Chilean Spanish

Schematic map where the three Spanish dialects present in the southern half of South America are represented without their regional variants, according to one of several schemes. Mixtures between the Chilean variants—in brown colour—rioplatense or Argentina—in fucsia—and Andean or speaking of the highlands—in yellow.

Chilean Spanish, Chilean Spanish or Chilean dialect (es-CL) It is a variety of Spanish typical of that country, which presents certain differences throughout its geographical area of distribution and between the different social classes. Chilean Spanish is usually considered an independent unit in studies to establish American dialect zones.

Spanish is the de facto official language and the administrative language of Chile, where it is also called "castellano", reminiscent of the original name of Spanish, and spoken by 99.9% of Chileans (2002). Other local dialects, such as Andean Spanish and Chilote Spanish, are also spoken to a lesser extent in the country.

In areas bordering Argentina with Chile, you can hear the inhabitants express themselves by speaking with a pronunciation and intonation similar to that of Chilean Spanish and using some of its words; however, despite the similarities, the use of the language, a large part of the lexicon, and the structures used correspond entirely to River Plate Spanish. This situation occurs mainly in the Argentine geographical region of Cuyo, particularly in the city of Mendoza, while in Chilean Patagonia Chilean features are mixed with other Chilotes and River Plate.

Despite the fact that in the domestic sphere almost all the particularities described below are recorded simultaneously, in formal situations the differences with «standard Spanish» are minor and are usually restricted to pronunciation and lexicon.

Chilean Spanish training

The Spanish newspaper El Mundo described it in 2021 as "the most difficult to classify, the most recognizable for its melody, for its idioms and for what is disruptive about it". Andalusian theory, the most accepted since the last decades of the XX century onwards, Chilean Spanish, as well as from the rest of Latin America, is the result of the convergence of various Spanish dialects towards a common language or koine, among which Andalusian was the most influential. The arguments that support this theory are both external (sociodemographic) and internal (linguistic): regarding sociodemographic aspects, according to data provided by Peter Boyd-Bowman, the Spaniards who came to America came mainly from the southern zone of Spain, with a overwhelming 60%; Regarding women, two out of three came specifically from Seville.

[...] 60% of the Spanish come to America between 1493 and 1508 are Andalusian. Although in the following decade this group is reduced to 37%, it remains majority [...]. If we add to this number the new Extremadura and Castilians, the southern part of Spain rises to 80% of the white inhabitants of America."

Regarding internal aspects, the characteristic phenomena of Koine Spanish have been documented in Andalusian Spanish before the 15th century, which indicates that they did not arise in America in evolution parallel to Andalusian Spanish (as the anti-Andalusian thesis advocated) nor are they the result of contact with the substrate languages (as the substratists argued at the beginning of the century XX), but were imported to America by speakers from southern Spain. These characteristic phenomena are the lisp, the yeismo, the aspiration of /-s/ at the end of the syllable, the elision of intervocalic /-d-/, the glottalization of /x/, the neutralization of the opposition between /-l/ and /-r/, and the neutralization of you/you, among others.

This initial period of convergence towards a koiné variety began in Chile with the arrival of the Spanish and lasted approximately sixty years, according to estimates by Germán de Granda. Then, a stage of regionalization began in Latin America, marked by the divergence of Koiné Spanish towards different dialectal varieties. In the case of Chile, this stage first implied a process of vernacularization, in which Koine Spanish was stained with particular characteristics as a result of the special demographic composition of the region, and, later, a process of late standardization, which set back phenomena little socially valued, replacing them with prestigious variants. In the case of Chile, standardization explains, for example, the regression of the glottalization of /x/ towards a palatalized velar variant and the restriction of the neutralization of liquids to rural areas or low sociolectal varieties.

Phonetics and phonology

Areas of the Spanish domain that present aspiration of /-s/ postvocálica and yeismo.

• As in all of Hispanoamérica, there is seseus; that is, there is no distinction between the sounds of s (/s/) and z (/θ/): it is pronounced as /s/ in all cases, which produces some homophones (“abrasar - embrace”, “casa - hunt”, “cima- sima”, “cocer- coser”, for example). This linguistic phenomenon originated in the readjustment of the sybilants that occurred between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
• As in much of Hispanic America, there is Yaeism; that is, there is no distinction between ll (/)/) e and (/)./). The first, pronounced in its standard form of palatal approximate lateral consonant, /,/, appears only in a very small number of bilingual speakers (the Aymara, Mapuche and Quechua native languages have this phonema) and among older people of the Rheuble Region. In the rest of the country the difference between the two seals has been neutralized, and the most frequent realization is that of a central sound palatal [j], which produces some homophones (“baya - valla - go”, “calló - fell”, “aya - finds - beech”, “holló-heard”, for example). Among the other pronouncements found, abounds that of a very open central sound palatal [.], found throughout Chile, but more frequently in the north of the country.
• As in much of Hispanoamérica, there is the aspiration of the fonema /s/ when it is at the end of a syllable. For example, "these hands" are pronounced ['eh.tah 'mã.noh]. The aspiration, sometimes avoided in formal speech, has a sound like in the southern half of Spain or the Caribbean.
• As in the southern half of Spain and in other of the so-called "speaks of the lowlands", in the colloquial language the intervocálic "-d-" can be chosen, especially in the "-ado, -ada" endings: "salado" is pronounced [sa'la.ð.o] or [sa'la.o] and "salada", [sa'la.ð.a] or [sa'la:].
• Before the diptongos /wa/ and /we/, there is a prosthesis of [people] (fricativa vigila sonora), e.g.: "huaso", ['fawa.so] ('guaso'), "bone", ['bonewe.β).o] ('güevo').
• The group “tr-” is pronounced as a postcard-retrofleja afona [t expressing,], a sound that is considered hidden, but that at the beginning of the centuryXXI It is already registered in broad sectors of society. Linguists like Rodolfo Lenz predicted that this feature was due to the interference of the Mapudungun, which has this sound as a separate phenoma; however, the theory in boga, defended by Amado Alonso in Lenz times, affirms that it would be a non-existent phenomenon, since it can also be found in Paraguayan Spanish, the Spanish of the North-Eastern Argentine and, less stridently, the Spanish.
• In spite of being a variant of the "lowlands", the /n/ final is made to alveolar as in the Andes or northern Spain and not to watch as in other coastal areas of the continent.
• The plosive and fricative watches afonas and sonoras (/k/, /g/, /x/ and / reading/) are transformed into coarse and fricative palatal afonas and sonoras ([c], []], [ç] and [)], respectively) before e e i: «cheese», ['ce.so], «guitar», [.i't.a. listena], «jefe», ['çe.fe], «my guitar», [mi..i't.a.ŭa]. In the latter case, the g intervocálica in the syllables gue and gui, when pronounced strongly with the palate, it looks a lot like the and common Castilian.
• In addition to [b] and [β.], fonema /b/ has a sound lipdental cold alophone [v], as recorded in the talk of Concepción, whose existence has been denied in the Spanish language.
• Fricative realization, of the deaf african fonema postalveolar, /t».ѕ/, “ch”, pronounced as “sh”. It usually occurs in the less educated strata of the population and in rural areas throughout the country and is heavily stigmatized. Because of an ultra-corruption phenomenon, to avoid the unreputed [ь], there is one who pronounces it as an African with prolonged closure [tt accounting]. The fricative sound is avoided even by uttering words originated in other languages where the correct pronunciation is [ь]. For example, many people say "suchi" (sut.に) by "sushi" (suκi), not to be classified as pronouncers of [κ] and to avoid the associated stigma, when they are actually producing the opposite effect. The same stigma is transferred when pronounced in other languages, such as English "show" or French "Michelle".

Morphology and syntax

Features

• A common feature to most of the current varieties of Spanish is the low use of conjugations in the future, replaced by the peripheral construction "ir a + verb in infinitive". For example, a phrase like "I will go to the cinema tomorrow" is replaced by "I will (to go) to the cinema tomorrow." The conjugations in the imperfect future are used to indicate a doubt or conjecture: "Does the conjugations in the imperfect future?It will be the micro that serves us? or “there comes the Martin with a backpack: I wonder if I'll get you. what I entrusted to him."
• As in all of Hispanoamérica, the pronoun of the second plural person is "you", accompanied by the conjugations in the third plural person: "You know what could happen".
• There is neither secularism nor loism.
• Unnecessary repetition of personal pronouns me., you and ♪ and the lytic pronouns lo(s) and thebefore and after the verb: I'm going to go., I'll give them to you., He's gonna fall. and I came to get it(s) / I came to find her(s). This way of speaking is considered to be proper to people with little formal education.
• Queism is socially accepted and used in the media while decheism is socially avoided.
• In popular speech, the conjugations of the imperative mode of a small number of verbs tend to be homogenous and to coincide with the third single person of indicative—the imperative of “putting” is said to be “pon” or “imposed”, “do”, or “do”, and that of “going”, “go” or “sale”. A particular case, common to all the speakers of the Spanish language of Chile, occurs with the verb “ir”, whose imperative is “anda” and not “see” (the “ve” imperative is reserved for the verb “see”: See the time). For example:Stay. from here».
• Another noteworthy feature is the low use of possessive Ours(a), which is usually replaced by of us. For example: "go home of us», instead of “see to Ours house».^{[chuckles]required]}

Voseo

Background and characteristics

Map of voseo. In Celeste, the areas where you and Tuteo coexist, such as Chilean territory.

The voseo was widespread in Chile until Andrés Bello, rector of the University of Chile born in Venezuela, condemned its use and carried out a regulatory campaign in favor of the familiar name; since then, the educational system has ignored it and has collaborated for its progressive extinction. However, the voseo continued to be a rural norm or substandard and part of the informal register —or even vulgar with the use of the pronominal voseo, considered much more loaded, derogatory or marked than the verbal voseo-, whose use has spread among people of all ages and social classes.

In Chilean colloquial language, with differences according to social stratum and geographical area, the form of treatment for the second person singular fluctuates between «tú» and «vos» with the use of special verb conjugations and the corresponding aspiration or loss of the phoneme /s/; however, most frequently the pronoun "tú" is combined with the verbal voseo. This is due to the fact that, in the formal register, the pronoun "tú" is used with the common conjugations of the tuteo; instead, if there is familiarity, then it is combined with the conjugations of the Chilean voseo, while the pronoun "vos" is used in a context of great familiarity or to show disdain —the pronoun "usted" It is reserved in the formal register for relationships of greater respect or distance.

The conjugations of the verbal voseo of Chile —where if the verbal ending ends in «-áís», it becomes «-ái»; if another ends in "-éis", it is monophthongized in "-ís"; while the one that ends in "-ís" is preserved, to which must be added the corresponding aspiration of the phoneme /s/— are different from those of the most widespread voseo in Argentina, Bolivia, Central America, Colombia, Paraguay and Uruguay and are They are more similar to those of Spanish from Zulia State (Venezuela). Furthermore, it is not restricted to just the present indicative; in fact, it is the variant in which the use of the verbal voseo is more distributed by the different modes and tenses, although it is the only one where the voseo in the imperative mood occurs only marginally.

In this form, the verb «to be» is conjugated as «soi» since it comes from the reverential voseo «vos sois», although it is also conjugated, due to hypercorrection, «erís».

Verbal inflection

The table below shows a comparison between the different ways of conjugating verbs in voseo (reverential, Chilean and international) and tuteo:

* People from the River Plate prefer familiar forms (walk, comma, live).

Lexicon

Basic vocabulary

The basic lexicon of Chilean Spanish, made up of the most widely used words in the country, consists of 4831 words, according to the homonymous dictionary Basic Lexicon of Chilean Spanish by María Natalia Castillo Fadic (2021)..

By comparing our results with those obtained by Morales (1986, pp. 31-32) in Puerto Rico more than a quarter of a century ago, based on similar parameters, we observed 72 matches between the one hundred most used spokesmen in Chile and the one hundred most used in Puerto Rico. Some of these divergences are explained by various lematizations, so it would be hasty to assume that they account for themselves of dialectal or diachronic differences; even more so when we find that the hundred most widely used vocablos in Puerto Rico that are not within our 100 most used, they are part of our basic lexicon, in other ranks. It follows that the lexicon that forms the statistical nucleus of Chilean Spanish does not fit into the category of Chilenism, understood this from a differential perspective.

Differential Lexicon

Words used in Chile that do not appear in the Dictionary of the Spanish language of the Royal Spanish Academy —or do so with grammatical, lexical or semantic differences— have been registered by different Dictionaries of Chileanisms. Among them, the most up-to-date and the one with the largest number of entries is the New exemplified dictionary of Chileanisms and other differential uses of Chilean Spanish by Félix Morales Pettrorino, Óscar Quiroz Mejías and Patricia Arancibia Manhey (2010), elaborated by linguists and based on corpus linguistics.

Common words in the Chilean colloquial language

Pamphlet aimed at young people during the 1988 plebiscite: “I don’t fish chachai” (equivalent to “I don’t take you into account, understand?”).

In the twenty-third edition of the Dictionary of the Spanish Language (2014), there are 2,214 chilenismos or terms proper to Chilean Spanish. Some characteristic colloquial words of this variety are:

• Shootor altirowhich means “in the act”, “at once”.
• Antarctica: Although it is not a colloquial word, the use of the term etymological Antarctica (of the Latin adjective) is majority. antarcticusand this in turn of the Greek ανταρκεικς «antarktikōs», 'opposed to the Arctic') over Antarctica to designate that continent.
• Chachai?, present indicative in second person singular in voseante form (type 2) of the verb "cachar", probably of the English verb to catch—However, the scholars of the historical evolution of Spanish in Chile are often associated with an evolution of the vocablo in disuse “fall”—the expression most frequently used by youth with the meaning of “understandings?”, “understand?” or “see?”.
• Suddenly, the Spanish’s own locution, but that in Chile it also adopts the meaning of “sometimes” and, like in other countries such as Uruguay and Venezuela, of “possibly”.
• dense (from Latin) of in beforeor dense (de) dense with s of behind) (also endensing[s],, considered vulgar), a term of substance in other countries that means "before", "it does a moment".
• fome, a voice that means "a bore" or "without grace".
• Huevón(collectively pronounced) Hueón), colloquialism that is usually used as a pejorative or as a synonym of "person". This term is a pejorative and palabrota, which literally denotes a "man who has the testicles (huevas or “cocos”) large or swollen. In the beginning, it was a derogatory term to qualify someone as "short and clumsy," but it has become a multiplicity word of connotations and meanings, depending on the context and prosody: it encompasses from a loving way of treating friends to an insult to someone's intellectual abilities, although in some speakers it is only a muletilla. From this word come Cave and hollow, also with multiplicity of meanings. One example is that, instead of saying "Look at that", it is said: "Cacha that hueá", or with people: "That guy speaks nonsense" is said: "That hueón speaks pure hoeás". Since the word Huevón has lost part of its derogatory character, has entered into use the derivation ahueonao, used instead of stupid, idiot, unaware, and inopportune.
• po or pos (monoptongation of ‘pues’ pronounced with loss or aspiration of fonema /s/), colloquialism used at the end of a phrase as an emphasiser. In the case of this term, in addition to Chile, it is only in the Andalusian dialect where it is pronounced in a very similar way (“po”), or also in a more or less open way (it is also said “pué”), but it is not used as the final collet of the phrase, but as a substitute for the original word ‘pues’.
• already.with the meaning of "yes" or "good" before an invitation or suggestion.

Lexical borrowings

Origin

This variety has received contributions mainly from three different sources:

• The indigenous languages, such as Mapudungun, Quechua and Aymara, among others.
• The Spanish rioplatense, for the influence of Argentina.
• Alloctone languages, which left a few words brought by non-Hispanic European immigrants since the mid-centuryXIXincluding English.

Lexical loans of Quechua origin

The following list illustrates the large number of words —excluding those that refer to typical foods, plants and endemic animals— of daily or rural use of southern Quechua origin:

• jacket: rustic shoe that leaves parts of the foot uncovered.
• shampoo: piece of grass or herbs, also considerable amount of hair.
• chasca, chasquilla (ch'aska, disarranged hair: bangs.
• hood: old coin of low value, small coin.
• chaya (chaya, arrival): confeti.
• Boy: leash used to sugar the cattle.
• sucker: handmade straw hat (around) used by the huasosos.
• Cocaví (“ qukawi): light hanging for travel.
• concho (Quenchu): sediment at the bottom of a container; last child of a couple or much less than others.
• choirnta (qurunta): the zuro or marlo de la mazorca.
• lace (k'acha, pretty, also becomes verb): beautify; make beautiful, attractive.
• guagua (wawa, son): small child, baby, infant, without distinction of sex.
• guaraca (plus warak'a, funda): rope that rolls to the trompo or pawn, zumbel.
• huasca (waska, rope): belt used to sugar the cattle.
• Huincha: thin strip of some flexible material. Originally string of a long standardized, used to measure (also used in Argentina).
• take to the apa (apay, carry): charge someone in the back.
• nanay (in quechua, pain): caress to calm the pain. It is also used to describe something adorable.
• old age (ñiq'iy, muscle): energy, strength, vigor.
• pita: rope, rope.
• a thing (pit'ay, break something abruptly, like a tight rope or a dry stick is cut: break one thing.
• poto (Fuck. ” pot, testicle): buttock
• pucho (puchu, leftover): originally referred to the cigarette flap and, by extension, cigarette.

Lexical loans of Mapuche origin

In the twenty-second edition of the Dictionary of the Spanish Language (DRAE), there are 302 terms of Mapuche origin that cover different semantic fields. Some commonly used words of Mapuche origin —excluding those that refer to typical foods, endemic plants and animals— are:

• apercancar[se] (perkan): fill the mushrooms; put on the yellowish and smelly clothes (also percanate).
• cahuín (kawiñ, banquet on the occasion of rogatives; party, sometimes entangled with drunkenness: it has taken the sense of a gossip, a junction of "dimes and diretes" or, also, a somewhat clandestine party or a batahola.
• shawl, puddle (shawl, papada): papada, layer of subcutaneous fat that hangs; bad quality thing.
• shamanto (chamall, wool blanket): two-sided, finely woven blanket.
• plate (plate, braid, rag, braided, or ragelün, mooring): braid.
• cot (kungkuna, caterpillar): caterpillar.
• curiche (kurüBlack, and che, people): person of dark or black skin.
• funa (funarotten, or Funan, rot): ruin, ruin or throw something away.
• guaren (both waren): Norwegian rat.
• guata (wata or watra): stomach, belly.
• huifa (wifilün, tune with elegance, sensuality and donaire): intersection to express joy.
• laucha (lawcha or llawcha): mouse.
• bad (Bad, looting): the surprise attack of the Mapuches for purposes of looting and, by analogy during the centuryXX., the party where the guests came from surprise to the host's house with drinks and groceries.
• pichintún (pichi or pichinsmall, little): a little.
• pichiruchi (pichi or pichinsmall, little; rumen, be thin, and che, people): tiny people; something despicable, insignificant.
• pilcha (skina lot of things; pülcha or pültawrinkle): clothing, clothing, poor wardrobe or in poor condition.
• piñen (Pyg or pineapple): skin roughness by restoring it; dirt, dirt.
• polelo (pülululun, flies like flies, or Polo): “moz[o] that harasses the married girls by gallantating them, and that lacks the means, or [...] of the will to reach the case”, boyfriend; common name given to several coleopters (a)Astylus trifasciatus, Golofa minutus, Hylamorpha elegansor Sulcipalpus elegans, Ligyrus villous and Oogenius virens), occasional or temporary work.
• punch (puelThis one, che, people): warm wind down from the Andes mountain range to the middle depression.
• quiltro (kültru, kültro or kiltro; originally: small dog in medium and wool, with eyes covered by the hair; one of the two races of indigenous dogs: mixed dog, stray dog.
• ruca (Ruka(c): In Mapudungun the term refers to any housing, while in Spanish it is used to denote the traditional Mapuche house; in addition, it is used in Chile for certain precarious housings.
• trapicarse (I, aji; i.e. to torment with saliva as if it had aji: to cling with saliva or with food.

Lexical loanwords of non-Hispanic origin

There are expressions of non-Hispanic origin and some terms from British English, which gradually took root in the Chilean vocabulary with the arrival of non-Spanish European immigrants and with the influence of television:

• afiche (French affiche): poster.
• bifé (French buffet, bench [to sit], stool, aparador): aparador or cabinet, furniture with drawers.
• steak (" English ") beefsteak: beef, beef, steak, steak): piece of beef, beef or ox.
• Buddhist (English) pudding).
• chao (both Italian ciaoHello, goodbye [informal]): goodbye.
• chomba (English) jumper, sweater:
• chucrut (French) choucroute ”Alsaciano” sürkrüt German sauerkraut: sauer, acid, sour; Krautcabbage or cabbage.
• chutear (English) to shoot, shoot, throw, shoot: shoot (used in football).
• closet (" French ") clausum, closed): wardrobe, closet, wardrobe, closet or closet.
• comfort (from the mark of a toilet paper, French comfort English comfort, comfort): toilet paper, toilet paper or toilet paper.
• ecole, école cua (Italian). eccole quaHere they are, here they are: such as, accurate; that is, of course.
• futre (French foutre): comfortable, well dressed, lettuce, "cuico".
• make zapping (English) to zap [colloquial or informal], erase, delete, delete [in computer and computer]; load to, destroy, liquidate).
• huaipe or guaipe (English to wipe, cleaning or drying): fabric torn apart in fibers used in mechanical workshops such as absorbent, staple.
• Japanese (English) highhigh, high; terminal, born): born in noble cradle or aristocrat; cuckoo, cheesy, covert, snob, pituco, psychotic.
• jeep (read yip; from the brand registered by the American company Willys MB of all-terrain vehicles Jeep).
• kuchen (German; read cujen): a kind of fruitcake.
• living room living room, living room): living room, living room, lounge.
• lobear (English) to lobby): lobbying, exerting pressure to get something; instarting, pressing.
• lobby lobby Medieval Latin laubia or . Old German louba, entrance, lounge, roof): hall, foyer.
• lumpen (English German Lumpenproletariat): marginal urban population.
• luquear (English) to look, look): take a look, look.
• marketing market Old French standard market Old French marchiet Latin mercatustrade, market): marketing, marketing, marketing.
• marraqueta (French).Marraquette, the surname of the French immigrants who had invented it, is also called "bread beaten" in Valparaíso and Viña del Mar, and "French bread" in the South of the country.
• overol (English) overalls, trousers with peto [United States], pants with sleeves [Great Britain]: mascara, monkey, overol.
• pancake (English) pancake, sweet or salty mass).
• parka (" English ", " Russian ", a leather jacket ".
• ponche (English). punch ” pãč, five — original number of its ingredients.
• queque (. English) sponge cake): Brush.
• ranking (" English ") ranking, classification, scale, list, order or classification table, verb to rank, sorting, putting things in a certain order).
• rating (rating, audience index [on radio and television]): screen share.
• record (record, written testimony of some event, best achievement in sports).
• rosbif (English) roast, roast, beef, beef).
• short (shorts or short trousersshorts: short pants, short pants.
• strudel (german): traditional dessert of German and Austrian cuisines.
• sweater (English) sweater).
• tic (English) tic French tic douloureux, shrimp or painful nervous movement).
• tsunami (Japanese).
• dress (dress. ves): jacket.

Lexical borrowings of questioned origin

• achunchar (plus mapudungun Chuchu or Chunchu, kind of owl that shrinks when faced with it; or ≤ aimara or quechua ch'unchu, plumage): shame, turbar.
• avocado (“Catalan” water [both Arabic], observe, look, watch, or quot English to waitWait: spy, look, watch.
• cachar (English) to catch, 'agarrar, asir, catch, grasp, understand, fish, catch, take'; however, scholars of the historical evolution of Spanish in Chile often associate it with a degeneration of the vocablo in disuse "catar" or "catear", 'buscar, discover': a characteristic Chilean expression, most frequently used by the youth, which means "captas?" or "unders?" or "?
• poncho (plus mapudungun Pontro, blanket, wool fabric; or punchu; or; or;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.
• suche (both German suchen, seek; or ≤3 suchiy, send in, order someone a commissioner to deliver it to another: last-class employee.
• tincar (English) to thinkbelieve, think; or t'inkay): intuit, present, have a hunch; give the impression, seem.

Other features

In Chile, as in other countries, in general, the composition of a word already determined by use is not changed and it is not affected in everyday use by syntax or grammar; however, a part of the jovial jargon is usually made similar to the colloquial French slang of young people or to the lunfardo from the River Plate. It occurs, especially in the metropolitan area of Santiago, where, in cases such as those of the words to name the metro and the micro, two means of transport in Chile, the syllables of each word are inverted, giving rise to "trome" and "chrome". This type of modification is used in slang as a mocking imitation of the slang spoken by criminals, known as "coa", possibly derived from and equivalent to vesre, in which the syllables of many words are reversed, e.g. eg: «broca cochi» is «cabro chico» (boy).

Although it is rare, the “rimbombeo” of words is also practiced to give a sentence more interest, for example “caracho” for “cara” and “tontorrón i>" for "fool".

There are words that are related to relevant events in the country's history, such as «condoro» (related to the comic book character Condorito) and «clotear» (referring to Clotario Blest, union leader that he was detained by the police in all the demonstrations, coining the term "clotear" to mean "being detained", today it is used to mean "something go wrong").

According to the philologist Rodolfo Oroz, «one of the most outstanding features of Chilean speech [is] the prodigal use of diminutives[; t]his habit is typical of all social classes in common language, but always something greater in women and children and in the people of the town, in general, and in the peasants in particular". The diminutives are used affectionately or kindly in colloquial language, for example: chiquitito, slowly, pancito, little bit, ratito, tecito and vinito, among others.

Also, it is common to use animal names to refer to people or their characteristics. For example, “andar pato” is “to walk without money”, “horse” is something “magnificent”, while “pork” is «a dirty, sleazy or gluttonous person», but if someone says «I had a pig's time» it means that they had an excellent time; «someone notable for some reason» is «choro», a word that, depending on the context, can also mean «haughty», «thief» or «nice» (it is also a vulgar term for the vagina); a "goat" and a "goat" are a "boy" and a "girl", while "being pissed off" is "being fed up"; "this is a good rooster" equals "this is a good man", someone "goose" or "turkey" is "stupid or heedless"; «chicken», in the lower sectors, is «a coward», and «to be a chicken», is «to have little experience».

Jobs in the media

Message "Prevents the contagion of the HANTA virus" in a poster of the Chilean Ministry of Health for the prevention of the hata virus in 2015.

The most prestigious print media^{[citation required]}, such as El Mercurio and La Tercera, They primarily use a language without colloquial localisms. However, campaigns aimed at a young audience tend to use verbal vousing and colloquial terms, although without falling into vulgarism.

On the contrary, the newspaper La Cuarta is considered an icon of popular forms of expression, which include lexicon of indigenous origin, written entirely in informal and familiar language, aimed at the lower strata. and medium-low of Chilean society and with an important circulation. For its part, the weekly The Clinic, which satirically analyzes the country's society and politics, is written mixing different registers of speech.

The radios and television channels alternate records according to the type of programs and the audience to which it is directed.

Additional bibliography

• Jaque, José Miguel (28 January 2012). «Youth language: The terms that were born in 2011». The Third.
• Salas, Antonia (21 February 2017). "Día de la lengua madre: What words of daily use come from our native peoples?" www.emol.com. Consultation on 21 February 2017.
• Vicuña Cifuentes, July (1910). Coa. Jerga of the Chilean criminals. Santiago: Imprenta Universitaria. pp. 1-144.