. From Córdoba Sobremonte began to gather forces to expel the British, to which the Buenos Aires population joined. The British occupation was expelled by the forces of Santiago de Liniers, also having contingents under the command of Juan Bautista Bustos from Cordoba. At the end of the war, Liniers would be popularly acclaimed and elected as ruler instead of Sobremonte, who would move to the Banda Oriental and would later be deposed as viceroy, which would boost the independence movements.

When the May Revolution took place, Córdoba was the initial stronghold of the royalist opposition led by Santiago de Liniers who organized a counterrevolution, although the population in general supported the revolution, which led to the power of his army was undermined by desertions and sabotage. Troops were sent from Buenos Aires and Santa Fe that would end up defeating and shooting almost all the leaders in a place on the banks of the main branch of the Camino Real called Cabeza de Tigre near the Cruz Alta fort and post. The tombstone of those executed read Clamor, in reference to the initial letters of the last names of those executed: Concha, Liniers, Allende, Moreno, Orellana and Rodríguez. However, despite being mentioned on the tombstone, Rodrigo de Orellana was not shot but his life was respected due to his status as bishop.

In 1813 the Intendancy of Cuyo was created and General José de San Martín assumed the position of Governor, separating from Cordoba control, Mendoza, San Juan and San Luis. Although San Martín had the city of Mendoza as the seat of government for the province of Cuyo, due to his health problems, he frequently resided in the province of Córdoba, as did his wife Remedios de Escalada and the daughter of Both Mercedes.

In 1814, Governor José Javier Díaz integrated Córdoba into the Liga de los Pueblos Libres as a federated province. La Rioja, which was part of the Municipality of Córdoba del Tucumán, ignored this action by the governor, temporarily remaining autonomous. On December 15, 1817, the supporters (unitarians) of the Directory of Buenos Aires returned to the government of Córdoba, returning La Rioja to the situation of government tenure.

Starting in 1815, Córdoba became the geographical center of the conflict between federals and unitaries; Indeed, for that year the province of Córdoba was one of the constituents of the Union of Free Peoples (Federal League) whose main reference was the eastern José Gervasio Artigas, however the attitude of the federal governments (unlike the of the other provinces of said league) Cordoba was temporizing with respect to the power established in the city of Buenos Aires, so that in 1816 the province of Córdoba participated in the Congress of Tucumán by which Argentine independence was definitively proclaimed, in effect for such Congress the province of Córdoba sent three deputies, the only federal ones who could participate in it: José Antonio Cabrera y Cabrera, Eduardo Pérez Bulnes and Jerónimo Salguero, however the first two refused to continue in Congress when it was transferred to Buenos Aires. Aires. Córdoba together with the other historical states were in fact independent and were the predecessors of Argentina, thus forming the Argentine Confederation, a federation of independent states that ended when Córdoba and the rest gave up their rights to found a federal republic.

After the Arequito mutiny on January 5, 1820, the Córdoba Cabildo deposed the Governor-Intendant Dr. Manuel Antonio de Castro and declared the federal independence of the province, naming General Bustos, head of the Arequito uprising, Governor of the autonomous province of Córdoba.

La Rioja separated from Córdoba on January 24, 1820, Major Colonel Francisco Ortiz de Ocampo was elected governor of that new province.

A short time later the territory of the province became a battlefield between the federals and the faction called the unitarios, in that period the province reinforced its paradoxical characteristics, some of its main leaders were among the main leaders of both sides on a national scale, standing out the strong personalities of Juan Bautista Bustos and that of his rival José María Paz.
The prolonged conflict ended in the military with the Battle of Las Playas on June 28, 1863.

At the end of the XIX century, with the arrival in 1870 of the railway to the city of Córdoba and especially from from the National Industrial Exposition of 1871 whose site was today called Parque Sarmiento as it was sponsored by the Argentine president of San Juan origin Domingo Faustino Sarmiento began the modernization of the Cordovan industry; extensive and important railway branches were laid which facilitated the great European immigration, mainly of Italian origins from Piedmont, Friuli and other Italian regions, as well as of Spanish origins from various Iberian regions, to a lesser extent Germans and other Germans and French, then the immigration of Armenians and "English" (Many of them British with Scottish, Irish, etc. origins; for example, the city of Bell Ville owes its name to the fact that it was initially a ranch for Scottish farmers with the surname Bell). The Italians and Spaniards initially populated the region of the Pampa Húmeda dedicating themselves as farmers to intensive agriculture and intensive livestock, the "English" (Who joined the existing contingent from 1808 when many of the British imprisoned in the English Invasions were confined to the north, especially in the Río Seco area of the province of Córdoba) they mostly arrived as administrative employees of the railways. The industrial boom that the Argentine province of Córdoba achieved from that time onwards led to the construction of the first large dam with a power plant in Latin America in 1880: the San Roque Dam, which at the beginning of its construction (1880) was the most important engineering work in all of America —due to Juan Bialet Massé and Carlos Cassaffousth—, also from that time were the great flour mills of the Ducasse family (one of whose relatives was none other than Lautreamont) and the mills flour mills of the Minetti in what is now the heart of the city of Córdoba. From the end of the XIX century, most of the population of the Province of Córdoba has European origins.

20th century

Images of the Cordobazo

At the beginning of the XX century, the progressive although controversial governments of Ramón José Cárcano stood out, part of the controversy is due to to the fact that Cárcano had been an ally of the Cordovan-born Argentine president Miguel Juárez Celman decades before. Córdoba was also renowned for being the center of the University Reform of 1918.

Prosperity increased with the creation of the "Córdoba Material Area" during the government of Amadeo Sabattini, an undertaking of the national state that meant the installation since 1927 of the Military Factory of Aircraft, automobiles, tractors, railway material, aerospace material, etc. Among the state and mixed companies of the AMC, the following stood out: Dinfia, IAME, Materfer, IKA.

After being deposed the democratically elected Argentine constitutional president Arturo Umberto Illia who had extensive experience in the Province of Córdoba and was recognized for his probity, largely caused by the massive media campaign against him that spared no expense in ridiculing him with cartoons, a de facto civic-military government was imposed and then on May 29, 1969 a great social protest known as Cordobazo took place in the city of Córdoba. The same occurred during the government of the Argentine Revolution, which was weakened by the popular uprising. The Cordobazo began with a series of more or less organized strikes and assemblies, to which a significant number of self-convened people joined. Crowds clashed with the police, which led to the death of protester Máximo Mena, making the situation even worse. Finally, the Onganía government sent the army to suppress the protests. However, this weakened his government and led to his dismissal by the Junta de Comandantes en Jefe of the armed forces, in addition to strengthening the workers' leadership.

On April 18, 1983, the military government promulgated Decree-Law No. 22 789, completely defining the border with the province of Santiago del Estero. With the arrival of democracy, the radical Eduardo Angeloz was elected governor, who was re-elected twice and ruled until 1995. In the midst of numerous social protests, he handed over power early to his successor, the radical Ramón Mestre. Mestre governed until 1999, the year in which he was succeeded by the justicialist José Manuel de la Sota.

Road cut of agricultural producers on National Route 9, in jurisdiction of Oliva, province of Córdoba (near Villa María)

21st century

During the first decades of the XXI century, the Peronists José Manuel De la Sota (1999- 2007, 2011-2015) and Juan Schiaretti (2007-2011, 2015-present). The 2007 elections were particularly even between the formulas of Luis Juez and Juan Schiaretti, including allegations of electoral fraud, which were finally dismissed by the Electoral Justice that declared Schiaretti the winner.

During 2008 there were roadblocks in Córdoba and other provinces due to an agricultural lockout in the agricultural production sectors. This issue motivated Governor Schiaretti to distance himself from President Cristina Fernández.

In December 2013, during the last government of De la Sota, there was a 35-hour quartering of police officers from the Province of Córdoba during which looting and robberies occurred in the capital.

Geography

Chiquita Sea, a lagoon of high salinity that with a surface of 6000 km2 constitutes the largest salt lake in the southern and western hemispheres, and the largest fourth in the world.

Córdoba has two different areas:

• La Llanura Pampeana: occupies the eastern part with two subregions: to the north, it is associated with the basin of the great lagoon of Mar Chiquita, and to the south, to the Fifth River basin.
• The Sierras Pampeanas: they occupy a fifth of the provincial territory extending on the northwest. It is visited by the so-called Southern Sierras or Córdoba (see: Sierras de Córdoba) and San Luis. They are old and of little height. Among the mountains are longitudinal valleys of tectonic origin and stands out for its extension the Valley of Punilla. The maximum height of the province is the hill Champaquí of 2790 meters and from there, continues a cord called the mountain range of Comechingones.

To the northwest of the mountains, in the Department of Cruz del Eje shared with the provinces of Catamarca, La Rioja and Santiago del Estero, there is a large desert basin relict from an ancient sea that is currently one of the largest salt flats on the planet, this region with a very continental climate is called Salinas Grandes.

View of the saws

Climate

Climate types of the province of Córdoba according to the classification Köppen-Geiger

The climatic conditions are different depending on the region, although the temperate climate predominates. The Province of Córdoba generally has warm summers and cool to mild winters depending on the region. The average annual temperature is between 16 and 18 °C. The eastern portion of the province has a temperate pampean climate to the south and a subtropical climate with a dry season to the north. In the extreme west and northwest the climate is semi-arid. The central zone and the mountain valleys present a temperate climate of transition. Due to the combination of different natural elements, it is possible to find characteristic regional climates and particular local microclimates in the Province of Córdoba.

The rains are seasonal in summer with about 800 mm. annual. However, temperatures, as well as rainfall, decrease from north to south and from east to west, except on the eastern slopes of the mountains, where due to the influence of easterly winds, due to the significant humidity they carry, rainfall is abundant being the regime of up to 1500 mm per year. The average maximum temperature is 30 °C and the minimum is 10 °C, with a good differentiation of the four seasons.

In the highest areas of the Province, such as the Sierras Grandes, snowfall occurs every year. Snowfalls have even been recorded very late, such as in the month of November 2006, almost entering the austral summer. Precipitations in the form of snow also usually occur almost every year, already in the middle of the austral autumn, in the highest areas of Cordoba's geography, such as the Sierras Chicas and the different valleys. Electrical storms are common throughout the province, with a greater presence in the spring and summer months and especially in the area of high peaks of the Sierras de Córdoba. The Pampean area has a higher frequency of days with storms, some of which can be severe. Hail is also a fairly common phenomenon in the province.

Water resources

Rio Durazno

Rio Cruz del Aje

In the northwestern portion there are short endorheic drainage rivers, such as the San Marcos, Pintos, de la Candelaria, Cruz del Eje, Soto, de Pichanas, Guasapampa, Chanani and de los Sauces. Some have their waters artificially dammed. In this area is the Cruz del Eje reservoir.

The most prominent rivers originate in the Sierra Grande and Comechingones, from north to south the following: Suquía (or First) river, Xanaes (or Second) river, Ctalamochita (or Third) river, Chocancharava (or Fourth) river and the Popopis (or Quinto) river, which rises in the San Luis sierras, and runs through the province in a west-east direction. These rivers and their tributaries present maximum flows during the summer, with violent and unexpected floods after the rains. In the extreme northeast (already in the sector of the Chaco region corresponding to Córdoba) the Petri (or Dulce) river flows, the main contributor of flows to the Ansenuza sea.

The province of Córdoba has dozens of dams and reservoirs, the most important for their volume of water or for their water mirror are: Lake San Roque (the oldest of the modern-type reservoirs built in the country), Los Molinos Dam, La Viña, Piedras Moras, Río Tercero Reservoir (this reservoir is the largest in the province and the most important) and the Cruz del Eje Dam, made up of an imposing wall.

These reservoirs are multifunctional: they serve as freshwater reservoirs, produce hydroelectric power, regulate water flows, provide water for irrigation (especially if irrigation is in rainfed areas), fish farming and fishing. This can be both industrial and sporting, although, thanks to the mountainous landscapes in which they are usually found, one of the greatest economic values is tourism as spa activities and water sports are practiced there.

In the northeast of the province is the large lagoon of Mar Chiquita with an important population of flamingos. In the south, the Chocancharava river before confluence with the Ctalamochita river forms an important wetland called "Bañados del Saladillo" or "Loboy". In the southern center of the province is the Laguna La Felipa Provincial Flora and Fauna Reserve, near Ucacha. More curious is the situation of the Popopis river, since in the south of the province of Córdoba it forms a wide and highly variable expanse of wetlands and lagoons known as "Bañados de la Amarga" (formerly: "Laguna Amarga"). At certain times, the aforementioned Popopis river is subsumed in said marshes, and in others, when the flows increase, the waters exceed the Bañados de la Amarga and, without a precise channel, the river joins the Buenos Aires Salado river, transforming on such occasions the Quinto River is an exorheic river with an outlet to the Atlantic Ocean through the Buenos Aires Salado River.

Limits

The location of the province of Córdoba, practically in the center of Continental American Argentina, has meant that since the XIX century has borders with seven provinces. Their combined pressure caused the province of Córdoba to have had to resign some of its territorial claims -the following are just a few examples-: with Buenos Aires a large part of the territory that currently corresponds to the party of General Villegas; with Santa Fe the Rufino area and sectors to the east of the city of San Francisco; with La Pampa the line that includes the city of Realicó; with La Rioja a sector that included the small town of Castro Barros; with Santiago del Estero the area corresponding to the population called Villa Ojo de Agua and most of the territory of the current department of Santiago Rivadavia. Most of these resignations occurred between 1884-1983.

Such resignations in many cases were given taking into account mainly the subdivisions and parceling of the territories, so that the limits were mostly geodesic and relatively very complicated. Even today (January 2006), although practically all the limits are ratified by treaties and awards, there are objections and responses to such treaties and, especially, to the awards.

Official limits

The following are the limits of the province according to the National Geographic Institute:

• Limits with the province of Buenos Aires: after repeated attempts to settle, the limits were demarcated between the 1884 and 1885 in the 34o23' S parallel and then the meridian 63o23' W almost until touching the eminence in which the present Bosnian population of Banderaló is located.
• "Once to the province of Santa Fe: in the year 1970 the National Commission of Interprovincial Limits established the limits with Santa Fe, according to National Law No. 18.620: from south to north, first a diagonal that runs between the milestone located towards the 34°23′S 62°53′O to the nascent of the stream Saint Lucia in the 33°10′S 61°57′ Finally the polygonal that points to the northern border with Santa Fe reaches the trifinio point that currently points to the boundary between Córdoba, Santa Fe and Santiago del Estero, this point is located — according to the criteria of the provinces in question — in the 30°27′S 62°07′O (proposed Corobesa) or in the 30°21′S 62°09′O.
• Limits with the province of Santiago del Estero: the National Law No. 22.789 of 1983 fixed the limits with Santiago del Estero, which were imprecise and complex, not only because of economic-political motivations but because of the characteristics of the area (the northeast end of the province of Córdoba is a wetland constituted by the Bañados del Río Dulce). The maximum limit claimed by Cordoba ran from the trifinio point of the 30°27′S 62°07′O to the 29°40′S parallel, leaving about 5 km east of such line the Santiagueñas populations of Selva and Colonia Alpina. On the contrary the boundary purported in this area by Santiago del Estero was given by a line that part of the trifinite milestone in the 30°21′S 62°09′O to the point in the 30°20′S 62°30′′O that intersected the river Dulce (or Petri), from that point — according to the Santiagueña opinion — the limit ran through the straight coordinates of the main river Then by the latitudinal foothills of the Sierra de Ambargasta the limit reaches — for Cordoba — its northernmost point at 29°30′S 64°18′O, then ran linearly by the great saline of Ambargasta and found the trifinio linede Córdoba-Catamarca-Santiago del Estero already in the Salinas Grandes. The thoroughness with which the boundary between Córdoba and Santiago del Estero is discussed is because it is common to find official cartography with both "versions"; of the limits (the Cordoba and the Santiagueña) prior to 1983.

View of the Sierra Grande

• Limit with the province of Catamarca: defined by National Decree-Law in 1968, almost in its entirety is given by the base line or deeper of the Salinas Grandes although here the limits are still given by a polygonal of geodesic lines that — supposedly — unites the most depressed points of the aforementioned salines.
• Limits with the province of La Rioja: defined in 1900, much of the limits with La Rioja are given in the desert area of the Salinas Grandes with geodesic lines that supposedly unite the most depressed areas of such Salinas Grandes, then a diagonal runs from the 30°04′S 64°55′′Odillo to the 30°05′O and from there to the 65°
• Limits to the province of San Luis: defined by agreement of June 28, 1896, go from El Cadillo the boundary runs to the east until it twists towards the south-south through the towns of Los Cerrillos (31°58′S 65°26′O), Pozo del Chañar, Tilquincho, then runs about 20 km along the river Conlara, towards the parallel run
• Limit with the province of La Pampa: 35°S parallel. By National Law No. 947 of 1878, it was defined that the limits of Cordoba reached the Fifth River, but it was modified in 1881, relying on the 35°S parallel. In June 1969, the National Interprovincial Limits Commission accepted this limit.

Seismicity

The seismicity of the Córdoba region is frequent and of low intensity, and a seismic silence of medium to severe earthquakes every 30 years in random areas. Its last important expressions occurred:

• September 22, 1908 (114 years), 1908 Cross earthquake at 17:00 UTC-3, with 6,5 Richter, Mercalli VII scale; location 30°30′S 64°30′O / -30.500, -64.500; depth: 100 km; produced damage to this Department; in Deán Funes, Cruz del Aje and Villa de Soto, as in the south of the provinces of Santiago del Estero, La Rioja and Catamarca

• 11 June 1934 (88 years), sampacho earthquake at 3:07:09 UTC-3, with a magnitude of 6.0 on the Richter scale, meaning in Grade VIII on the Mercalli scale; location 33°50′S 64°50′O / -33.833, -64.833; depth of 30 km, The village was partially destroyed but there were no casualties, if it caused psychological repercussions in the absence of precedents.
• 16 January 1947 (76 years), at 2:37 UTC-3, with a magnitude of approximately 5.5 in the Richter scale (Córdoba earthquake of 1947)

• March 28, 1955 (67 years), at 6:20 UTC–3 with 6,9 Richter: in addition to the physical gravity of the phenomenon the absolute ignorance of the population was joined to these recurring events (Villa Giardino's earthquake of 1955).

• 7 September 2004 (18) at 8:53 UTC-3 with 4.1 Richter.

• 25 December 2009 (13 years), at 21:42 UTC-3 with 4.0 Richter.

• December 28, 2012 (10 years), at 05:50 UTC-3 with 4,8 Richter. His epicenter was located in Salsacate (Pocho Department), in the Traslasierra Valley. The damage of three dwellings in the epicentre area was reported. There were several replicas of the earthquake, which became felt in the city of Córdoba and others like Santa Rosa de Calamuchita, Villa Carlos Paz and Cosquín. The depth of the epicenter was only 11 km. and the intensity was from III to IV on the scale of Mercalli Modified, in Salsacate and the nearby towns, and from II to III in the city of Córdoba.

The province is divided into three different regions according to the risk of sismos occurrence.

The province is divided into three different seismic zones: risk 0 - very low regions that cover the entire east of the provincial map; at risk 1 - reduced for a large part of the Sierras Chicas and the southwest (Sierras de Comechingones); and in region 2 - moderate in the far west, next to the Sierras Grandes and against the border with Catamarca.

According to a study headed by UNRC geologist Guillermo Sagripanti, earthquakes of up to 6.6 degrees Richter or more can occur in the province. Said study was based on the Santa Rosa plate, which crosses the Calamuchita area and is very close to the Embalse Nuclear Power Plant, in order to prevent any occurrence of this magnitude from increasing the nuclear risk. It is estimated that future earthquakes could reach magnitude 6.6. Strong historical earthquakes have already occurred in the north of Córdoba, such as those reviewed in the previous list. Another source of incidence that is studied is in Sampacho, where said investigation determined a recurrence of 900 or a thousand years. Nor is the possibility of having earthquakes from a distant source, such as San Juan, ruled out. A clear example is the Caucete earthquake (7.4 magnitude), where there are testimonies from firefighters that there were cracks in the walls in Río Cuarto.

The problem that exists in seismic zoning is that they have been carried out according to studies that were carried out between 1920 and 1976, so subsequent earthquakes are not taken into account if they represent magnitudes greater than " certain" for each region, since it was "zoned" on the basis of antecedents and not by in-depth studies of internal failures and those same determinations are used to this day. The UNRC, together with other investigations from other universities, have determined that powerful earthquakes have occurred in the Cordovan mountains in prehistory, for which reason it is claimed that they be taken into account and change the category that they have given to the regions.

The seismic risk that the National Institute for Seismic Prevention (INPRES) has granted, for example to the southern part of the province, is underestimated. The Río Cuarto department is located within the so-called Reduced Seismic Hazard Zone 1, but it was the epicenter of two destructive earthquakes with magnitudes 5.5 and 6.0 in Sampacho and it is estimated that the Modified Mercalli intensity exceeded VIII degrees. Likewise, in this sector, there were at least six seismic events that exceeded M 4.0 and more than 100 superficial microseisms of M<3.0; so it is a seismically active region.

Provincial symbols

Shield of Cordoba

Escudo de la Provincia de Córdoba

The shield of the Province of Córdoba derives from the one created during the founding of the City of Córdoba by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera in 1573. The shield would have been the work of the notary public Francisco de Torres, a member of the expedition that accompanied Cabrera.
After the Revolution of May 1810, the coat of arms had some slight modifications, mainly in the flags: it went from the Spanish colonial flags to the federal flags and then, by consensus, to the Argentine flags. The silhouette of the shield also had some momentary variations since at the end of the XIX century and beginning of the XX officially circulated documents and illustrations in which the shield appeared, like the National Shield of Argentina, with an elliptical silhouette. By decree dated July 24, 1925, the provincial governor Dr. Ramón J. Cárcano reestablished for the province the almost original forms of the shield (heart-shaped or corselet silhouette) although with the tower no longer finished off in a sphere but rather as it had been. customary: with three battlements and with the flagpole and the upper Argentine flag inscribed inside the body of the shield.

Cordoba flag

Flag of the Province of Córdoba

The Flag of the Province of Córdoba was created by Cristian Baquero Lazcano and officially adopted on December 16, 2010.

In mid-2010, and on the occasion of the commemoration of the Bicentennial of the Argentine Republic, Governor Juan Schiaretti launched the contest "Looking for the Flag of the Province of Córdoba" whose objective was to design a banner that synthesized the &# 34;provincial identity” Cordoba.
752 proposals participated in the contest, from which emerged the winning design belonging to Cristian Baquero Lazcano of the Argentine Institute of Ceremonial and Public Relations.
The flag, created by Law No. 9,806 and whose use must be done in conjunction with the national flag, has three proportional vertical bands: red on the left, white in the middle, and sky-blue on the right that serve the dual purpose. to rescue the colors used by José Gervasio Artigas and be compatible with those of the other two provinces of the Central Region: Entre Ríos and Santa Fe, symbolizing, in this way, the integrating vocation of the area.
Seen separately, the red represents the blood shed and the federalism embraced by Córdoba, the sky-blue the contributions to national independence and the watercourses that run through the province and the white refers to the identity of a town made up of numerous migratory streams. It also contains the silhouette of the "Jesuit sun" that with its 32 rays —16 straight and 16 wavy— alternately arranged, coincide from the graph with the "Inca sun or May sun" present in the national flag and seeks to reflect the political imprint, social, cultural, educational and religious of the Jesuits, who bequeathed, throughout the history of Córdoba, a patrimonial heritage recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site at the end of the year 2000.

Law No. 10,145 established the characteristics, dimensions, and accessories of the provincial flag.

Unanimously, the Provincial Legislature instituted —through Law No. 9,989— September 18 as the "Day of the Flag of the Province of Córdoba", in commemoration of the death of Brigadier General Juan Bautista Bustos, first constitutional governor of the province.

Political organization

The brand new Civic Center of Cordoba dedicated to the Bicentennial of Argentina. The provincial executive branch functions there.

The province of Córdoba is, like the other Argentine provinces, autonomous from the national government in most matters, except those of a federal nature. This is recognized by article 121 of the Constitution of the Argentine Nation:

The provinces retain all the power not delegated by this Constitution to the federal government, and those expressly reserved for special acts while incorporating them.

The provincial Constitution currently in force is the one corresponding to the year 2001. It establishes the existence of three powers: executive, legislative and judicial.

Government authorities are based in the city of Córdoba, which is the provincial capital.

Executive Branch

Juan Schiaretti, current governor of Córdoba

The provincial executive power is exercised by a citizen with the treatment of "Mr. Governor", as well as by a lieutenant governor who presides over the legislature of the province and replaces the governor if he is unable to hold office, and both remain in office for a term of four years. Re-election is allowed for a single consecutive term.

Likewise, the governor can appoint ministers, in the number and powers determined by law.

Legislative Branch

Old building of the Legislature of the province of Córdoba

The provincial legislature has a unicameral system and is responsible for legislation on all matters not expressly delegated by the National Constitution to the federal government. Codes and laws on rights (civil, commercial, criminal, labor, social security and mining) are reserved to the National Congress.

The Legislature is unicameral. The mandates of legislators last four years and they are re-elected. The chamber is made up of 70 legislators: of these, 26 are elected, one for each district of the province, and 44 in form proportional taking the province as a single district. The legislature is chaired by the lieutenant governor, who only has the right to vote in case of a tie.

Judicial Branch

Palacio de Justicia de Córdoba

Judicial power in the province of Córdoba is exercised by the Superior Court of Justice, and judges have fixed positions unless they are explicitly removed. In addition, the province has several justices of the peace whose number is determined by law. The provincial justice judges according to its own Constitution, the provincial laws, the treaties entered into by the province and the application of the norms of subsection 12 of article 75 of the National Constitution.

Center Region

Map of the Central Region

La Falda y las Sierras de Córdoba

The provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe signed on August 15, 1998 the Regional Integration Treaty between the Provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe "in order to promote economic and social development by virtue of the established in Art. 124 of the National Constitution and human development, health, education, science, knowledge and culture…».

On April 6, 1999, the Integration Act of the Province of Entre Ríos to the Regional Integration Treaty was signed, thus configuring the Central Region.

The regional bodies are:

Board of Governors: Superior Body of the Central Region made up of the Chief Executive Officers of the member Provinces.

Executive Committee: It is the body of the Central Region in charge of implementing and executing the regional policies agreed upon by the Board of Governors.

Administrative Secretariat: It is a technical-administrative coordination body of the Central Region, in charge of managing and organizing the regional integration process, executing the activities entrusted to it by the Board of Governors and the Executive Committee, ensure compliance with the commitments assumed within the framework of the Founding Treaties and derived regulations, and with the technical and logistical assistance capacity of the other bodies of the Central Region.

Joint Parliamentary Commission: Four permanent internal commissions deliberate within it: Economy and Production Commission; Infrastructure and Services Commission; Commission for General Legislation and the Commission for Institutional Affairs and Municipalities and Communes.

Administrative division

See the complete list of municipalities and communes of the province in Annex: Municipalities and communes of Córdoba (Argentina). For information on the municipal organization of Córdoba, see Municipal Organization of Córdoba (Argentina).

The province is divided into 26 departments, each subdivided into districts. The Provincial Regionalization Law No. 9206, recognizes in each department a Regional Community made up of the municipalities and communes on a voluntary basis.

The provincial Constitution was approved in 1821, signing in 1853 the Constitution of the Argentine Nation. The minimum administrative units are municipalities and communes. According to the Provincial Constitution, any settlement with a stable population of more than two thousand inhabitants constitutes a municipality, which has various functions, powers and purposes. Population settlements with less than two thousand inhabitants, on the other hand, fall into the category of communes.

The following is the list of departments with their respective headings. For a more complete list, see Annex: Departments of the Province of Córdoba

Province of Córdoba, political division and its capital

Economy

The province stands out at the national level for its agriculture and industry, such as engine manufacturing and food processing, but also enjoys a vigorous service sector.

The Argentine Aviation Factory is a complex of strategic importance for the production of aircraft and aerospace research. Here were designed and manufactured the first reaction aircraft in Latin America in the 1940s and 1950s, and the development of the national automotive and aerospace industries was directed.

• Agriculture: The cultivation of soybeans (since the 1990s) and corn, followed by wheat (the city of Leones is the national capital of wheat), sorghum and sunflower. The production of peanuts (especially around the city of Río Tercero) is also outstanding, as it brings together the full practice of the national production in that area. These productions are exported to the Netherlands, as well as to Canada, Mexico and the United States, the cultivation of olive trees is also interesting especially in the "Valle del Sol" focused on Cruz del Aje, and vides.
• Livestock: About 90 % of the livestock stock in the province is composed of cattle, followed by pigs, and then by sheep and goats. Although with a small percentage within the total livestock production of the province, Cordoba leads the cattle ranching of pigs in the country. In relation to livestock activity we can mention poultry (pollus and eggs, particularly developed around Santa María de Punilla from Japanese immigrants since 1950), apculture, quanculture and the breeding of "nutrients" or more exactly coipos in the Sea of Ansenuza.
• Mining: the application rocks are the most outstanding product, including lime, granite, roaring, salt, mica, quartz, ónix. There are also clay deposits, fluorite, manganese, uranium and small aurferous deposits.
• Industrial activity: the Argentinian province of Cordoba has been one of the industrial poles of Argentina for more than half a century and with it of all America outside the United States and Brazil. In the Argentinian industries of Cordoba the manufacturing industry, which contributes about 17% of the Argentine national GDP the supply of electricity, gas and water that provides the remaining 10%. The 1994 National Economic Census indicates that the most developed branches of the industry are the automotive industry and the manufacture of food (lacteos such as those of the SanCor company with core in the San Francisco dairy basin), golosins, Galicians (Serranitas, etc.) and several desserts like those of the Arcor companies with core in Arroyito and Georgalos with kernel in the city of Río Segundo cé The automotive industry is complemented by the manufacture of agricultural machinery, the manufacture of parts, parts, motorcycles and motorcycles mainly in Las Varillas, accessories and the manufacture of bodywork. It is also important to the area of Gran Córdoba by its factories of ferroviary material (locomotives, etc.) in Materfer, and aerospace, being currently its main company the FAdeA Córdoba: the first plane to reaction of the Ibero-American world (i.e. before Spain or any European Iberian country) At the northeast end of the province was established the small but very productive aircraft factory Aero Boero, more exactly in the city of Morteros. As initially indicated: the food industry specializes in the dairy and gaseous drinks (such as those of the company Egea with its "Pritty" gaskets since the 1960s), beers like those of Río Segundo and the Cordoba these last prepared in the Gran Córdoba... the production of beer, already in artisan mode or of small companies, extends to much of the vines of Cordoba fernandos and vodkas (Argentine vodkas were initially produced in the village of Nono by German Baltic immigrants among whom the von Rennenkampf and later by the company of the Porta family); cocoa (imported), chocolate, confectionery products and cattle derivatives. Despite the fact that it is usually inadvertida is remarkable the artisanal Argentine Cordoba industry and this especially in the area of the Sierras de Córdoba and its pedemonte: quesillos and cheeses of goat, honey, tuna rice, totora hats, hats, baskets, bags and braided fiber dolls of "cocococo", liqueurs of peperina, cobbles and bonds Cannon dolls (especially in the Punilla Valley), black ceramic figures and containers in the Traslasierra Valley (especially around the lake of the La Viña and Los Hornillos reservoir) and, in the Argentine city of Córdoba, the ancestral manufacture of good quality furniture. Chemical industries such as those located around the city of Río Tercero (Atanor, etc.) or the production of textile machinery (e.g. sewing machines) such as those manufactured since 1944 in the city of San Francisco (Córdoba). The manufacture of balls or balls without the bell of Ville where they were invented in 1931. The Argentine province of Córdoba also stands out for its large production of dairy (cheese, etc.) from the cow's milk as its pampeano sector next to that of the neighboring Province of Santa Fe is the Nucleus zone of the dairy in Argentina being very important the company of cooperative bases called SanCor (name that is acronym of the two provinces mentioned).

• Sector services: Within the service sector, the most important activities are trade, restaurants and hotel services; community, social and personal services; and financial, insurance, real estate and business services.

Tourism

Cerro Uritorco, the highest peak of the Sierras Chicas, has since 1986 become a site reported by national and international means by UFO sightings, extraterrestrial visits and visions of parallel dimensions; this has triggered tourism in recent times.

Hotel El Castillo in Valle Hermoso

Tourism, along with industry and services, is one of the main economic activities in the province, which is why investments in tourism infrastructure are encouraged by the Tourism Promotion Law No. 7232 and its Regulatory Decrees No..º 4557/85 and No. 1360/00. The main tourist attraction of Córdoba are its mountains, as well as its climate and landscapes. Provincial tourist activity is also favored by the ease of access to the province due to communications networks, its central position in the country's geography and the presence of an international airport. For this reason, Córdoba is one of the main tourist areas of Argentina, after the Argentine Atlantic Coast. In the first five years of the XXI century, the country's tourist offer has expanded to other regions, however Córdoba has maintained its position privileged. The typical festivities of the Cosquín Festival dedicated to Argentine folklore, the National Dressage and Folklore Festival in Jesús María, a festival, as its name indicates, dedicated to Argentine folklore with its music and gaucho equestrian skill that includes to dressage and the National Beer Festival in Villa General Belgrano and the Easter celebrations, the national festival of rock and pop music called Cosquín Rock is also highlighted, although it is actually celebrated in Santa María de Punilla. National potato festival in the city of Villa Dolores. Since 1984 it has been the official headquarters of the Rally Argentina. After being reopened in 2009, the province of Córdoba has always been one of the stages of the Dakar Rally.

National Festival of Beer in Villa General Belgrano (2006)

Among natural attractions and even human contributions in architecture and engineering, the main economic activity is located in the Sierras de Córdoba, for example in the Punilla, Traslasierra, Paravachasca, Calamuchita and Valle del Sol valleys. tourism, and for this reason (2001) it is that this region of Cordoba receives more than 40% of the tourists in the province. There are different alternatives for lodging: cabins, campsites, hosting and hostels, inns and hotels of all categories to which are added the rental of houses or apartments by season.

There is a variety of natural attractions where several of the 7 natural wonders of the Province of Córdoba stand out, such as Cerro Uritorco, Cueva de los Pajaritos, Los Terrones, Cuevas de Ongamira, Cerro Colorado, Autochthonous Cultural Park and Recreational, Zapato (like Uritorco, located immediately to Capilla del Monte), Olaen waterfall, Las Tres Cascadas, Los Chorrillos, Los Gigantes hill, Champaquí hill, La Cumbrecita with its underground river, its coniferous forests and its waterfall, the Quebrada del Yatán, the Quebrada de la Mermela and the Singuriente, Quebrada de La Palmita, the Quebrada del Condorito National Park (also known in the province of Córdoba as de los Condoritos) in which is the Yuspe, Taninga, Chancaní river ravine with its precipices and tunnels, Los Mogotes, Los Paredones (near Capilla del Monte), the Seven Waterfalls (in La Falda) and many others related to the rivers of Punilla: Cosquin River, San Esteban, La Toma, San Jerónimo Dam, El Cajón Dam, San Roque Dam, etc. There are also other attractions such as El Mast, El Cristo, El Laberinto, chairlifts such as Carlos Paz, El Camino del Cuadrado, Thea waterfall, Vaquerías, Cavernas el Sauce, the huge salty lake or inland sea called Mar de Ansenuza, etc..

The Punilla Valley is followed (2001 figures) by those of Calamuchita (15%) and Traslasierra (12%). The hotel industry has a large proportion of 1 and 2 star hotels, and 5 star hotels in the city of Cordoba; as well as hostels and lodgings.

The 2001 INDEC census indicated that only 3.5% of tourists come from outside the country. The vast majority of tourists are Argentine, coming mainly from the city of Buenos Aires, including the CABA and from various places in the province of Buenos Aires (33%), from Córdoba itself (25%) and from the Province of Santa Faith (24%).

Population

Population density (Censo 2010).

Centro de la ciudad de Córdoba taken from the International Space Station

Welcome cartel. San Francisco is the entrance to the province through the RN 19 from Santa Fe.

Villa Carlos Paz

Potrero de Garay is a tourist commune located on the shores of Lake Los Molinos.

Historical evolution of its population:

• 1778: 44 506.
• 1820: 85 000.
• 1847: 90 000 hab.
• 1853: 150 000 hab.
• 1869: 210 508 hab.
• 1895: 351 223 hab.
• 1914: 735 472 hab.
• 1947: 1 497 987.
• 1960: 1 753 840 hab.
• 1970: 2 060 065 hab.
• 1980: 2 407 754 hab.
• 1991: 2 766 683 hab.
• 2001: 3 066 801 hab.
• 2010: 3 308 876 hab.
• 2022: 3 978 982.

Graphic of demographic evolution of Province of Córdoba between 1778 and 2022

According to data from the 2010 National Housing, Household and Population Census, carried out by the National Institute of Census Statistics, the population of the Province of Córdoba totaled 3,308,876 inhabitants. According to data from the 2022 Argentine Census, the province de Córdoba registered 3,978,982 inhabitants, showing a growth between 2010-2022 of 20%, above the national level, growing 7.89% in the period 2001-2010 and representing 8.68% of the country's inhabitants. The masculinity index was 94.7, while the literacy rate reached 98.53%. Another relevant piece of information is that only 50,488 inhabitants were born abroad (1.52% of the total population), a percentage below the national average, surely due to its characteristics as a Mediterranean province.

According to the last census, 51,142 inhabitants (1.54%) self-identify as descendants or belonging to an original people. While 9,430 people (0.28%) declared having ancestors of Afro-descendant or African origin. Regarding these last two data, it must be taken into account that the margin of error is very large since it is the first time that this type of survey has been carried out in a national census, in addition to the fact that the indigenous and African roots in many cases were and they continue to be denied due to cultural prejudices or ignorance.

• Urban population: 2,966,815 (2010)
• Rural population: 342,061 (2010)

Most populated cities

According to the 2010 National Census

Urban agglomerations

Culture

Museums

Facade of the Museo Superior de Bellas Artes «Eva Duarte de Perón» —ex-Palacio Ferreyra — which houses the permanent exhibition of the collection of the province of Córdoba

Córdoba has a wide variety of museums, among the most renowned are the Eva Duarte de Perón Superior Museum of Fine Arts (also known as Palacio Ferreyra), which houses the province's collection of visual arts, photography and sculpture in a permanent exhibition, on the other hand, the Provincial Museum of Fine Arts Emilio Caraffa houses temporary exhibitions.

Other important museums are the Luis de Tejeda Museum of Religious Art, the Museum of Natural Sciences and the Genaro Pérez Museum, the Arturo Illia Museum in Cruz del Eje (National Historical Monument of Argentina) and the Rocsen Multifaceted Museum, in Nono, with more than 25,000 pieces from various regions of the world and declared a place of National Public Interest.

Music

Cordoba's popular music was nourished by pre-Hispanic, Spanish and African influences, crystallizing at the end of the XIX century in the gato, the chacarera, the valsesito and the Cordovan jota. Great artists of these genres were Cristino Tapia and El Chango Rodríguez. Tango also had a boom in the mid-XX century with figures such as Ciriaco Ortiz and Jorge Arduh. The European immigrants who populated the south and east of the province brought their popular music. Transferred to the capital by internal migrations since the 50s, they later merged with expressions of Caribbean origin, generating the "Quartet", so called because it was originally performed with 4 instruments: accordion, piano, violin and double bass This popular musical manifestation is a style of music with an up-tempo rhythm derived from European music (paso doble, tarantella, etc.) that from the 1990s takes on a national projection. The "dances" They are a classic of this genre and gather a large number of people every weekend in the different stadiums, clubs and event halls such as La Vieja Usina or the Complejo Forja. Some recognized artists of this musical genre are Leonor Marzano, La Mona Jiménez and Rodrigo.

Córdoba also celebrates the Cosquín Festival, which brings together exponents of national folk music. In recent years, the Cosquín Rock festival, dedicated to Argentine Rock, was also added. The rock movement in Córdoba was also born from the very beginnings of national rock, at the beginning of the 60s with groups like Los Bichos, and Los Teen Agers, all the subgenres have been developed since the 70s, elaborate rock - heavy metal - jazz rock - pop - progressive - rock 'n' classic roll - blues - folk-rock, etc., with names like Ave Fénix - Piel de Ángel - Encuentro - At the beginning of the 80s the great festival of La Falda appeared promoted by Mario Luna and a whole litter of rock bands appeared for those years - Tamboor - Passport - Cartoons - Postscript - Córdoba Va - The American Dream -Ica Novo - Proceso a Ricutti - The Musicians of the Center from the 90s to the present have emerged all kinds of bands always in the under from the trash metal to electronics, by the hand of Hammer - Eruca Sativa - Lokotes - 3 de Copas - Los Bastarddos - Juan Terrenal - Beat Cairo - Tórax - Lucila Cuevas - Roko - Voil Tage - and many more.

Press media

The newspapers La Voz del Interior, La Mañana de Córdoba, Comercio y Justicia, El Diario de Villa Carlos Paz, Día a Día, Hoy Día Córdoba, Puntal de Río Cuarto and Puntal Villa María and El Diario del Center of the country. There are 5 air television channels in the VHF band: El Doce of Grupo Clarín, Channel 10 of the UNC Radio and Television Services, Channel 9 of Río Cuarto, Channel 13 of Río Cuarto and Teleocho of Grupo Telefe. In addition, there are numerous local cable signals, among the most important, Canal "C" (with general interest programs), ShowSport (sports programming) and Canal 6 Cooperativo de Colsecor, which is broadcast via satellite throughout the country and Latin America. There are two cable television providers Cablevisión (which also provides internet via cable modem), and Córdoba Cable. The most important AM band radios are AM700 Cadena 3, AM810 Radio Miter 810 from Grupo Clarín, AM580 Radio Universidad de los Servicios de Radiodifusión y Televisión de la UNC, AM970 LV2, AM750 LRA7 Radio Nacional Córdoba, AM1010 Radio Río Cuarto (LV16 Radio Río Cuarto), AM930 Radio Villa María and AM1350 Radio Sucesos. On the FM you can mention DALE FM 93.1, FM Azul 104.5 (from Villa Carlos Paz), FM 93.9 Ranquel Stereo (LV16 Radio Río Cuarto) or LV3 Radio Córdoba. The latter has two musical formulas that are broadcast only in the city of Córdoba, and one of a general type, Cadena 3 Argentina, which is broadcast through various broadcasters throughout the province as well as outside of Córdoba.

Architecture and historical heritage

Cabildo de Córdoba

Church of the Society of Jesus

In Córdoba, numerous historical monuments from the Spanish colonial era are preserved, especially temples of the Catholic Church. The most recognized of these monuments is perhaps the Manzana Jesuítica (to which the Cathedral of Córdoba is attached), which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000. This monument consists of a block of buildings built by the Jesuits during the XVII century: the National College of Monserrat, the church of the Company of Jesus, and the old University (currently, Historical Museum of the National University of Córdoba) another valuable building from the colonial era is the Casa del Virrey Sobremonte; Also in the capital city are the Palace of Justice building (neoclassical), the Emilio Caraffa Provincial Museum of Fine Arts whose nucleus is neoclassical and its annexes are international rationalist, the Teatro del Libertador building (eclectic style of the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century), the Sarmiento Park adorned by several valuable monuments such as the Eiffel Wheel and the Bicentennial Lighthouse and the modern Civic Center of Córdoba (deconstructivist postmodern architecture); Outside the capital, interesting buildings abound in various places in the Sierras de Córdoba, such as the Spanish colonial Alta Gracia or, near Cruz del Eje and Caroya, the Jesuit Estancia Santa Catalina, among many others that include old post buildings.

Cordoba Biennials

The Argentine city of Córdoba has hosted three important art biennials: the one in 1962, the one in 1964 and the one in 1966; such biennials brought together the most qualified of the group of Latin American plastic artists, prevailing in them the contemporary styles of the 1960s: pop art, conceptual art, kinetic art, various forms of abstract art, etc. However, such a successful cultural event was discontinued due to the critical political situation. It is important not to confuse the American Biennial of Córdoba Argentina with the later Biennial of Córdoba in Spain.

American Capital of Culture

Córdoba was designated the Cultural Capital of America in 2006. "Culture does not pay attention to rulers, creeds or party colors. Córdoba is the heart of culture and this is the opportunity we have to prove it. For this reason, I commit all the neighbors to take charge of what we have signed today. We have to comply and live up to the circumstances", Mayor Luis Juez said after signing, along with the president of the American Capital of Culture Organization (CAC), Xavier Tudela and the Secretary of Culture and Education, Susana Mazzarella.

In his turn, Xavier Tudela indicated that in other cities around the world the Cultural Capital left as a positive balance an "imprint that marked a before and after". In this sense, the Catalan showed confidence in the task that the city would carry out. The appointment generated wide expectations in the rest of the continent and Córdoba defined a series of strategies and plans for innovation in the cultural life of the city.

To obtain the designation, the city of Córdoba carried out an arduous and silent work from the Ministry of Culture and Education, which was rewarded with extensive dissemination throughout the continent.

Education

Among the population over 14 years of age, the majority have completed primary education or incomplete secondary education. Both groups add up to 565,325 and 471,512 Cordoba respectively. It is followed by 356,983 with completed secondary studies, and 336,805 with incomplete primary education. 63,983 Cordovans have no education, and at the university level there are 117,148 graduates and 185,098 with incomplete studies.

Among the Cordovan universities we can mention the National University of Córdoba, the National University of Río Cuarto, the National University of Villa María, the National Technological University (regional faculties Córdoba, San Francisco, and Villa María), the University Institute Aeronautical; Catholic University of Córdoba, Blas Pascal University, 21st Century Business University, and the Provincial University of Córdoba.

Sports

At the Mario Alberto Kempes Stadium, one of the stages of the Rally Argentina Rally World Championship is held.

The most developed sport, as in most of the country, is soccer. There are several clubs, most of which are affiliated with the Liga Cordobesa de Fútbol, who play in the LCF Tournament as well as in other national ones.

Another important competition is motorsports. In the mountains of Córdoba, in Villa Carlos Paz, the Argentine date of the World Rally Championship is disputed every year. The site was chosen for its terrain, which combines soft and hard terrain, open spaces, mountains, river crossings, among other geographical features. The province has the Alta Gracia and Río Cuarto racetracks, which frequently receive Road Tourism, TC 2000, Top Race and National Tourism among other national motorsport categories.

Basketball has a rich history. Córdoba has always been known for being the protagonist of the traditional Argentine Championships. With the creation of the National League of Clubs, the Athens Sports Association became the most successful sports representative in the history of Córdoba. With eight national championships, another five arrivals in the final and six international championships (3 South American leagues, 2 South American club champions and 1 Pan American), it became the greatest reference in national basketball and also internationally.

In recent years tennis has been gaining ground, and to a lesser extent rugby and field hockey have stood out. As for boxing, it achieved a resurgence with the emergence of new figures. In golf, professionals of international repercussion have emerged from the Córdoba Golf Club, including Ángel Cabrera, winner of the 2007 United States Open.

Thanks to the large number of water bodies, fishing has a large number of fans throughout the province.

Stadiums

Córdoba has a Mario Alberto Kempes Olympic Stadium. With a capacity of 57,000 people, it was built in the 1970s (because the city was one of the venues for the 1978 Soccer World Cup) and remodeled for the 2011 Copa América. Other soccer stadiums, all of them in the Córdoba city, are the Julio César Villagra Stadium (of Club Atlético Belgrano), the Juan Domingo Perón Stadium (of Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba), the Boutique Stadium of Barrio Jardín (of Talleres), the Miguel Sancho Stadium (of Racing de Córdoba) and the General Paz Juniors Stadium (of General Paz Juniors). The Ciudad de Río Cuarto Stadium (of Estudiantes de Río Cuarto), Oscar C. Boero Stadium (of Sportivo Belgrano). These have capacities of 30,500 (Belgrano), 22,000 (Institute) 18,000 (Workshops), 18,535 (Racing), 15,000 (General Paz Junior) and 15,000 (Río Cuarto Students) 10,000 (Sportivo Belgrano) spectators respectively^{[citation required]}.

Twinned cities and countries

• Córdoba, Spain
• Michoacán, Mexico (1998)
• Oblast of Kursk, Russia (1997)
• Leningrad, Russia (1997)
• Vladimir, Russia
• Opblast de Leópolis, Ukraine (1997)
• Piedmont, Italy (1991)
• Brazil (2001)
• Saint Petersburg, Russia (1997)
• Argentina (2013)
• Colombia (2007)
• France (1999)
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