Christian philosophy

Christian philosophy is the philosophy present within the doctrines of Christianity. The study of its development has raised many problems throughout the history of thought. Modernly it has been the object of various interpretations and there are some who flatly deny that it has any validity and others who declare that it is the only possible way to make genuine philosophy.

History

Clement of Alexandria and Origen became the founders of Christian philosophy. Certainly the term of Christian philosophy has raised many problems throughout the history of thought.

Periods of Christian philosophy

Ancient or initiation period (From the 1st to the 5th century)

• Apostolic Fathers (1st century); thinkers whose life was spent in apostolic times. Saint Clement of Rome stands out.
• Fathers of the Church or Patristic (2nd and 4th centuries); With the exception of Saint Augustine of Hippo (354–430), they did not create a complete philosophical system. Augustinian thought will dominate all medieval philosophy until the 13th century, when Thomas Aquinas emerges:

a) Apologist Fathers (2nd century); Saint Justin and Tertullian stand out. They defended Christianity from pagan attacks. Philosophically they are not of great interest; In general, his position against pagan philosophy is adverse;b) Christian School of Alexandria (2nd and 3rd centuries); first attempts at a systematic exposition of Christian thought in philosophical terms. They claimed Christianity as the most perfect expression of philosophical thought. Its purpose was to enlighten and educate Christians and attract Gentiles to the Christian faith. Saint Clement of Alexandria and Origen stand out. conciliatory position regarding philosophy;c) The Cappadocians (4th century); in their Christian teaching they handle all the instruments of Greek philosophy. San Basilio, San Gregorio Nacianceno and San Gregorio de Nisa stand out, originally from Caesarea de Cappadocia.d) Saint Augustine of Hippo (354 - 430)

Transitional period (5th to 8th centuries)

- At the end of the previous period, or the beginning of this one, Saint Augustine must be included, within the current of Latin Christian thought or of the Latin Fathers. He places himself among the Christians who carry out a dialogue with Plato, in the context of the Platonism of the time (Neoplatonism, in particular Plotinus) in order to a Christian synthesis. Due to the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which deprived it of the rich Christian tradition of the Holy Eastern or Greek Fathers, the Augustinian synthesis was of enormous importance for medieval Western Europe. He has influenced the philosophy of history, political and legal philosophy (his work on him the City of God). In the philosophy of temporality (meditation of time in The Confessions) and existential interiority (the literary genre of The Confessions and later Retractions) to the point of being recognized as the great "master of interiority". In the philosophy of nature (evolutionary doctrine of creation, in his biblical commentaries on Genesis). If you follow the periods of the history of philosophy, in the medieval and Renaissance period, the so-called political Augustinianism, especially due to his work The City of God. Saint Thomas Aquinas, although he stands out in the 13th century for his original dialogue with Aristotle in the effort to Christianize him, does not stop citing Saint Augustine, being at that point an undisputed Authority (Auctóritas) of medieval Christian philosophy. In modern philosophy, with René Descartes, the thinking existence as the foundation of the certainty of the self and of reality; and its derivations in German romantic idealism. Finally, he bursts into contemporary thought vigorously with the phenomenology of the inner time of consciousness (Edmund Husserl) and the existentialism of his disciple Martin Heidegger (his phenomenological-existential analyzes of the "tensio anim" as an existential movement of desire-passion, the "tentatio ánimi", in the plot of phenomenological intentionality). Within this philosophical current, Hanna Harendt and her political ethics. bursts into contemporary thought vigorously with the phenomenology of the inner time of consciousness (Edmund Husserl) and the existentialism of his disciple Martin Heidegger (his existential-phenomenological analysis of the "tensio anim" as an existential movement of desire-passion, the "tentatio anim", in the plot of phenomenological intentionality). Within this philosophical current, Hanna Harendt and her political ethics. bursts into contemporary thought vigorously with the phenomenology of the inner time of consciousness (Edmund Husserl) and the existentialism of his disciple Martin Heidegger (his existential-phenomenological analysis of the "tensio anim" as an existential movement of desire-passion, the "tentatio anim", in the plot of phenomenological intentionality). Within this philosophical current, Hanna Harendt and her political ethics.

As for the relations of reason with (Christian) faith, the Augustinian expressions are fundamental here: "believe in order to understand" (credere ut intelligam) and "faith that seeks intelligence" (fides quaerens intellectus), legitimizing the theological use and philosophical of reason. Expressions of decisive influence for posterity (especially from San Anselmo). Also, the fruitful relationships between love and truth: "no one loves what he does not know", "one does not enter the truth except through love". The epistemological and psychological aspects involved here were extensively treated by the medieval Franciscan school (Duns Scotus, to highlight, among the recognized thinkers).

• Pseudo Dionysus: anonymous character, probably from the 5th century; he will enjoy great prestige among the Christian writers of the sixth and seventh centuries.
• Boethius (circa 480–525); translates and comments on some books of the Aristotelian Organon; The knowledge we have of Aristotle in the Middle Ages up to the 11th century is fundamentally due to his personal contribution.
• Bede the Venerable (6th–7th centuries). his pen wrote on diverse subjects, from music to religion. In fact, he is sometimes regarded as a Father of the Church.
• Saint Isidore of Seville (6th–7th centuries), who founded a school for the training of the clergy that acts as a center of culture for all of Spain; he writes the Etymologicas, an encyclopedic work that was widely consulted in the Middle Ages.

III. Scholasticism (9th to 14th centuries)

• Formative period (9th to 11th centuries); the Carolingian Renaissance: around the year 800, Charlemagne founded an academy for the training of rulers that gave rise to an important period of cultural development in the 9th century:

Juan Escoto Erígena (first half of the 9th century);Saint Anselm (1033–1109); important philosopher, in particular for his "ontological argument" for the demonstration of the existence of God.

• Development period (12th century). The most discussed fundamental problem was that of universals:

a) the school of Chartres. John of Salisbury stands out;b) the school of San Victor. Hugo of San Victor stands out.

• Peak period (13th century):

a) Christian Aristotelianism: recovery of Aristotelian thought. Saint Albert the Great (1206–1280) and Saint Thomas Aquinas (1224–1274) stand out;b) Philosophy of Franciscanism: return to Augustinianism and Platonism. Saint Bonaventure (1221–1274) and Duns Scotus (1266–1308) stand out.

• Decline (14th and 15th centuries):

William of Ockham (1290–1349).

Catholic and Protestant Reformation (15th to 17th centuries)

• Johannes Reuchlin (1455-1522).
• Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536).
• Francisco de Vitoria (1483 or 1486-1546)
• Juan Luis Vives (1492-1540).

18th and 19th centuries

Salvatore Roselli (Italian, 1685-1757).Vincenzo Buzetti (Italian, 1777-1824).Luigi Taparelli D'Azeglio (Italian, 1793-1862).Jaime Balmes (Spanish, 1810-1848).Angelo Testa (Italian, 1788-1873).Søren Kierkegaard (Danish, 1813-1855).Gaetano Sanseverino (Italian, 1811-1865).Joseph Kleutgen (German, 1811-1883).

Mateo Liberatore (Italian, 1810-1892).Joaquin Fonseca (Spanish, 1822-1890).Ceferino González (Spanish, 1831-1894).Tommaso Zigliara (French [Corsican], 1833-1893).Domet de Vorges (French, 1829-1910).Giuseppe Prisco (Italian, 1835-1923).Norberto del Prado (Spanish, 1852-1918).

The time around 1800 signifies a historical pause, not only in European history in general—from the French Revolution, through the Napoleonic Wars, to the Congress of Vienna and the Restoration—but also in the history of culture in particular. It is an end and a new beginning. Christian (Catholic) philosophy in its traditional form seems to have been superseded and almost totally swept away by the followers of the rationalist (Catholic) philosopher René Descartes who, trying to prove that truth exists in a world that was becoming skeptical, left aside faith and sentiments, marking all modern and contemporary philosophy for or against rationalism, thus arise: the Enlightenment, the Christian but not Catholic pastor Immanuel Kant, idealism and positivism (hyper-rational or scientific). She is submerged in an intellectual vacuum and has to start all over again to find her connection with the cultural life of the time. In this situation there is a new takeoff of orientations and methodological approaches, appropriate to the facts, in Christian thought.

SAW. 20th and 21st centuries

Albert Farges (French, 1848-1926).Juan González Arintero (Spanish, 1860-1928).Simon Delploige (1868-1927).Édouard Hugon (French, 1867-1929).Joseph Gredt (Luxembourgish, 1863-1940).Antonin-Dalmace Sertillanges (French, 1863-1948).Emeterio Valverde y Tellez (Mexican, 1864-1948).Joseph Frobes (1866-1947).Joseph Donat (1868-1946).Martin Grabmann (German, 1875-1949).Ramón Orlandis (Spanish, 1873-1958).Gallus M. Manser (Swiss, 1866-1950).Joseph Anton Maria Geyser (1869-1948).Manuel Garcia Morente (Spanish, 1886-1942).Giuseppe Zamboni (Italian, 1875-1950).Joseph de Tonquédec (French, 1868-1962).Emilio Chiocchetti (Italian, 1880-1951).Mariano Cordovani (Italian, 1883-1950).Amato Masnovo (Italian, 1880-1955).Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange (French, 1877-1964).Francesco Olgiatti (Italian, 1886-1962).Yves Simon (French, 1900-1958).Regis Jolivet (French, 1891-1966).Juan Zaragüeta Bengoechea (Spanish, 1883-1974)Santiago Ramírez Ruiz de Dulanto (Spanish, 1891-1967).Umberto Padovani (Italian, 1894-1968).Heinrich Albert Rommen (German, 1897-1967).Étienne Gilson (French, 1884-1978).Oswaldo Robles (Mexican, 1905-1969).Tomas D. Casares (Argentine, 1895-1976).Charles De Koninck (Belgian-Canadian, 1906-1965).Louis Lachance (Canadian [Québécois], 1899-1963).Sebastiaan Peter Cornelis Tromp (Dutch, 1889-1975).Alois Dempf (German, 1891-1982).Johannes Messner (Austrian, 1891-1984).Nimio de Anquín (Argentine, 1896-1979).Mário Ferreira dos Santos (Brazilian, 1907-1968).Jaume Bofill Bofill (Spanish, 1910-1965).Aniceto Fernández Alonso (Spanish, 1895-1981).Julio Meinvielle (Argentine, 1905-1973).Leonardo Castellani (Argentine, 1899-1981).Guillermo Friar (Spanish, 1909-1970).Oswald von Nell-Breuning (German, 1890-1991)Jordan Bruno Genta (Argentine, 1909-1974).Paul-Bernard Grenet (French, 1912-1973).Luis Legaz Lacambra (Spanish, 1906-1980).Bernhard Welte (German, 1906-1983).Józef Maria Bocheński (Polish, 1902-1995).Sofia Vanni Rovighi (Italian, 1908-1990). [1]Augusto Del Noce (Italian, 1910-1989).Jean Guitton (French, 1901-1999).Marcel De Corte (Belgian, 1905-1994).Osvaldo Lira (Chilean, 1904-1996).Josef Pieper (German, 1904-1997).Frederick Copleston (English, 1907-1994).Antonio Gómez Robledo (Mexican, 1908-1994).Teófilo Urdánoz (Spanish, 1912-1987).Michel Villey (French, 1914-1988).Roger Verneaux (French, 1906-1997). [two]Gustave Thibon (French, 1903-2001).Joseph de Finance (French, 1904-2000).William Gueydan de Roussel (Franco-Argentine, 1908-1996).Stanislaus Ladusãns (Latvian, 1912-1993).Cornelius Fabro (Italian, 1911-1995).Francesco D'Agostino (Italian, 1906-2000).Ángel González Álvarez (Spanish, 1916-1991).Octavio Derisi (Argentine, 1907-2002).Arthur Fridolin Utz (Swiss, 1908-2001).Henry Veatch (American, 1911-1999).José Todolí Duque (Spanish, 1915-1999).José Pedro Galvão de Sousa (Brazilian, 1912-1992).Carlos Alberto Sacheri (Argentine, 1933-1974).Jean Ousset (Jean-Marie Vaissière) (French, 1914-1994).Russell Kirk (American, 1918-1994).Carlos Alberto Disandro (Argentina. 1919-1994).Jorge Uscatescu (Romanian, 1919-1995).Frederick Wilhelmsen (American, 1923-1996).Alberto Wagner de Reyna (Peruvian, 1915-2006).Carlos Cardona (Spanish, 1930-1993).

Dario Composta (Italian, 1917-2002).Armando Bandera (Spanish, 1920-2002),Victorino Rodríguez (Spanish, 1926-1997).Guido Soaje Ramos (Argentine, 1918-2005).Rafael Gambra (Spanish, 1920-2004).Marcel Clement (French, 1921-2005).Emilio Komar (Milan Komar, Slovene-Argentinean, 1921-2006).Juan Vallet de Goytisolo (Spanish, 1917-2011).Juan Alfredo Casaubón (Argentine, 1919-2010).Rubén Calderón Bouchet (Argentine, 1918-2012).Agustín Basave Fernández del Valle (Mexican, 1923-2006).Norman J. Kretzmann (American, 1928-1998).Fernando Inciarte (Spanish, 1929-2000).Roberto J. Brie (Argentine, 1926-2003).Thomas Molnar (Hungarian-American, 1921-2010).Francisco Canals (Spanish, 1922-2009).William F. Buckley, Jr. (American, 1925-2008).Jean Arfel (Jean Madiran) (French, 1920-2013).Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (Polish, 1923-2014).Abelardo Lobato (Spanish, 1925-2012).Ralph McInerny (American, 1929-2010).Tomáš Týn (Czech, 1950-1990).Carlos Llano Cifuentes (Mexican, 1932-2010).Alberto Caturelli (Argentine, 1927-2016).Paul Sigmund (American, 1929-2014).Mariano Artigas (Spanish, 1938-2006).Francesco Gentile (Italian, 1936-2009).Leo J. Elders (Dutch, 1926-2019). [3]Robert Spaemann (German, 1927-2018).Germain Grisez (French-American, 1929-2018). [4]Bernard Ryosuke Inagaki (Japanese, 1928-2022). [5]Norman Geisler (American, 1932-2019).Alfonso Gómez-Lobo (Chilean-American, 1940-2011).Abelardo Pithod (Argentine, 1932-2019).Javier Hervada (Spanish, 1934-2020).Aníbal E. Fosbery (Argentine, 1933-2022).Héctor Humberto Hernández (Argentine, 1943-2021).Olavo de Carvalho (Brazilian, 1947-2022).Alfonso López Quintás (Spanish, 1928).Alasdair MacIntyre (Scottish, 1929).Juan Antonio Widow (Chilean, 1935).Antonio Livi (Italian, 1938).Vittorio Possenti (Italian, 1938).Bernardino Montejano (Argentine, 1939).Alfonso Pérez de Laborda (Spanish, 1940).Lluís Clavell (Spanish, 1941).Francesco Viola (Italian, 1942).Rafael Alvira (Spanish, 1942).Joseph M. Boyle (1942).Eduardo Martin Quintana (Argentine, 1943).Andrés Ollero Tassara (Spanish, 1944).Carlos Ignacio Massini (Argentine, 1944).Felix Adolfo Lamas (Argentine, 1944)Juan José Sanguineti (Argentine, 1944).Danilo Castellano (Italian, 1945).Eudaldo Forment (Spanish, 1946).Rodolfo Vigo (Argentine, 1946).Eleonore Stump (American, 1947).Terence Irwin (Northern Irish, 1947).Russel Hittinger (American, 1949).José Miguel Gambra (Spanish, 1950).Martin Rhonheimer (Swiss, 1950).Blanca Castilla de Cortázar Larrea (Spanish, 1951).Brian Davies (British, 1951).Tomas Melendo (Spanish, 1951).Álvaro Calderón (Argentine, 1956).Gabriel Chalmeta Olaso (Spanish, 1957).Ignacio Andereggen (Argentine, 1958).Miguel Ayuso (Spanish, 1961).Juan Fernando Sellés (Spanish, 1961).Sergio Raúl Castaño (Argentine, 1962).David Oderberg (Australian, 1963).Miguel Pérez de Laborda (Spanish, 1963).Steven Jensen (American, 1965).Andrew Pinsent (American, 1966).Edward Feser (American, 1968).Juan Manuel de Prada (Spanish, 1970).Dante Abelardo Urbina Padilla (Peruvian, 1991).

Leuven School (transcendental Thomism)Désiré Félicien-François-Joseph Mercier (Belgian, 1851-1926).Désiré Nys (Belgian, 1859-1927).Pierre Rousselot (French, 1878-1915).St. Desploige (1868-1927).Maurice De Wulf (Belgian, 1867-1947).Joseph Maréchal (Belgian, 1878-1944).L. Noel (1878-1955).N. Balthasar (1882-1959).Erich Przywara (German, 1889-1972).Jacques Leclercq (Belgian, 1891-1971).Louis De Raeymaeker (Belgian, 1895-1970).Bernard Lonergan (Canadian, 1904-1984).Walter Brugger (German, 1904-1990).Johannes Baptist Lotz (German, 1903-1992).Fernand Van Steenberghen (Belgian, 1904-1993).christian existentialismFerdinand Ebner (Austrian, 1882-1931).Gabriel Marcel (French, 1889-1973).Pierre Boutang (French, 1916-1998).christian spiritualismAntonio Rosmini (Italian, 1797-1855).Luigi Stefanini (Italian, 1891-1956).Michele Federico Sciacca (Italian, 1908-1975).Luigi Pareyson (Italian, 1918-1991).SuarecianismLeovigildo Salcedo (Spanish, ¿?)José Hellín Lasheras (Spanish, 1883–1973).Juan Roig Gironella (Spanish, 1912–1982).Ismael Quiles Sánchez (Spanish-Argentine, 1906-1993).José María de Alejandro (Spanish, ¿?)Jesus Iturrioz (Spanish, ¿?)Eleuterio Elorduy (Spanish, ¿?)

Christian phenomenologistsEdith Stein (Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross OCD, 1891-1942).Johannes Hessen (German, 1889-1971).Roman Witold Ingarden (Polish, 1893-1970).Hedwig Conrad-Martius (German, 1888-1966).Dietrich von Hildebrand (German, 1889-1977).Michel Henry (French, 1922-2002).Antonio Millán-Puelles (Spanish, 1921-2005).Josef Seifert (Austrian, 1945).Antonio Painter Ramos (Spanish, 1947).Lublin SchoolStefan Swiezawski (Polish, 1907-2004).Georges Kalinowski (Jerzy Dominik Maria Kalinowski) (Polish, 1916-2000).Karol Wojtyła (Polish, 1920-2005).Mieczysław Albert Krąpiec (Polish, 1921-2008).christian analyticsElizabeth Anscombe (Irish, 1919-2001).Alvin Plantinga (American, 1932).John Finnis (Australian, 1940).William Lane Craig (American, 1949).John J. Haldane (Scottish, 1954).Robert P. George (American, 1955).Giovanni Ventimiglia (Italian, 1964).Christian personalismRomano Guardini (German, 1885-1968).Emmanuel Mounier (French, 1905-1950).Jacques Maritain (French, 1882-1973).Maurice Nedoncelle (French, 1905-1976).Leonardo Polo (Spanish, 1926-2013).Juan Manuel Burgos (Spanish, 1961).dynamic realismTommaso Demaria (Italian, 1908-1996).Analog hermeneuticsMauricio Beuchot (Mexican, 1950).

At the end of the 19th century and specifically during the 20th century, a series of Christian thinkers, driven by the encyclical letter Aeterni Patrisof Leo XIII began to discuss the existence of Christian philosophy, Étienne Gilson was one of the first to defend the existence of a Christian philosophy, this caused a stir in the thinkers of the early years of the 20th century, also the rationalist historian Émile Bréhier joins the discussion arguing against, thus we see that in 1931 the French Society of Philosophy promoted a first debate on the subject in which, in addition to those mentioned, Léon Brunschvicg, Gabriel Marcel, Maurice Blondel, Marie- Dominique Chenu and Jacques Maritain, among others. Some time later, Martin Heidegger would resolutely oppose the very concept of Christian philosophy, and his arguments have had and still have a great influence on philosophical thought. Paradoxically, Heidegger is a disciple of Husserl, who discovers phenomenology thanks to his teacher, the Catholic priest who taught him the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas. Furthermore, in 1998 John Paul II with his encyclical letterFides et ratio would reopen the debate on the existence of Christian philosophy by calling for further investigation, in this way the existence of Christian philosophy (specifically Catholic, center and origin of non-Catholic Christianity after Luther) is clear. Some Christian philosophers, including Antonio Livi, have been arguing for its existence, although there is still much work to be done in this field.