Chincha high

Santo Domingo de Chincha, called Chincha Alta to distinguish it from Chincha Baja, is a Peruvian city, capital of the homonymous district and at the same time of the province of Chincha located in the department of Ica. It is located in the San Juan river basin, 200 km south of Lima. It has an area of 238.34 km². It is usually referred to simply as Chincha.

The city of Chincha Alta, according to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics, is the fifteenth most populous city in Peru and has an estimated population of 177,219 inhabitants for the year 2015.

History

Pre-Chincha Period

Starting in the IX century, the first settlers of the San Juan Valley arrived on the beaches of the Chinchano coast, between Tambo de Mora and Lurinchincha. These first inhabitants are known as the pre-chinchas. The Chinchano historian Luis Cánepa Pachas dates the arrival of the first settlers in the X century; These were a rudimentary culture, dedicated to maritime fishing and the gathering of crustaceans and mollusks and they were worshipers of the sea that provided them with food. Neither the provenance nor the origin of these first settlers is known with certainty.

Chincha period

In the XI century, a town descended from the interior towards the coast of the San Juan river valley (Valle de Chincha) with a more advanced and seasoned culture; with knowledge of agriculture, architecture and hydraulics. According to Cánepa Pachas, ", under the command of a chief who called himself the Chincha Auca,...", dominating the primitive inhabitants. From them they learned their knowledge about fishing, gathering and something very important, "their movement over the waters of the sea in rudimentary rafts". This exchange was two-way, since the new settlers gave the old ones their uses, customs, religion, agrarian and architectural knowledge, until they were completely absorbed until they disappeared.

The word Chincha comes from “Chinchay” or “Chinchas” or “Cinca” which means “Jaguar” and “Chinchaycamac”, is the creator of the “Jaguar”. "Chinchay" was the tutelary god of the Chinchas. He is the name given to the inhabitants of the San Juan valleys who worshiped the Chinchay. The presentation of the god "Jaguar" is found in the petroglyphs of Huancor, on looms, mates, ceramics, wood carvings, on metal objects and on the friezes of its main buildings.

Powerful tribes under the command of brave and religious chiefs took over the valley, calling themselves Chinchas, which means "jaguars". According to Fray Cristóbal de Castro, the Chinchas were governed by Guabiarucana, whose seat of government was established in the upper part of the Chinchaycámac valley, later they incorporated the god of the sea into their cult.

This town claimed to be descended from the jaguar, which is why they were fierce and domineering; They had Chinchaycámac for their god: a deity that they did not represent materially, since in their artistic representations it never appears. This new culture not only took possession of the coastal valley but also went up to the mountains of San Juan de Yánac and Alto Larán.

The primitive Chinchas were industrious farmers and fishermen, their ceramics and fabrics, found in these same tombs, testified that they cultivated these arts with singular mastery. In the upper part of the district of San Pedro de Huacarpana is the highest peak of Chincha called "AUQUICHANCA", where they are possibly Chinchano merchants. From there they spread out in two directions, to the south (Ayacucho, Apurímac, Cusco, Collao) and to the north (Yauyos, Huancayo, Cerro de Pasco, Áncash).

From their agricultural knowledge, it can be said that they grew and ate: beans, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, corn, potatoes, cassava and other vegetables and as before, in other cultures, accompanying them, the so-called Peruvian dog or Peruvian hairless dog. The agricultural knowledge of the chinchas was not limited to the field of cultivation of the aforementioned vegetables, but rather they learned to fertilize their cultivation fields with dead seabirds and their droppings or guano. This knowledge was later used very well by its conquerors, the Incas and later by the Spanish conquerors, who introduced it throughout the world.

An important piece of knowledge that the Chinchas learned from the ancient pre-Chincha settlers was maritime navigation, replacing the primitive and rudimentary boats with large rafts made of totora reeds and sticks, even moving along the Peruvian coast, from Acarí (Arequipa). to Central America.

The power of the Chincha king was measured by the number of rafts he had. At the time of Chincha development, there was no lord or king who would win over the king of Chincha in this. It is said that he had at least a fleet of about 200 of them, with which he traded along the entire coast of the Grau Sea, even reaching Ecuador and Colombia to the north, and Chile (Valdivia port) to the south. Chinchano products reached the Caribbean, which must be true, since the Chinchanos commercialized their products at the mouth of the San Juan River; from there, Chibcha merchants took it along the course of the San Juan River to the Caribbean Sea. The chinchas traded: chuño, llama charqui, various wools, copper, salted fish, pumpkin, corn and huacos. They brought to Chincha: mullu or red shell (spondylus), emeralds and other precious stones.

Incan times

Between 1458 and 1460, the Chincha were conquered by the Inca Empire during the government of Pachacútec by his son Túpac Yupanqui, coming to settle after the first resistance to the conquest, "very good friendly relations and trades", even helping to expand the empire.

Their curacas Tambianvea and the Hatunca enjoyed the personal friendship of the Incas Pachacútec, Túpac Inca Yupanqui, Huayna Cápac and Atahualpa, for having participated in the expansion of the Inca Empire to the north, center and south.

The Incas valued the Chinchas for their tenacity and courage as well as for their agricultural-cultural-commercial-military advancement that set them apart from other conquered cultures.

These settlers then went through a process of miscegenation after the arrival of the Spanish with Diego de Almagro in 1537 and with them the Africans.

The Chinchas were polytheistic, their main gods were Chinchaycámac (main god) and Urpywachay (god of fish), but they venerated Chinchaycámac more.

It is said that when Atahualpa Inca arrived in Cajamarca, in a golden litter, there was another lord who also arrived in the same way. After the Inca's capture, when questioned, Pizarro asked about the lord of the other golden litter and the Inca replied: "...he is the Lord of Chincha, important because he has more than 200 vessels for trade and he is the richest of all my subjects”.

Contemporary Age

Chincha Spring. February 21, 1863.

The republican era begins with the district of Chincha Alta forming part of the province of Cañete, until 1866, the year in which it becomes part of the recently created Department of La Independencia (Ica).

2007 earthquake

The earthquake that occurred on August 15, 2007 damaged many houses in Chincha. Many people affected by the earthquake live in tents or wooden shacks. But at present the culture of the people of this province is one of constant struggle; which has allowed the progress of Chinchanas families creating microenterprises as support to satisfy their basic needs.

Geography

Climate

The average temperature of Chincha Alta is 19.3 °C.

Average climate parameters of Chincha Alta
Month	Ene.	Feb.	Mar.	Open up.	May.	Jun.	Jul.	Ago.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Annual
Average temperature (°C)	27.4	28.3	28.7	27	23.9	21.7	20.6	21	21.6	22.7	23.7	25.7	24.4
Average temperature (°C)	22.1	23.2	23.2	21.4	18.7	16.9	16.1	16.1	16.7	17.6	18.6	20.6	19.3
Temp. medium (°C)	16.9	18.1	17.7	15.9	13.5	12.2	11.7	11.2	11.8	12.5	13.5	15.5	14.2
Source: climate-data.org

Population indices

Children in Chincha Alta (1981)

According to the National Population and Housing Census carried out in 2005 by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI), the population of Chincha Alta (district) amounts to 56,085 inhabitants, of which 27,364 inhabitants (48.79%) are men and 28,721 inhabitants (51.21%) are women. The annual growth rate is 1.1% and the population density is 217.09 inhabitants/km².

The highest five-year age corresponds to the range of 10-14 years, with 10.25% and the lowest to the range between 95-99 years with 0.08%. The literate population amounts to 49,348 inhabitants, which represents 93.07% against the illiterates that amount to 3,672 inhabitants or 6.93%. The highest educational level reached corresponds to complete secondary school with 22.93% and the lowest to initial education with 2.72%.

The houses have energy within the lot and the most used fuel for cooking is gas with 79.40% and the least used is coal with 0.04%.

Regarding property ownership, the highest percentage corresponds to "own home, fully paid for" with 74.97 % and the lowest percentage corresponds to "assigned by the workplace" with 0.42%. The highest percentage of energy used for lighting is electricity with 88.59% and the lowest used is the electric generator with 0.12%.

Regarding water supply, the highest percentage of homes is connected to the public supply network, with 85.40% and the lowest percentage corresponds to well supply with 0.16%. Regarding the sewerage and disposal of sewage and excreta, the highest percentage of homes is connected to the public network, with 75.47% and the lowest percentage corresponds to "river, ditch or canal" with 0.37%.

The total number of dwellings registered in Chincha Alta is 12,257.

Folklore

Black Art and Music

Their art is simple, they have typical clothing that is basically Afro-Peruvian. The black population in the district of El Carmen practices dances and dances of their black ancestors, such as the Hatajo de Negritos, zapateo, panalivio, and counterpoint.

The use of percussion instruments such as the cajón, maracas, tejoles, güiro and the donkey jaw are typical of his music, black music. This music is typical of the coast in general.

Her costumbrista dance is very lively. They are presented every year at Christmas, that is, from December 23 to December 27; these groups are known by the name of "hatajo de negritos". They also perform during the fiesta to celebrate the "Bajada de Reyes" and to venerate the "Beata Melchorita", on January 6 of every year.

Identified by its Afro-Peruvian folklore; its Black Summer Festival in Chincha Alta and the Black Carnival Festival in El Carmen, where black cultural manifestations are highlighted, is traditional. Chincha is a cozy place, with natural attractions, its pisco, wine and its rhythmic dances to the sound of the Peruvian cajón and the tap dance.

Districts

The City of Chincha Alta is divided into 4 districts.

Pos	Districts	Population 2020
1	Chincha Alta	77 8009
2	Sunampe	33 046
3	Grocio Prado	29 052
4	Pueblo Nuevo	73 510
Total		183 626	San Pedro de Huacarpana, San Juan de Yanac, El Carmén, Sunampe, Chincha Baja, Tambo de Mora, Alto Larán} Authorities Municipalities Main article: Mayors of Chincha 2015-2018 Mayor: Armando Huaman Tasayco Religious Párroco: Santiago Calles Santos until 2014 Police Symbols Shield Flag and Shield of Chincha Alta It was created by Gerardo Sotelo Tasayco and approved by Municipal Resolution No. 1384-89-MPCH on October 20, 1989. It symbolizes both the wealth and the history of the province of Chincha. It is composed of three fields enclosed by a narrow wave of silver enamel that symbolizes nobility. The top right field is silver white, which represents goodness and contains a heraldic palm symbol of devotion and respect. The upper left field is blue, a sign of majesty and beauty and contains the figure of an ancient chincha stylized fish, symbol of wealth and chinchana prosperity; and finally the lower field, of golden yellow symbolizing purity and constancy, contains 11 olive trees representing the agricultural wealth of all 11 districts of the province. The fields that are framed in red color that symbolizes value and intrepidez, where the title of the province appears. Finally, at the top of the shield appears a laurel crown tied by a ribbon with the patriotic colors, which represents the heroism of the Chinchans and their sacrifice in defense of the homeland. Flag It is a creamy canvas in whose center the Chincha shield is registered. It was created on the basis of the first centenary of the political creation of the province of Chincha in 1968, but it was recently officialized as a provincial symbol by Municipal Resolution No. 1885-89 of 20 October 1989. Hymn It was composed in 1984 by Mrs Ana María del Solar and by Manolo Ávalos Andrade, creators of the lyrics and music respectively and approved by Municipal Resolution No. 1440 of October 30 of the same year. It is composed of a choir and three verses in which the beauty of the Chinchana region and the courage and heroism of its people are praised and exalted.