Carabayllo District

The district of Carabayllo is one of the forty-three districts that make up the province of Lima, located in the department of the same name, in Peru. It limits to the north and northeast, with the district of Santa Rosa de Quives, province of Canta; to the east, with the district of San Antonio de Chaclla, province of Huarochirí; to the south, with the districts of San Juan de Lurigancho and Comas; and to the west, with the districts of Puente Piedra and Ancón.

It is the largest district in the province of Lima, it is located on both banks of the Chillón River, which rises in the La Viuda (Canta) mountain range and its agricultural products supply the markets of Metropolitan Lima. Within the ecclesiastical division of the Catholic Church of Peru, it belongs to the diocese of Carabayllo.

Toponymy

It is suggested that this name derives from the Quechua voice qarwayllu, meaning 'orange clouds' or 'costeño trees'.

According to Dr. María Rostworowski, in her work Historia del Tahuantinsuyu, when the troops of Túpac Yupanqui defeated the hosts of the Colli Cápac, in retaliation they executed all the adult males, being replaced by Aymara Mitmaqs, who settle in the ayllu Cararua or Cararua ayllo. This is where the word “Carabayllo” or Cararua Ayllo comes from.

History

“Carabayllo” is a native term that has several interpretations. The closest to the reality of the geographic space and its population would be:

— Karhuaruna, 'the faded face' and ayllu, 'lineage, kinship, partiality'. Karhua + ayllu would be the lineage (community) of people with a pale face (light face), as opposed to the Colliruna who were brown settlers. Both groups lived in the valley of the Chillón river.

— Kara, 'shell, bark (surface)' and huaylla, 'green meadow, good grass'. Because it is a favorable geographical space for the development of man, the place could have been called Karahuaylla, 'surface with good grass, green meadow& #39;.

Pre-Hispanic period

10,000 years ago. C., at the mouth of the Chillón River and on the central coast, various human groups settled that dedicated themselves to fishing, hunting and gathering plants and mollusks. In the Chivateros area, various lithic tools have been found that were used to hunt animals that came down, seasonally, from the upper parts of the valley. After this period, the society passes from a level of egalitarian relations to a primary society of social stratification, which is evidenced by the construction of the first ceremonial buildings. "Paradise" It is the most notable example in the central coast, its antiquity is 2500 years a. c.

In the Formative Period, around 1500 years B.C. C., before the Chavín Culture emerged, large ceremonial complexes such as "Chuquitanta", "Chocas", "Pucará" and "Huacoy", the latter is called "Con Con" by Dr. María Rostworowski. This place was possibly the ceremonial center of the god "Con", who was a coastal deity that came from the North. The constructive characteristic of all these centers is that they have a "U" plan, that is, the largest and main pyramid is located in the center and the other two smaller pyramids are located on the sides, and a large square which is located in the center. The orientation of the whole complex is directed towards the Northeast, always parallel to the Chillón river basin.

In the Early Intermediate Period, around 200 years B.C. C., the Lima Culture arises, to which corresponds the archaeological center of "Culebras", which is located in front of "El Paraíso". The material used in the construction is adobito, a material that the costeños modeled by hand. Another of the archaeological centers is "Copacabana", located on the current border with the district of Puente Piedra. Likewise, remains from this period have been found in "Playa Grande", mainly various kinds of polychrome ceramics; It is currently the Santa Rosa spa.

In Ancón, in the lower part of its northern zone, there are tombs that go from the Middle Horizon (600 years AD) to the period of the Incas. Tombs of various shapes have been found, containing grave goods that indicate the era to which they belong. The burials are part of a settlement established there since the beginning of the Middle Horizon.

In the Late Intermediate Period (1,100 years AD), in the middle and lower part of the Chillón River, the Colli or Collec Señorío arises, which dominated this entire part of the valley. The Colli had as their administrative and religious center the archaeological zone that today is called the "Fortress of Collique". Another of the Colli centers, which would also have been an important ceremonial and administrative center, is the "Cerro Pro". Likewise, the Collis at this time built large walls that bordered the right and left banks of the Chillón River and its extension reached beyond Chuquitanta, and there was even a network of them that served as epimural roads. Between the señoríos, Colli and Canta, there was a relationship of exchange of products in times of peace, but in times of war there were bloody confrontations, mainly this happened due to territorial limits and possession of land for coca planting. It is in one of the wars that the Canta managed to cross the territorial limits of the Colliques and reached Quivi. From that moment the Colli territory is reduced and it remained so until today.

In the Inca Period (1400 AD), with the arrival of Túpac Inca Yupanqui, the Cuzqueños managed to dominate the Collis, with the support of the Canta and the Yauyos (Chacllas). Later, the people of Cuzco transferred the center of administrative power to Tambo Inga. Thus the Incas were establishing control centers, which were under the administration of the main center of the central coast, which was Pachacámac. Centers such as "Palao" and "The Mile". Another Inca construction is the "Palacio Oquendo", which is located in the lower part of the Chillón river, which has a spatial distribution of a residential nature.

Colonial period

The population of Carabayllo at this time continued to develop their lives within the daily chores. When the Spaniards settled in Lima and founded the Capital as "City of Kings", Francisco Pizarro, in 1535, began to distribute the lands of the valley of Lima, among his fellow conquerors. The first encomendero of Carabayllo was Don Domingo de la Presa and later, in 1540, it was Francisco Martín de Alcántara, Pizarro's brother.

Each repartimiento corresponded to a group of families or ayllus that depended on a curaca, who, in order to preserve his privileges, was obliged to serve the Spaniards. The corregidores had authority over all the towns that were within their jurisdiction and the indigenous population was forced to pay taxes and work on farmland, due to this the indigenous people, seeing themselves harassed and reduced, chose to go to the highlands. from the valley.

During the government of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo, there were only a thousand indigenous tributaries who came from Chuquitanta, Sevillay, Sutca, Guancayo, Collique and Maca. The inhabitants of these towns were gathered in the Reduction of San Pedro de Carabayllo, which was founded on June 29, 1571. Thus, San Pedro became the first administrative, political and religious center of the northern cone of Lima.

Shortly after the founding of the town of Carabayllo, the Parish of San Pedro was built, which was completed in 1632 and whose regency was entrusted to the Mercedarians. The Archbishop of Lima Toribio de Mogrovejo, in his second pastoral tour, visited the parish of San Pedro in 1593.

The struggle for possession of the lands between the conquistadors and the indigenous people lasted for years, the Spanish landowners used the legal and military power granted to them by the viceroyalty to dispossess the indigenous people of their lands. In the XVII century the reparticiones or encomiendas became haciendas. Likewise, the landowners were the ones who assumed the powers of the State. The public offices they held were mayor, justice of the peace, governor, deputy, and water judge.

During the viceregal period, the lands of the haciendas have varied due to parcelization and concentration processes, as a result of purchase-sale negotiations. Around 1793, the existing haciendas in the valley were: Carabayllo Alto 28 haciendas. Carabayllo Under 15 haciendas.

Shortly before the independence of Peru, Viceroy José de La Serna ordered a visit and a list of the haciendas that existed in the valley of the Chillón river. The objective was to find out which haciendas supported the Spanish to counteract the liberating insurgency. This work was entrusted to Don Simón Ravago, who presents the relationship on September 30, 1818 and mentions that there are 18 haciendas in the Carabayllo valley.

Stage of independence

When the liberating expedition arrived from the south with General José de San Martín, Peru was governed by Viceroy Pezuela, who began a rapprochement with San Martín to peacefully settle the destiny of the country; both chiefs name their representatives who meet in Miraflores (Lima), on September 26, 1820, later the representatives of San Martín meet with Viceroy Pezuela in the town of La Magdalena, on September 30, 1820. The positions of both sides were opposed, those of San Martín proposed under certain terms favorable to the Spanish, the independence of Peru and that it be governed by a prince of the royal house of Spain; the royalists proposed that one should take an oath and abide by the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812, neither side yielded.

The Spanish were concerned about being able to dominate the Chillón valley because it was a strategic access point to the city of Lima, however the montoneros did not allow it and they faced the Spanish in various battles.

Due to these adverse events, the generals who commanded the Spanish groups were dissatisfied with the actions of Viceroy Pezuela, because their actions failed and they could not counteract the liberating expedition and the uprisings of indigenous peoples took place in various parts of the country, for For this reason, General Canterac moved from Arequipa to conspire against Pezuela and installs his camp in Aznapuquio, and gathers all the general officers who ask Pezuela on January 29, 1821 to hand over the government to Gral. José La Serna. Thus La Serna invites San Martín to a meeting between his representatives; the meeting was to take place at the Torreblanca hacienda, in Chancay; unfortunately they did not reach a positive agreement.

Later, Viceroy La Serna invites another meeting to be held at the Casa Hacienda de Punchauca, in the Carabayllo valley. On May 4, 1821, the meeting between the representatives of both leaders began, then on June 2, 1821, San Martín and La Serna met personally. San Martín wanted a monarchy to be established in Peru, exercised by a prince of the royal court, who would be governed by a Constitution. La Serna accepts the proposal, but he had to have the acceptance of his general officers, however the Spanish generals did not agree to the proposal. The negotiations had failed due to the obstinacy of the Spanish militarists. Seeing that the Spanish did not give in, San Martín decided to withdraw.

Since Carabayllo entered the political-administrative system in the Republican era, it has not had a precise date of its Political creation. That is why there are several versions about the date of creation.

The Liberator, through a decree of August 4, 1821, created the Department of Lima, made up of "the parties (today Provinces) of the Cercado de la Capital, Yauyos, Cañete, Ica and the Government of Huarochirí&# 3. 4;. Regarding the "districts" of the Partido del Cercado, must have been made up of the Capital plus the towns of the valley, which were known as Parishes: "Ancón, Ate, Lurigancho, Chorrillos and Carabayllo".

On June 21, 1825, during the dictatorial administration of Simón Bolívar, the First Parish Elections were called. Some historians propose this date as the political beginning of Carabayllo, but also, San Martín called these elections during his Protectorate, in 1821.

Republican Period

In this initial stage of the Republic, life in Carabayllo continued to revolve around the haciendas, which varied due to commercial land purchase-sale processes, but land ownership only benefited and was concentrated in a few people. That is to say, the only great conquest of the emancipatory movement was the liberation of the Spanish yoke that only favored the landowners, the military and priests.

The landowners convert their lands into mills for the production of sugar cane. But, there was a serious problem that the landowners faced, they did not have labor. That is why during the First government of Ramón Castilla, in 1849, a law was promulgated to bring Chinese immigrants "Coolies", who replaced and covered the posts of the slaves, who were also freed by Castilla.

In the government of José Rufino Echenique, in 1852, the district of Carabayllo expanded and exercised territorial jurisdiction over the islands of Ancón. At this time, guano from the islands became Peru's most important export product and due to this, clandestine exploitation and smuggling arose that economically affected the country.

In the second government of Ramón Castilla, by means of a law, dated January 2, 1857, elections were called throughout the Republic, in compliance with the Law of Call for Municipal Elections, issued to comply with the Organic Law of Municipalities of November 29, 1856, which in one of its articles established Municipalities in Districts and towns with more than a thousand inhabitants.

Due to this Law, January 2 was also considered as the date of creation of the District of Carabayllo. For this reason, in 1954 the Ministry of War gave away a bust of Ramón Castilla that was located in the main square of the town of San Pedro de Carabayllo, in commemoration of the 97th anniversary of its creation. The legend of the bust reads: "The Ministry of War on behalf of the Army to the people of Carabayllo on the 97th Anniversary of its creation. Lima, December 30, 1954".

Until 1874, Carabayllo was the only "de facto" that was in the Chillón valley and in the northern zone, had as limits Chancay, Canta, Huarochirí, Lurigancho, Lima, Río Rímac, and the Pacific Ocean.

When war was declared against Chile, the Municipal Council, chaired by Don Antonio Pomar, met in Extraordinary Session on June 1, 1879, where it was agreed to form the "Squadron of Carabayanos". And after the battles of San Juan and Miraflores, in January 1881, the President of Peru, Nicolás de Piérola, arriving in Punchauca, wrote a letter to the Chief of the Military Plaza that defended Lima, Colonel Belisario Suárez, asking him to withdraw from the center of Lima to prevent the Chileans from burning down the city. Later, when he arrived at the Chocas hacienda, he established that his seat of government would be itinerant, so at that time Chocas was his government palace.

After the unfortunate war with Chile, the country went through a serious economic crisis. Gradually the farms on the Peruvian coast returned to production and recovered. The main production was sugar cane and in parallel the cultivation of cotton arose, which gained great importance mainly in the period of the 1st World War, due to the fact that both products were exported. The territorial area of Carabayllo has been reduced since the end of the last century to give rise to the districts that today make up Lima Norte. Initially the territory was 974.50 km², currently it is 346.88 km².

Carabayllo from the sixties

After all this process of territorial reduction, Carabayllo to date does not have a Law of Political Creation as a District, where its limits are indicated. Its territorial jurisdiction has always been determined by the relations of the farms and haciendas included in it and by the boundaries of the adjoining districts, which have been created later. That is to say, Carabayllo is a district in fact, but not in law.

The district capital of Carabayllo is the town of San Pedro de Carabayllo. The town since its viceregal foundation and during the republican era has always been constituted as the center of district government; However, at present there is a trend towards the growth and integration of the Town into the urban area.

The haciendas continued to be the economic base of the valley and those who benefited from them were a few landowners who owned several haciendas.

This type of land ownership would end at the end of the 1960s, when the military government of General Juan Velasco Alvarado enacted Law no. of the land and the peasants who work the land gain ownership of the land. With the Law, the agro-industrial farms are expropriated and the Agrarian Production Cooperatives are created, which should generate wealth for all the peasants, which will be distributed equitably. The CAPs that emerged in Carabayllo were: CAP 3 Unidos, CAP María Parado de Bellido N° 64, CAP Caudivilla, Huacoy and Punchauca, CAP Chacra Grande, CAP La Molina-San Diego Ltda. 78, CAP José Carlos Mariátegui, CAP Copacabana, CAP Tambo Inga and CAP Gallinazos Ltda. 84.

The cooperative companies during the '80s are going to decline, because a process of subdivision begins and they change their productive activity. Many parcels begin to be exploited as land to make bricks; Due to the vertiginous growth of the urban area, which is the main market for brick factories and also generates more economic resources. Currently, land tenure in rural areas is made up mainly of precarious landowners, farms, stables and small farms.

The urban area of the district begins with the young towns and human settlements that arose from the 1960s. The towns have been gradually settling in the uncultivated areas of the ravines and hills that are located from km 16 at 22 Av. Túpac Amaru (right bank), later the agricultural areas (left bank) are occupied mainly by urbanizations and housing associations. Among the first Young Towns that emerged in 1960 are the P.J. Progress, P.J. Raúl Porras Barrenechea, P.J. The Flower and Caudivilla; Initially they were small towns that were isolated one from the other, these towns are formed through "invasions", the settlers who occupy it are migrants and are settlers who, given the advance of the occupation of the center of the Capital, opted to occupy the periphery of the City, located in the cones; Around 1975, the Carabayllo district grew in population and covered a larger territory and other towns such as P.J. The Powder Keg.

From 1970 the occupation of agricultural land began and the urbanizations of Santa Isabel and Tungasuca arose; in 1981 the Lucyana and Villa Corpac Urbanization appeared, and later others would emerge. The pueblos jovenes are gradually integrated into the process of urban expansion, new human settlements are established on the periphery of the existing pueblos jovenes.

Since the population has been occupying these uncultivated areas that were very rugged due to their geography, the towns organize themselves to work as a community either by enabling access roads and building infrastructure for their towns, which was not an easy task since In order to achieve the development of their towns, the inhabitants had to resort to demanding by force and protest so that the local and national governments attend to their requests. During the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, the population struggled to install basic services (electricity, water, tracks, transportation, among others) and often had to resort to extreme measures such as blocking the Av. Túpac Amaru and make massive marches towards state entities to make their requests heard.

For this reason, given the accelerated growth of the Young Towns and Human Settlements, the government of General Velasco created SINAMOS (National Social Mobilization System) which was in charge of controlling and supervising the progress of the towns. During his government, Av. Túpac Amaru was paved, which became the main route of integration and communication between the city of Lima and the central region of the country, it also became the alternate route to the Central Highway.

In the government of Architect Fernando Belaunde Terry (1980-1985), SINAMOS disappeared for being an institution that did not achieve the objectives for which it was created. In exchange for this, it provides that the Municipal Councils must promote the participation of residents in the efforts of local governments. From this period, a gradual decentralization of the government began and since 1980 the Municipalities became institutions that support and regulate the participation of residents in the communal development of the districts.

Until 1996, Human Settlements grew rapidly; they occupied any space and often affected private property and intangible areas, for this reason that year it was decreed that the towns that arose under this modality would not be recognized; However, the need of the population to have their own roof made them continue the occupations in State lands as well as private ones, which have been settled and later have been recognized. Carabayllo did not escape this phenomenon of growth and occupation of the population, which began an advanced process occupying agricultural areas, which were acquired and enabled by real estate and housing associations that saw that it was more economically profitable for them as parceled land for housing and not as agricultural land.

Territorial cuts

• Ancon separated on October 29, 1874.
• The Rimac is created and absorbs territories of the Near and Carabayllo in 1920.
• On February 14, 1927, Puente Piedra is stretched from Carabayllo territory, loses an important landlord and the coastline of the future Chalaco district of Ventanilla.
• Because of a bad administration, San Martín de Porres decides to become independent of Carabayllo on 22 May 1950, thus losing the exit to the sea where 6 years later they will lose it because of the expansion of Callao.
• In 1952, the district of Santa Rosa de Quives, and years later he became part of Canta Province.

• The last district cut was on December 12, 1961 by Comas.

Ground Transportation

Bus

This is the district of origin of a large majority of lines throughout the city of Lima, there are also several transport companies that circulate. These are the transport companies that use urban buses:

Company	Route
	Metropolitan North and next troncal food route.
E.T.S. "The Quick" S.A. (P) Palmari S.A. (T) Quick Investment S.A. (JC) JC Bus S.A.C. (F) CKF S.A.C. (05) The Quick "05" S.A.	Puente Piedra - Magalena Puente Piedra - San Martín de Porres Carabayllo - San Miguel Carabayllo - Lince Carabayllo - Villa María del Triunfo
E.T.S. "Santa Cruz" S.A.	Carabayllo - Miraflores
E.T.S. "Salamanca Parral" S.A.	Carabayllo - Pachacamac
E.T.S. "New America" S.A.	Carabayllo - San Juan de Miraflores
E.T.S. " Phoenix 2000" S.A.	Carabayllo - Chorrillos
E.T. "Sinchi Roca" S.A.	Carabayllo - Santiago de Surco
E.T. "November 11" S.A.	Carabayllo - San Luis
E.T. "La Encantada" S.A.	Carabayllo - Villa El Salvador
GEP - Route: Express Reality 03	Carabayllo - Magdalena
GEP - Route: SFASA 40	Carabayllo - Villa María del Triunfo
Transportes Cruz del Centro S.A.	Carabayllo - Ate
Urban Tours S.A.	Carabayllo - Surco
Anconero S.A.C.	Carabayllo - Ancon
San Felipe Express S.A.	Carabayllo - Ate

a public transport

Tourist attractions and places of interest

Pre-Hispanic period

• The Huacoy (One of the largest existing)
• The Temple of the Zorro (archaeological site of Buena Vista)
• Remains of the Colli epimural road (Tungasuca, near the border with Comas)
• The archaeological site of Con Con Con
• The archaeological site of Copacabana

Colonial period

• The case of Punchauca (where the liberator José de San Martín and the viceroy La Serna met)
• The Church of San Pedro (The oldest in North Lima and one of the oldest in Peru)
• The village of San Pedro de Carabayllo (The oldest in North Lima)
• El Fortín Español (Casa Hacienda de Chacra Grande)
• The cemetery of San Pedro
• The manor house of Knight
• The farm of Chocas

Republican Era

• The old town of Carabayllo (Located in the village of San Pedro)
• The old cinema of San Pedro de Carabayllo

Places of Interest

• The "El Huarangal" Nuclear Energy Center (RACSO) of IPEN.
• The water treatment plant of the Consortium AGUAZUL
• The Los Lomas de Carabayllo ecosystem known as "Bosque Seco".
• The countryside of La Molina, El Huarangal, Huacoy, Punchauca and Chocas, on the banks of the Chillón River.
• The Regional Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History "John José Vega".
• The Illamar Art and Design Gallery.

Mayors of Carabayllo

• 2019 - 2022

Sister Cities

• San Fernando de Henares, Community of Madrid (Spain).