Celendin Province

The province of Celendín is one of the thirteen that make up the department of Cajamarca, in northern Peru.

It borders to the north with the province of Chota, to the east with the department of Amazonas, to the south with the provinces of San Marcos and Cajamarca, and to the west with the province of Hualgáyoc.

Celendin, the provincial capital, view from the top of the Jelig.

History

The province is located in the western cordillera, on the eastern flank of the Andes, in northern Peru. The modern history of Celendín begins with the political foundation of the city, on December 19, 1802, thanks to the previous efforts of the bishop of Trujillo Baltazar Jaime Martínez de Compañón y Bujanda, who pushed the process of buying a hacienda by its tenants. formed by Spanish and Portuguese Families, which culminated in the emergence of the current population in a beautiful plain northeast of Cajamarca.

The city was built on an "a cordel" the engineer José Comesana, who planned straight streets and blocks of 80 varas per side, which resulted in a beautiful and serene city, with impeccably regular streets; so much so, that Celendín has been compared so many times with the famous checkerboard or chessboard. The origin of many of the town's founders is a mystery. From their surnames and cultural traits, it is known that in many cases they were descendants of Galician-Portuguese families of Jewish roots or Jewish converts.

During the colonial era, from the late 17th century and throughout the XVIII, many Sephardic Jews who had been expelled from Spain and Portugal went to America, either on their own or on behalf of the Netherlands, which had colonization plans in South America and tried to take over Brazil, an undertaking that failed. Many Dutch stayed on these lands mixing with the Jews and indigenous people of the area.

According to old family stories and traditions surrounding the ethnic and cultural origins of Celendín, a group of Portuguese Jews came to the area in the 17th century XVIII, he fell in love with the region and decided to stay, but this would only be true for the city of Celendín, in the case of rural areas, Jewish migration would be nil.

Origins

The first settlers in the area, like those of the entire Marañón basin, explains Julio C. Tello, were of Arawak origin. It is likely that this culture gave rise to the word "chilindrín", derived from the fruit of the plant called chili or shilshil, which grows next to the lagoons where various tribes settled. One of the most important was Choctamalque, with its center in La Chocta.

In the Late Horizon, that of the Inca Empire, the Incas arrived in the XV century as far as the Marañón and passed towards the Great Pajaten In Celendín its influence is felt through the Cajamarca V ceramics, Aríbalo style, several clearly Quechua place names and architectural styles with trapezoidal windows (as in La Chocta).

According to Jorge W. Izquierdo, "around the region of Llamadín, five other cacicazgos were formed: Chúmuch, Chímuch, Huauco, Oxamarca and Sorochuco. When Túpac Yupanqui marched on the kingdom of the Scires (Ecuador), in 1456 a massive exodus to the East took place in these lands, for which reason there are no natives in Celendín today. According to this theory, the Inca sent mitimaes chilchos or guamán, which the Caxamalcas soon called "chilicos" or "shilicos".

Colonial Celendin

Shortly after the conquest of Tahuantinsuyo (the Inca empire), the Spanish Crown distributed land to the conquistadors and evangelizers. According to Consuelo Lescano Merino, the lands of Llamadín were occupied by Juan de Rojas Salazar and Juan Mori Alvarado, sons of the conquerors of Chachapuyas, who founded the settlement of Nuestra Señora de la Concepción del Valle de Zelendín, with its temple and public square for the fairs. This happened in the 16th century.

In the opinion of Pelayo Montoya Sánchez, the Inca chiefdoms were distributed, in 1536, as follows: Llamadín for Don Hernando Mori Alvarado, who founded the San Bernardo de Llamadín hacienda; Chumuch and Chimuch for Don Miguel Burga, who founded the San Miguel de Chumuch hacienda; Sorochuco fell to Don Francisco de Vargas, who founded the San Francisco de Sorochuco hacienda; Huauco to Don Isidro de Segovia, who founded the San Isidro de Huauco hacienda; and Oxamarca for Don Augustín Ortiz de Cerna, who created the San Augustín de Oxamarca hacienda.

On December 7, 1575, Viceroy Francisco Toledo arrived at the San Bernardo de Llamadín hacienda and the next day, December 8, the day of the Immaculate Conception, he ordered the name of this hacienda to be changed to Pura y Clean Conception of Zelendín, proclaiming the Immaculate Virgin its patron.

In 1591, as there was no priest in this seat, don Juan Rojas traveled to the City of Kings and managed to bring Fray Andrés Romero of the order of San Francisco to come. The Purísima Concepción de Zelendín temple was made up of a single nave and the atrium was the town's first cemetery.

Around 1613, the territory of Celendín belonged to the Corregimiento de Caxamarca, which in turn was part of the recently created diocese of Trujillo. In 1787, after the municipalities and parties were created, Celendín with its Sorochuco annex continues to be a doctrine of the Cajamarca party.

On February 22, 1726, the hacienda changes ownership, says Lescano Merino. Captain Francisco Rodríguez de Araujo, great-grandson of Don Juan Rojas, sold it for 16,000 pesos of 8 reales to Don Antonio de Vergara, and on March 14, 1748, it passed to the Field Master Don Juan Joseph Chuquivala Carhuarayco, chief cacique and governor of the Indians of the seven Guarangas of the province of Caxamarca, for 20 thousand pesos. Her wife, Mrs. Melchora de Vergara, when she becomes a widow decides to sell it again. It is at this time when the bishop of Trujillo Don Baltazar Jaime Martínez de Compañón passes through Celendín, on his way to Maynas.

For his part, Montoya Sánchez maintains that on August 15, 1780, the farm La Pura y Limpia Concepción de Zelendín passed into the hands of Doña Melchora de Vergara due to debts of Don Pedro de Mori de la Cerna, Don Hernando's great-grandson Alvarado died. Doña Melchora de Vergara and her husband Juan Joseph Chuquivala, since they had no children, decided to donate the property to the Pious Works of the Royal Convent of Santa Clara de Trujillo. Here the tenants of the hacienda bought it to found the Villa. According to tradition narrated by many Celendinas families, among them, Don Manuel Silva Rabanal tells; that in the middle of the XVIII century, Portuguese immigrants of Jewish origin arrived in the area. According to some versions, they would have been Jews persecuted by the Holy Inquisition. According to another, of Jews from Brazil, who arrived following the Amazonas-Marañón route, heading for the Pacific coast. Impressed by the Celendino landscape, they would have decided to stay and take that land as their second homeland. Although there are no documentary testimonies of this episode, the many Portuguese surnames present in the area confirm its reality. The peasant population of Celendín during that time would be the descendant of Spanish migrants from the rural areas of the north of that country.

Celendín was populated in 1783, when Martínez de Compañón arrived, by 5,598 people, including "ecclesiastics, Spanish, Portuguese, Indians, mixed, brown and black," according to the census ordered by the bishop. This suggests the purchase of the estate and the founding of a city. By supporting the management, that same year, in a letter to King Carlos II, he gave an account of white people who wanted to found a town on the lands of the Inmaculada Concepción hacienda. The prelate justifies his support "taking into account the illustrious families" and specifies that, in the area, "few are the inhabitants of this primitive race", referring to the Indians.

On June 23, 1785, the inhabitants of the Zelendín hacienda began their efforts to acquire it together with its annexes of Llanguat, Zisanilla and Santa Catalina, before the judge commissioned by the bishop, Don Miguel Antonio de Iglesia y Merino. On July 8, 1791, in the city of Trujillo, the jurisdiction to which the estate belonged, and in a public audience, the property was auctioned for the amount of 14,010 pesos. The priest of the Zelendín doctrine, with José Cavello, gave an advance of 8,000 pesos on behalf of the buyers.

On September 6, 1793, the presbyter Don Manuel Tomás de Quevedo y Garro, in the name of Dr. Miguel Antonio de Iglesia Merino, gave the Celendinos effective possession of the Zelendín, Zisanilla and Llanguat haciendas. Apparently the geometer José Comesana traced the streets with a string and its blessing and inauguration possibly took place on May 5, 1796. On October 19 of the same year, Bishop Martínez de Compañón raised to the Crown of Spain the file for the creation of the city, which was achieved by the Council of the Chamber of the Indies and by the King of Spain Don Carlos IV, who signed in Elche the Royal Decree of December 19, 1802, approving the creation of the new population with the name of "Amalia de Zelendín", while granting it the title of Villa, exempt from the jurisdiction of Caxamarca and subject to the Municipality of Trujillo, recognizing the Virgen del Carmen as the spiritual patron of the Celendinos and arranging how the Cabildo should conform. In compliance with this Royal Decree, the people elected six councilors and then they elected Lieutenant Colonel Raymundo da Pereyra as ordinary mayor of First Vote and Captain Juan de Burga, as ordinary mayor of Second Vote.

In the Republic

On November 23, 1820, the Mayor of Trujillo, José Bernardo de Tagle Portocarrero, Marquis de la Torre Tagle, proclaimed the independence of Trujillo and later sent Celendín an extensive document hinting at the prompt proclamation of freedom in this land.

The military political chief of the Villa, Lieutenant Colonel Juan de Burga, summons the people and authorities to the Plaza de Armas and on January 6, 1821, at 10 in the morning, he swears independence with these words: & #34;From today, January 6, 1821, the Villa de la Bella Amalia de Zelendín, is free and independent of Spanish power and all foreigners. Long live the homeland! Long live freedom! Long live independence! Long live Villa de Bella Amalia de Zelendín! Death to despotism! Death to tyranny! Everyone hugged and shouted in unison in a great party, then a report was made.

On October 12, 1849, the Congress of the Peruvian Republic, considering "that the town of Celendín, belonging to the province of Cajamarca, has rendered eminent services to the cause of independence and also brings together all the requirements demanded by the law of September 17, 1847, approved granting it the title of City, dated October 19, 1849. The law was promulgated by President Ramón Castilla in his first government.

By law of January 2, 1857, Celendín was elevated to the category of district of Cajamarca.

Thanks to the tenacious action of Colonel Basilio Cortegana y Vergara and other illustrious citizens of Celendín, the Congress of the Republic approved on September 20, 1862 the law by which the province of Celendín is created, a law that was promulgated by the president Ramón Castilla on September 30, 1862, during his second term. Article 3 of the Law states: "The province of Celendín has as its capital the city of this name, it consists of the districts of Celendín, Lucmapampa, Huauco, Chumuch, Sorochuco and Huasmín, adding to it the haciendas of Jerez and Willow".

By means of a law of November 7, 1887, the hamlet of Huacapampa was elevated to the rank of district. By Law No. 4860 of December 27, 1923, the district of Oxamarca was created. By Law No. 7855 of October 16, 1933, the district of Cortegana was created with its capital Chimuch. Through Law No. 9818, of November 15, 1940, the district of Miguel Iglesias was created with its capital Chalán; by law No. 12171 of December 24, 1954, the district of Utco was created and by law of December 26, 1940, the names of the districts Huauco, Huacapampa, and Lucmapampa were changed to those of Sucre, José Gálvez and Jorge Chavez, respectively. By that same law, Villa de Sucre is elevated to the category of city.

Administrative division

The province covers an area of 2,641.59 square kilometers and is divided into twelve districts, which are:

• Celendin
• Chumuch
• Cortegana
• Huasmín
• Jorge Chávez
• José Gálvez
• La Libertad de Pallán
• Miguel Iglesias
• Oxamarca
• Sorochuco
• Sucre
• Utco

Population

The province has a population of 95,008 inhabitants.

Capital

The capital of the province is the city of Celendín, which has a population of approximately 30,000. It is the headquarters of the Association of Municipalities of the Andean Marañón.

Characters

The province of Celendín has given Peru and the world characters who have shone and still shine in various fields such as artistic and literary creation, science, politics, education, commerce, and even military activity.

In the field of culture, the narrators Alfonso Peláez Bazán, first National Narrative Prize in 1944, stand out. Alfredo Pita, International Novel Prize Las dos orillas, in Spain, in 1999; José de Piérola, International Short Story Award Max Aub, in Spain, in 1999. Jorge Díaz Herrera, author of short stories and novels; the poet Julio Garrido Malaver; the playwright Grégor Díaz; the writer and journalist Manuel Pereira Chávez, "Perseo"; the painters Alfredo Rocha Zegarra Jorge Chávez Silva and Javier Chávez Silva (broken link available at Internet Archive, see history, first and last version).; the ethnologist José Marín González, university professor in Switzerland and specialist in Amazonian cultures; and the cultural journalist Julio Villanueva Chang, creator of the magazine Etiqueta Negra; the musician Miguel Ángel Silva Rubio "Indio Mayta", icon of popular culture and diffuser of Cajamarca folklore. In politics, Manuel Pita Díaz, a lawyer and revolutionary who participated intensely in the social struggles of the 1950s and 1960s; and Nazario Chávez Aliaga (broken link available at Internet Archive; see the history, the first version and the last one)., writer and secretary of the presidency of the Republic under Manuel Prado Ugarteche. Miguel Iglesias Pino de Arce, former president of the Republic of Peru, also stands out. In medicine, Dr. Horacio Cachay Díaz, pioneer of radiology in Peru, teacher of medicine and director of the Children's Hospital in Lima; Dr. Pedro Ortiz Cabanillas, an eminent neurologist, internationally recognized, with important contributions in his specialty, who was national dean of the Medical College; Dr. Manuel Hermilio Acosta Chávez, doctor of medicine, prestigious gynecologist-obstetrician, director of the maternity hospital in Lima, main professor at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos for 40 years, Dr. Humberto Cachay Velásquez, distinguished plastic surgeon established in Argentina, internationally recognized and with an innovative production in its specialty; Dr. Homero Silva Díaz, professor of medicine, prominent nephrologist and rector of the Peruvian University "Cayetano Heredia" and Dr. César Merino Machuca, pioneer of hematology in Peru, internationally recognized for his meritorious contributions to medical research. In the field of pure sciences, PhD in physics Enrique Solano, researcher in quantum electronics at the Max Planck Institute in Germany, and PhD in physics Santiago Pita Jaramillo, specialist in particles and gamma rays from space at the National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) of France. In the military field, Colonel Juan Basilio Cortegana, winner in Junín and Ayacucho, hero of the Independence of Peru and, later, deputy and great historian; General José del Carmen Marín, strategist in the battle of Zarumilla and founder of the Center for Advanced Military Studies (CAEM) (broken link available at Internet Archive; see history, first and last version). from Peru; General Marcial Merino Pereyra, General GC Romulo Merino Arana and General Dionisio Merino Collantes, one of the best artillery specialists in the Peruvian Army. In the different branches of engineering, Rosendo Chávez Díaz, famous for his hydraulic studies in almost all irrigation projects in the country, including Chavimochic; Javier Díaz Chávez, pioneer and innovator in the development and exploitation of open pit mines; Horacio Díaz Chávez, creator of the technology for the industrial use of sugarcane bagasse; and Felipe Villanueva, a specialist in electronic circuits who has worked for NASA. In the commercial field, the pioneers Augusto G. Gil Velásquez, Rafael Cachay and Felipe Villanueva, who linked Celendín with the country and the world in the days of the "rubber fever", in the first decades XX century. In Education, great teachers such as Gregorio Sánchez Araujo, Hermila Torres Oblitas, Victoria Díaz Mori, David Sánchez Infante, José Aladino Escalante, Arístides Merino Merino, José Pelayo Montoya, Próspero Díaz, Zulema Cachay, Marcelino Díaz Zamora, Baldomero Villanueva, Pedro Ortiz Montoya, Telmo Horna Díaz, Marcial Castañeda, Odilia Villanueva de Tirado, José Bazán Silva and other renowned Amautas who in the past forged generation after generation of citizens from Celendino with a civic conscience and a good cultural level.

Authorities

Regionals

• Regional adviser
  • 2019 - 2022: Milton Willams Becerra Terrones (Alliance for Progress)

Municipals

• 2019 - 2022
  • Mayor: José Ermitaño Marín Rojas, of Alliance for Progress.
  • Regivers:
  1. Tania Elizabeth Aliaga Chávez de Briones (Alliance for Progress)
  2. Arístides Ignacio Vásquez Tirado (Alliance for Progress)
  3. Gutemberg Eleuterio Aliaga Zegarra (Alliance for Progress)
  4. Edwin Willy Alfaro Delgado (Alliance for Progress)
  5. Sonia Maribel Red Kings of Zegarra (Alliance for Progress)
  6. Second Armando Vargas Zambrano (Alianza para el Progreso)
  7. Miguel Ángel Silva Rabanal (Democratic Party We Are Peru)
  8. Luis Alejandro Acosta Cabrera (Democratic Party We Are Peru)
  9. José Edison Pinedo Mariñas (Popular Action)

Tourism

In the province there are different varieties of tourism such as:

• Cultural-historic tourism
• Adventure tourism
• Ecotourism
• Living tourism
• Gastronomic tourism
• Medicinal tourism