Boxing

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Boxing, boxing, sometimes also called English boxing, Irish boxing or boxing, and commonly known as boxing, is a contact sport in which two opponents fight using only their gloved fists, hitting their opponent from the waist up, within a quadrangle specially designed for this purpose; the fight is carried out in brief fight sequences called rounds and according to a precise regulation, which regulates weight categories and duration of the match, among other aspects.

Although the term "boxing" Commonly attributed to 'English boxing', in which only the fists are involved, boxing has developed in various forms in different geographical areas and cultures. In global terms, boxing is a set of striking-focused combat sports, in which two opponents engage in a fight using at least their fists, and possibly involving other actions such as kicks, elbows, etc., knees, headbutts, depending on the rules. Some of the forms of modern sport are English boxing, bare knuckle boxing, kickboxing, muay-thai, lethwei, savate or sanda. Boxing techniques have been incorporated into many martial arts, military training, self-defense, and other combat sports.

After the inclusion in the Olympic Games in the Antiquity of the century VII, the first codification of the norms that regulate Boxing matches date back to 1743, while the rules still in force were established in 1889 by the Marquess of Queensberry, who among other things introduced the use of gloves.

Traditionally it has been considered an exclusively male sport, although there are also women who practice this sport. The recognition of women's rights and the advances in the fight against discrimination have allowed a boom in women's boxing to be recorded in recent decades, which is why the 2011 Pan American Games and the 2012 Summer Olympics they included women's boxing in various categories.

History

Mynoic fresco of two young people practicing boxing with gloves found on the island of Santorini (sixteenth centuryXVIIa. C.).

Hitting with different extremities of the body, such as kicks and punches, as an act of human aggression has existed throughout the world throughout human history, being a combat system as old as wrestling. However, regarding sports competition, due to the lack of writing in prehistory and the lack of references, it is not possible to determine rules of any type of boxing in prehistory, and in antiquity they can only be inferred from the few intact fonts and references to the sport.

Since its origins, boxing has been a popular sport, practiced even before being included in the Olympic Games. Among the sports that were practiced in ancient Greece, there was boxing. In Rome, the contenders used the cestus, metallic protectors for the hands, studded with nails with which they even killed their contenders.

Wrestling and boxing are two of the oldest sports, with records dating back to the fourth millennium BC, in Egypt and the Orient. The first data of a boxing match in modern times, is located in England in 1681: the Duke of Albermarle organized a match between his butler and his butcher. Already in the XVIII century, people fight for money (at that time without gloves) and the spectators place bets. Normally these fights used to end fatally, even killing their rivals.

The first heavyweight champion was the Englishman James Figg, in 1719. The first regulation was formulated in 1743 by the champion John Broughton; then it was modified and changed. In 1865, the regulations drafted by the Marquis of Queensberry began to be applied, which have remained until today. The last bare-fisted heavyweight champion was American John L. Sullivan, who fought and won the last sanctioned bout of this type in 1889 against Jake Kilrain. Under the Queensberry Rules, when he had to wear gloves, Sullivan lost the heavyweight championship to James Corbett, in New Orleans, Louisiana, on September 7, 1892.

During the 20th century, boxing enjoyed worldwide popularity in several countries. Its rise was conducive to the founding of various bodies and organizations that will regulate and promote the practice. Similarly, sports establishments dedicated to the teaching and exercise of the boxing approach were successfully established. The sport produced many outstanding athletes, then the vast majority male, and many professional events were promoted and televised. Some fights became famous, and works, including cinematographic expressions, included the theme of boxing or were created around the boxer.

At the beginning of the 21st century, boxing is advancing in female participation, but the COVID-19 pandemic disrupts the continuity of competitions and events, both female and male boxing. For the first quarter of 2021 there are events but they continue with precautions.

Background

The era of bare-knuckle boxing.

Origins of English boxing

Boxing fight “on fire” at the beginning of the centuryXVIII in England.

A ticket that presents James Figg as "Master of the Noble Defense Science."

The word “boxing” was already used in England in the 16th century to refer to a fistfight. is from 1681, while the first use of the word “boxing” to refer to the sport dates from 1711.

In the 18th century, boxing became a widely spread sport in the United Kingdom and its colonies, thus entering America. For two centuries, the fights were carried out without gloves (with a bare fist) and without a time limit, in order to organize betting shows, making up a very violent practice, in which the boxers were usually seriously injured or killed. In the early years, spectators formed a ring around the combatants, who were usually male, although women's and even animal fights were also held.

In the first decades of the 18th century, people calling themselves “Masters of Defence” (Masters of Defense). In 1719, one of these "masters", the British James Figg, proclaimed himself champion of England and challenged any white person to beat him, in the ring of the amphitheater that he himself built at the Greyhound Inn, in Thame, Oxfordshire and later also in London. Between 1719 and 1730 or 1734 Figg fought an estimated 270 fights, winning all but one. On Figg's death in 1734, one of the London newspapers reported:

Last Saturday there was a test of Ability between the undefeated hero, “Death”, on the one hand, and on the other, until that undefeated hero “Mr. James Figg”, the famous prize fighter and Master of the Noble Defense Science. The battle was obstinately fought on both sides, but in the end the first got a Total Victoria and the second, forced to undergo a Higher Adversal, courageously and with dignity, retired, expiring that afternoon at his home in Oxford Street.

Broughton's Rules

Jack Broughton drawing by the Marshal, Marquis and Viscount George Townshend

"Broughton rules" (1743)

Jack Broughton was the successor champion to Figgs. He introduced a technical and methodical approach to the practice of the sport, optimizing strokes and movements. In 1741 he defeated George Stevenson in a 35-minute bout, as a result of which Stevenson died a few days later. Broughton initially gave up the practice of boxing, but later became convinced that he himself needed thoughtful rules in order to prevent fighters from suffering irreversible damage.

In this way, on August 16, 1743, Jack Broughton announced in his Tottenham Court Road amphitheater, the first rules of modern boxing, which would be known by name and which would earn him recognition as "father of boxing". English boxing”.

The Broughton Rules consisted of seven rules that were binding on boxers who agreed to box in his arena. The rules established the duty to retire to their own side of the ring in the event of a knockdown by the opponent; the count of half a minute after a fall to be located in the center of the ring and restart the fight or be considered "defeated man"; that only the fighters and their seconds could get into the ring; the prohibition of private arrangements between the fighters on the distribution of money; the election of umpires to settle disputes between boxers; the prohibition to hit the adversary when he is down, and the admission of the keys only above the waist.

Broughton also created raised boxing rings and the use of gloves in training and demonstrations to cushion blows. Broughton's Rules would remain in effect, with some modifications, until 1838, when they were superseded by the Rules of the London Prize Ring.

Boxing was introduced to the United States during this period. The first known American boxer was Bill Richmond (1763–1829), an African-American born slave, known as "the Black Terror", who only lost one fight in 1805, when at the age of 41, he fought against the then world champion. Tom Cribb, to be defeated in the 60th round. Also notable at the time was Tom Molineaux (1784-1818), a slave from Virginia who bought his freedom with his boxing winnings and also lost to Cribb in 1811.

The rules of the London Prize Ring

Main article: London Prize Ring Rules

Clean punch boxing fight.

American boxer John L. Sullivan (1858-1918) is considered the last world champion of clean punch boxing and the first boxing with gloves.

In 1838 the British Pugilists' Protective Association established a new set of rules for boxing, which quickly spread throughout the United Kingdom and the United States. The new provisions were based on the Broughton rules, and became known as "London Prize Ring Rules", which translates as "London Prize Ring Rules" or "London Prize Ring Rules".

The 1838 London Prize Ring Rules consisted of 23 rules. They established a standard for the construction of 24-foot (7.3 m) sided rings, the boxers' assistants and their functions to serve them, the umpires and referee, the regulation of the "corners", the 30 seconds of the fallen fighter to return to the center of the ring ready to restart the fight, and various prohibitions such as entering the ring during the progress of the round, that of the assistants to address or attack the opponent boxer, to hit with the head, to hit the fallen opponent or with a knee on the canvas, to hit below the waist, to use the fingers or nails to damage the opponent, to kick etc.

The London Prize Ring Rules retained bare-knuckle boxing, but introduced the possibility that each boxer could take one knee to the canvas to stop the fight during the 30-second count, in order to allow a better recovery. In 1853 the rules of the London Prize Ring were expanded, and in 1866 the "New Rules" were established, sanctioned by the newly created Pugilistic Benevolent Society.

During the era of bare-knuckle boxing, there was no amateur boxing. The fights were always held for the money "prize" that was put into play —hence the term prize-ring—, and the spectators made bets that were paid on the spot. The activity had always been illegal, but it had survived because it had great popular support and had been backed by many influential men.

There was also no variety of categories according to the weight of the fighters. There was only one "champion", who used to be one of the heaviest. The term “lightweight” began to be used in the early 19th century and fights were sometimes organized between the lighter men, but not there was a specific championship for them.

Break-fist boxing “for the prize” was limited to Anglo-Saxon countries and although in the 18th century the main boxers were British, in the course of the XIX century the United States was displacing England, both as the main place of combat as for the origin of the most outstanding boxers.

By the middle of the 19th century, however, the decline of bare-knuckle boxing was evident:

Towards the mid-19th century the fight for prize (prize... suffered, for a variety of internal reasons, a sudden decline in accession. The fight for prize, which always had a dubious association with the criminal underworld, had now become clearly a vehicle of the interests of the bets: the combats were arranged, the fighters and referees purchased, with the ideal of a clean fight giving way to the presumption of corruption.
Jack Anderson.

In this way, bare-knuckle boxing slowly disappeared. In 1882 the English courts decided, in the case R v. Coney, that a bare-knuckle fight constituted a criminal assault causing injury, regardless of the consent of the participants.

On July 8, 1889, the Sullivan-Kilrain fight took place, considered the last bare-knuckle championship fight, with the victory of the first. The American John L. Sullivan is precisely considered a bridge between fist boxing clean and boxing with gloves, being the last world champion of that and the first of this.

The era of glove boxing

Queensberry Rules

Main article: Queensberry Marquis Rules

Details of an animation (1890-1900).

In 1867, the Lillie Bridge Grounds sports center was opened in London. There, at the initiative of John Graham Chambers, the Amateur Athletic Club established its headquarters, an organization that decided that year to organize the first amateur boxing championships in history, also establishing for three categories according to the weight of the fighters for the first time: lightweight, middleweight and heavyweight. The tournament was sponsored by John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry, and used a set of twelve rules that Chambers had written two years earlier, which would then be published as the "Queensberry Rules for the Sport of Boxing." ”, or as they are universally known, Queensberry Rules.

The Queensberry Rules gave rise to modern boxing. There it was established that the boxers had to wear gloves, that the rounds had to last three minutes with a minute of rest between them, the countdown of ten seconds to the fallen boxer and the prohibition to take, push or hug the opponent.

Sullivan vs. Kilrain. I meet in 1889.

The first boxer to win a world title according to these rules was the American Jim Corbett, who defeated John L. Sullivan in 1892 at the "El Pelicano" Athletic Club in New Orleans, United States. With the gradual acceptance of the Marquess of Queensberry's rules, two distinct branches of boxing emerged: professional and amateur. Each of them has produced their own local, national and international regulatory bodies, with their own variations of the rules.

In the 1904 Olympic Games in Saint Louis, United States, boxing was included as an Olympic sport, establishing seven classic categories: heavyweight, middle-heavyweight, welterweight, lightweight, featherweight, bantamweight, and flyweight.

Global dissemination of boxing

“Dempsey and Firpo”, picture of George Wesley Bellows. Luis Angel Firpo was the first Ibero-American to fight for a world title in 1923.

From the end of the XIX century, boxing began to spread in non-Anglo-Saxon countries, mainly in those where there was influence British or American, such as Argentina, Uruguay, Panama, Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, South Africa and Spain. In Ecuador and Mexico the sport is commonly known as box. country. In 1903 the French Federation of Boxing Clubs was organized. In Spain, Barcelona hosted some boxing halls —more willful than scientific— since 1876. In 1903 the Sportsmen's Club was created in Barcelona, in which the French professor Vidal offered boxing exhibitions, and in 1908 his nephew, Jean Vidal, opened a boxing room in the Vila Gymnasium. At that time it was also practiced, on a small scale, in the Basque Country or in the Spanish Gymnastics Society, in Madrid.

In June 1923, with a difference of days, the French Eugene Criqui and the Filipino Pancho Villa, became the first non-Anglo-Saxon world champions, obtaining the featherweight title, the first, and the flyweight title, the second. That same year, Argentine Luis Ángel Firpo fought for the world heavyweight title against champion Jack Dempsey, knocking him out of the ring with one blow, although victory was not awarded. In 1928, the Argentines Arturo Rodríguez Jurado and Víctor Avendaño became the first Ibero-Americans to become world champions by winning the gold medal at the Amsterdam Olympic Games, in the heavyweight and medium-heavyweight categories, respectively. In 1929 the Panamanian Panamanian Al Brown became the first Ibero-American to win a professional world title, when he became the bantamweight champion.

American boxers have dominated world boxing, especially in the heavyweight category, claiming most of the crowns. Of the 115 professional heavyweight title victories from 1885 to the end of 2008, 81 were won by boxers from the United States. Among the most prominent are Jack Dempsey, Joe Louis, Rocky Marciano, Archie Moore (record 141 knockouts), Muhammad Ali, Joe Frazier, George Foreman, Mike Tyson, etc.

The first non-American heavyweight champion was British Bob Fitzsimmons (1889–1905), who first introduced footwork and sideshifting. From then until 1980, there were only four non-U.S. heavyweight champions. Americans: the Canadian Tommy Burns (1908-1915), the German Max Schmeling (1932-1933), the Italian Primo Carnera (1934-1935) and the Swede Ingemar Johansson (1960-1962). In 2001 Puerto Rican John Ruiz became the first Latin American to win the world heavyweight title.

Boxer kangaroo painted in the fuselage of a bomber aircraft (1943-1944).

Other great professional world champions, in the rest of the categories, were: Ricardo López in the straw and fly weights; Johnny Tapia and Khaosai Galaxy at flyweight; Éder Jofre and Pascual Pérez in bantamweight; Gabriel Elorde the featherweights and super featherweights; Kid Chocolate, Julio César Chávez and Manny Pacquiao at super featherweight; Alexis Arguello at super featherweight and lightweight; Kid Pambelé, Wilfred Benítez, Sugar Ray Robinson, Roberto “Mano de Piedra” Durán, Thommy Hearns and Marvin Hagler at welterweight; Jake LaMotta and Carlos Monzón at middleweight; etc.

In amateur boxing, American boxers have also predominated —although less than in professional boxing—, followed by Cubans. In the Olympic boxing medal table, from 1904 to 2008, the following are the top ten positions, according to the number of gold medals obtained: United States (48), Cuba (32), Italy (15), Soviet Union (14), Great Britain (14), Hungary (10), Poland (8), Russia (8), Argentina (7) and South Africa (6). Notable Olympic champions who did not enter professionalism include the Cubans Teófilo Stevenson and Félix Savón, and the Hungarian László Papp, each of them three-time Olympic champions.

Throughout the XX century, new categories were added and their limits modified, extending the range from the one with the lowest weight, the minimum weight or straw, up to the highest weight, the super heavyweight, currently in force.

The length of the fights and assaults have also been modified. In professional boxing, in 1982, the World Boxing Council took the initiative, followed later by the other organizations, to reduce the duration of the title bouts to twelve rounds - before they were fifteen - after the boxer Duk Koo Kim died at result of brain damage sustained in a fight, stopped in the 14th round, against champion Ray "Boom Boom" Mancini.

21st century

Starting in 2019, and already in 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic broke out, affecting the holding of scheduled boxing events, since the limitations arising from health precautions are necessary to prevent contagion, both for main participants, support staff and the public. Preventive measures are taken, and fights are gradually held, during which the referee maintains the use of masks, and the amateur audiences are absent.

Boxing in art and popular culture

Boxing has been part of modern popular culture in several countries, being embodied in songs, in cinematographic works and in other forms and various objects. Representations of boxers have been created in sculptures, and caricatures and posters have been vehicles for the expression of ideas, criticism, or political angles. Artistic paintings have reflected some boxing event, and in philately, various stamp designs have circulated celebrating both the sport and the athlete. Books have been written and magazines have been published. New items have been derived from boxing, such as key rings, toys and video games. In cartoons it has been linked to the kangaroo, and actually kangaroos (and cats) have been donning boxing gloves (there is also an Australian flag bearing the pictogram of a boxing kangaroo). The Netscape Communications Corporation mascot and logo, Mozilla, was originally green and wore boxing gloves.

The anime Hajime no Ippo is about a high school boy who is into boxing and wants to become a professional boxer.

Boxing is also treated (although in a derogatory way) in an episode of the series El Chavo del Ocho. Don Ramón tells Chavo the stories of him as a boxer, and seeing the blow that Chavo gives Quico, he begins to train him. Later, El Chavo shows Quico what he learned, and when he is beaten, he complains to his mother. She and Professor Jirafales decide to confront Don Ramón, considering that he is showing them the anteroom of the asylum .

In 2006 Aimme Mann and Gail Marowitz, as Art Directors, won a Grammy Award for Best Packaging Design for the album cover The Forgotten Arm. forgotten arm" in Spanish) which is illustrated with a close boxing encounter.

See also: Category: Boxing Films and Boxing video games.

Professional boxing and amateur boxing

The Bennett sisters (c. 1913).

During the 17th and 19th centuries, the motivation for boxing matches was money, as fighters competed for the prize, promoters controlled the tickets, and spectators bet on the outcome. The modern Olympic movement revived interest in the amateur sport, and amateur boxing became an Olympic sport in 1904. In its current form, Olympic and other amateur fights are typically limited to three or four rounds, the score being computed by points based on the number of clean blows they have landed regardless of impact, and fighters wear protective head gear, reducing the number of injuries, takedowns, and knockouts.

Professional boxing remains by far the most popular form of the sport globally, although amateur boxing is predominant in Cuba and some former Soviet republics. For most fighters, an amateur career, especially at the Olympics, helps develop skills and gain experience in preparation for a professional career.

Women's Boxing

Main article: Female boxing

Boxers Mary and Loba demonstrate at the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de México.

Although there are precedents from the 18th century century, the sport of boxing, played by women, has taken longer to gain acceptance. and popularity among athletes in many of the countries, affected by mechanisms of prejudice and discrimination, which required famous trials in several countries to guarantee the right of women to practice it.

There are many similarities with men's boxing in terms of technique and dedication of the athlete, although there are also some differences. Women's boxing was part of the 2012 London Olympics, and was inaugurated at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara.

See also: Annex:Boxing in the 2011 Pan American Games#Female flame

Shows outside official regulations. In recent decades, derived from the sport of boxing and separated to an aspect of the spectacle (more than athletic), feminine combats have been carried out not necessarily regulated by sport associations, but more informal, which have been presented mainly to male audiences; these meetings, because they are practically non-regular, can use larger gloves.

Men's Boxing

Boxing practiced by men acquires a traditional character, practically all over the world. Historically, men's boxing has been limited and questioned by the possibility of suffering serious damage by the fighters, a fact that has led to an evolution of the rules in order to protect competitors and minimize the chances of suffering damage.

Since the 1970s, men's boxing has tended to fragment into various international associations, thus severely limiting the possibility of the existence of world champions, generally several world champions coexisting at the same time, according to the association that recognize them.

Amateur Boxing

Amateur boxing in Wales, 1963.

Head protection is mandatory in amateur boxing.

Amateur boxing can be found at the collegiate level, at the Olympic Games, at the World Championships, at the Commonwealth Games, at the Pan American Games, at the Odesur Games and in many other venues regulated by boxing associations amateur. Amateur boxing has a scoring system that measures the number of clean punches landed, rather than physical damage. The matches consist of four rounds of two minutes each in the Olympic Games, the Commonwealth Games, the Pan American Games and the Odesur Games, and three rounds of two minutes each in a national match regulated by the Boxing Association. Amateur or ABA (Amateur Boxing Association), each with a one-minute interval between rounds. It is also known as Olympic boxing.

Competitors wear headgear and gloves with a knuckle stripe, which is the overall hitting surface commonly identified as white. A punch is considered a scoring blow only when the boxers connect with the white portion of the gloves. Each hit that lands on the head or torso earns one point. A referee monitors the fight to ensure that the contestants use only legal blows (a belt across the torso represents the low limit of blows: any boxer landing a low blow [below the belt] is disqualified). Refereeing also ensures that fighters do not use locking techniques that prevent the opponent from swinging, if this occurs the referee separates the fighters and orders them to continue boxing.

The scoring of the fights is taken by five judges, but in cases where the indicated amount is not available for a contest, then three judges carry out the task; this exception is not applicable to Olympic or international meets.

Repeated grabbing can result in the boxer being penalized and ultimately disqualified. The referees will stop the fight if the fighter is seriously injured, if one boxer is significantly dominating the other, or if the score is heavily biased. Non-professional fights that end this way may be referred to as: "Referee Stopped Contest" (RSC, referee stopped contest), "Outclassed Opponent" (RSCO). /i>), “Highest marker of the opponent” (RSCOS, outscored opponent), “Injury” (RSCI, injury) or “Head wound” ( RSCH, head injury).

Professional Boxing

Main article: Professional boxing

A professional boxing fight between Takeshi Paul Fuji and Nicolino Locche (Tokio, 1968), hit 15 rounds of 3 minutes c/u.

Bouts in professional boxing are generally much longer than fights in amateur boxing. Bouts are typically fought in the ten to twelve round range, although four rounds fought are common for less experienced fighters and sport group boxers. In addition, professional bouts of two or three rounds take place, especially in Australia. In the early 20th century, it was common for fights to go on for an unlimited number of rounds, ending only when one boxer chose to retire., thus benefiting high-energy boxers like Jack Dempsey.

Fifteen rounds remained the recognized international limit for championship fights for most of the XX century, this was It lasted until 1980, when the championship matches were cut to twelve rounds to improve the protection of the participants. Headgear is not allowed in professional matches, and boxers are generally allowed to take much more punishment before the fight is stopped. Although at any time, the referee can stop the match, if he believes that one of the participants cannot defend himself due to injury. In that case, the other contestant gets a TKO victory.

A technical knockout is also defined as a bout in which a boxer receives a blow that causes a cut that the doctor determines is dangerous. For this reason, boxers often employ cutmen ( cutmen ), whose job it is to treat the boxer between rounds so that he can continue despite a cut.. If a boxer simply decides not to continue fighting, or if his corner stops the fight, then the winning boxer is also credited with the TKO victory. Unlike amateur boxing, professional male boxers have to bare their chests.

Maximum weight limit in the categories of amateur boxing
	Senior and Junior	Senior and Junior Women
	Kilos	Libras	Kilos	Libras
Lightweight fly	47	105.82	46	101.41
Fly weight	51	112.44	48	105.82
Weight rooster	54	119.05	51	112.44
Weight feather	57	125.66	54	119.05
Light weight	60	132.28	57	125.66
Lightweight battery weight	64	141.10	60	132.28
Weight wélter	66.678	147	64	141.10
Superwélter weight	69	154	69.853	154
Average weight	75	165.35	69	152.12
Semi-weight weight	81	178,57	75	165.35
Heavy weight	91	200.62	81	178,57
Overweight weight	No limit	No limit	No limit	No limit
Source: Technical and Competition Regulations. Appendix C: terminology for weight categories and weight range, International Amateur Boxing Association.

Rules

Boxing arbitrator, person responsible for enforcing the rules of procedure during combat.

A typical boxing match consists of fighting a set number of rounds each lasting 3 minutes. The most common is that there are between 9 to 12 rounds having a minute of margin to rest between the end of one round and the next.

This match is regulated by a referee who is the mediator and the one who is in communication with the judges and the conduct of the fighters so that the fight is as clean as possible.

In matches between boxers, it is ideal for a fight to be considered “fair”, that is, that the athletic character is maintained with the quality of thorough competition that a sporting spectacle that is practiced worldwide provides, although in many fights this is not the case. really demonstrated; therefore, observing the boxing rules is of crucial importance to the sport.

Up to three judges may be present in the ring to score each round and assign points to the boxers. The number of points is determined by hits, defense, holding and others. This can and has given rise to controversial situations where one of the players has been able to feel "robbed"; of victory thinking that he had performed better. Each boxer is assigned a corner in the ring where he is escorted out by his trainer and a trusted second to support the fighter. At the end of each round, the players must return to the corners they were assigned at the beginning.

The ultimate goal to win the match is to have as many points as possible. The decision of the judges may be unanimous or there may be disagreement. Other ways to win is that the boxer leaves his opponent Knockout which will need to be analyzed if the reason for the knockout was the complete knockdown or if he slipped or slipped. This will be decided by the referee.

The regulations state that in the event of a knockout the referee must count to ten for a knockout to be official. (There have also been cases of a "Technical Knockout" that have been decided by third parties such as the combat doctor to guarantee the integrity of the boxer)

The regulation concisely specifies the prohibited points and details the punishable scenarios in sport -whether professional or amateur (amateur), whether male or female. These prohibited points would be hitting below the waist, spitting, grabbing, biting or pushing. The boxing shorts are raised so that the opponent cannot hit the groin. It is also prohibited to kick, hit with the head or with another part of the body that is not the clenched fists covered by the boxing gloves. Hits from behind or to the head, neck or kidneys are also prohibited.

The referee uses sign language to signal fouls during the fight.

In general, some of the actions that are not allowed in a boxing match can be listed:

Hit the back or back of the head.
Kick, step or bite the opponent.
Hold, catch or squeeze the arms, hip or neck of the rival.
Turn your back on the opponent, and refuse combat.
Stumble, throw, grab or beat the thighs and/or legs of the rival.
Hit under the belt level to the groin (low coup).
Giving heads, elbows, or beatings with your shoulder intentionally.
Use open-hand bumps, or put your fingers in the eye.
The blows with the reverse side of the hand will be allowed as long as it does not hit the arm.
The jumping blows are legal while the opponent is not beaten with another limb.
Make use of other objects other than regulatory gloves, to hit.
Get down the belt line.

If any of these rules are breached, they will become faults that will fall on the player who has committed them and may lead to warnings, deduction of points or directly the disqualification of the boxer directly losing the fight. The most common way to get disqualified is to intentionally attempt any of the listed fouls.

Fights

American announcer Jimmy Lennon Jr.

Boxing matches are emphasized by the announcer, who is in charge of mentioning the name of the boxers, their nationality, the clothing they are wearing and identifies them, the weight and size of each one. As well as the number of rounds for which the fight is agreed, and say if the fight is friendly or if there is a title at stake. He also mentions the name of the referee and the three boxing judges, and takes it upon himself to say the number of the rounds starting from the first to the last.

At the end of the fight, the announcer will say the score given by each of the judges (in case of no knockout), announce the victory by "knockout" or "technical knockout". It will also mention the name of the winner, or if the fight ended in a draw.

Commonly, from the second assault and to inform the public one or an assistant uses a sign indicating the consecutive number of the assault that is going to be carried out.

Pre-combat

Silueta of a boxer coming out of the tunnel.

Weight: all the fugitives to participate in the planned fight, must present themselves in advance and be heavy and must have the established weight according to the category that corresponds to them. Whoever a boxer does not enter the established weight range will cost you not to qualify for the event. The weight of each is then recorded.
Jewelry: the boxers must fight without jewelry, so the arbitration staff will be responsible for ensuring, in their possibility, that neither necklaces or bracelets, nor buckles or any other object is present, including any weight or illegal object that can be hidden in the gloves.
An ointment: the application of some oily or fatty ointment on the body, and particularly on the eyebrows and the rest of the face of the boxer, is common, as it is an element that facilitates the slipping of the gloves.
Heating: each boxer on his own (and in his own way), will prefer to prepare himself physically and mentally before the event; before the fight, they may prefer to heat the muscles (singling, body temperature elevation and a general stretch) of the body, including the neck muscles. They may have received a general or local activator massage in the thighs, calves, back, shoulders and the trapeze muscle, or they will practice simulating several blows to the air, combinations, fintas and amagues. To stay alert, they usually continue with small leap shifts, and they also get used to covering the pugil with a robe while approaching the quadrilateral.

Raids

The fight is divided into episodes, which are called rounds. The number of these is determined by the type of event it is. The time for each of these is also limited, say three minutes each. Episodes are separated by a one minute long clustering period.

The 1894 meeting between Leonard and Cushing. Six rounds of one minute each were recorded with a quinetoscope. In the last round Cushing is knocked.

Pacted boxing fight at 20 5-minute c/u rounds,^{[chuckles]required]} which occurred in the Lustgarten in Berlin, the cathedral (1924).

The boxing matches began with no limitation of rounds and no time limit and without the use of gloves; later they continued to be carried out with the mandatory use of gloves (until today), but without limitation of assaults and without a time limit. They continued to 20 rounds of 5 min. each, and then 15 rounds of 3 min. each Currently the world and continental championships are held in 12 rounds of 3 min. each; the championships with a national title at stake are 10 rounds of 3 min. each, and bouts without a title at stake or with a lesser title are held in 4, 6, 8 or 10 rounds (all 3 min. each), as agreed.

In professional boxing, rounds in professional bouts last 3 minutes. In amateur boxing, until December 31, 2008, the fights are carried out in 4 rounds of 2 minutes each. Due to a reform of the regulations carried out in 2008, the number of rounds and the duration of each one is the following:

Senior males: 3 rounds of 3 minutes each (vigent from 1/1/2009)
Senior Women: 4 rounds of 2 minutes each (vigent from 1/1/2009)
Junior males: 4 rounds of 2 minutes each
Junior women: 3 rounds of 2 minutes each
Cadets: 3 rounds of 2 minutes each
Women cadets: 3 rounds of 11⁄2 minutes each (vigent from 1/1/2009)

In some professional shows, prior to the episode, and during the rest period, the number of the round is marked with a sign indicating the next round with a number visible to the public; this is generally carried by an aide-de-camp on the ring, covering its inner periphery.

Evolution

The following table shows the evolution of the number of rounds in boxing throughout history and the duration of these, and according to the title at stake.

The infinity symbol (∞) means unlimited or unlimited, to the opponent's fall.

Number of assaults	Time limit for c/u of assaults	Title in game	Use of gloves	Vigent
∞	∞	Global title	No.	No.
∞	∞	Global title	Yes.	No.
20	5 minutes	Global title	Yes.	No.
15	3 minutes	Global title	Yes.	No.
12	3 minutes	Global title Continental title	Yes.	Yes.
10	3 minutes	National title Minority title No title at play	Yes.	Yes.
8	3 minutes	Minority title No title at play	Yes.	Yes.
6	3 minutes	Minority title No title at play	Yes.	Yes.
4	3 minutes	Minority title No title at play	Yes.	Yes.

Knockdown

Intervention of arbitration when Ingemar Johansson nominates Floyd Pattersson to become the fullweight world champion. (26 June 1956).

During the battle time limit in the round, a boxer can either knock down or be knocked down. A fighter can deliver a strong enough blow, one well placed, or a blow that has taken an opponent without good footing and has thereby caused him to lose his balance or momentarily lose consciousness resulting in him falling, this will result in the referee or referee applying the guard count. There have been occasions where both boxers have been dropped to the canvas simultaneously.

Protection Count

During the course of a round, if there is a blow that knocks down the opponent, the latter has the right to a protection count, which means that for several seconds - openly indicated by the refereeing staff - there will be no blows or stalking until the Fighter indicates that he is ready to continue. But the count has a limit, for example ten seconds counted and illustrated with the fingers by the referee, so if the count is complete, and the boxer has not recovered, then the victory of the fight will be awarded to the fighter who imposed the count. devastating blow.

However, the fact that the knocked down boxer gets up before the countdown period ends does not guarantee that the event will continue, it is not enough that the athlete physically sits up, but rather that his mental state, that his eyesight is not loss, or that he has suffered serious injuries are factors that the arbitration weighs when deciding the continuation of the fight. If necessary, doctors evaluate the boxer's current condition, an accepted opinion to either stop or continue the event.

Knockout

Main article: Nocaut

Nocaut is characterized by a temporary loss of consciousness.

In rounds, whenever a boxer receives a blow that knocks him out, often due to loss of consciousness, it is called a knockout (K.O., knockout) and is out of the fight. The knockout is one of the most spectacular (and controversial) episodes in a boxing show, and it is decisive in the outcome of a fight, since the boxer who is knocked out loses the fight. The controversy encompasses being synonymous with losing consciousness. Knock-out (K.O.) occurs when the count has reached the limit and the boxer has not recovered.

There are technical knockouts, which also decide who is the winner. This type of knockout occurs when one of the two fighters no longer responds to the other's attacks and the referee stops the fight, also if one of the combatants does not want to fight anymore and surrenders, turning his back on the opponent or not coming out. to fight for the next round.

Win by decision

A winner is declared.

Boxing judges, charged with declaring the winner by decision in the event of no seizure, after having completed all the assaults.

If the fight runs through all the agreed rounds and one of the boxers was not knocked out of the fight or disqualified, then the contested bout will be decided by the total count of points that each fighter scored in each of the rounds. assaults. In other words, in each round a boxer will possibly have performed better than his opponent; this means that the event referees will have observed the quality of each fighter's fight and will have credited the fighter with points depending on the accuracy of his punches, the number of punches, the efficiency of his punches, the boxer's has maintained a sporty and competitive attitude, etc. The annotations that the judges will have made on their cards will indicate the score that they have accredited to each boxer and his qualifications will be indicated to the referee of the event who will read the results to declare the winner. If there are three judges and each one observes that a boxer had a better fight, the decision will be considered unanimous.

The Quadrilateral

The quadrilateral with access steps. White neutral machines.

In contemporary boxing, the fighting area is often referred to as "the ring" because of the shape of its main surface, although the English word ring is commonly and officially used. It is a platform that has been structured to allow the fight to be seen by the public; the platform provides height to the event, and it is not exaggeratedly raised but -roughly- it can be at chest or shoulder level of the people who are standing next to it, for example technical observers. Its construction must be safe and level, and the main surface must not present any obstacles.

Anything goes in boxing rings.

The canvas or ring

Another perspective of an unconventional training quadrilateral. Note the small size.

Apart from the designation of the material, the surface where the fight takes place is called canvas, that is, the surface on which the boxers move. In a basic form, this is the natural color of the textile fabric, and in a more sophisticated way it can be blue, and depending on the event, it can be used as a promotional, marketing and advertising medium. The floor covering must be of an approved material, such as felt, or one that has elasticity such as rubber. The material must be stretched and fixed. It is also called "ring" (English for "ring") because it was originally circular.

In boxing matches, the canvas takes on regulatory importance, since being knocked out and being knocked down on the canvas after a protection count established by the arbitration will result in defeat for the fighter if he did not recover and victory at boxer who imposed the punishment. Therefore, staying on the canvas is equivalent to losing the match. One of the essential measures to continue a fight is that the boxers remain on their feet.

One way to stop a fight momentarily is to drop to one knee; this will indicate to the referee that the boxer has requested that the fight be stopped for some reason.

Stairs

According to amateur boxing rules, there must be three ladders around the ring: one in each corner assigned to the boxers, where they and their support team can climb, plus a ladder in a neutral corner, where referees and doctors can access the fighting area.

The corners

Attention and rest (1955).

Since the combat zone is a ring, one corner is assigned to one combatant, and the opposite corner is assigned to the other fighter. These corners are the areas that represent the boxer's regrouping during the rest period, say one minute, between rounds. It is also where the athlete's support team is applied to attend to his injuries, offer water and advice. The corner team is of great importance in the course of the match, since they know the boxer, have often followed him since his training, and can offer technical adjustments in combat and defense because they see the development of the fight from outside the ropes.

The support team can be made up of the head coach, the assistant coach and a paramedic in charge of closing the wounds and stopping the bleeding.

At the end of the round, it is common for a bench to be raised for the boxer to sit down and rest briefly and make it easier to attend to; when the boxer returns to attend the next round, the seat (and any other objects) is removed to leave the area free. In modern designs, the seat is attached to the corner post which also provides the axis of rotation for it to be positioned or removed by rotating it on its axis.

Throw in the towel

From the corner, the support team can throw in the towel if they deem it prudent for the fighter's care; this means that the trainer can stop the fight completely the moment he throws in his towel, (which is usually white) or sponge, to signal arbitration of this decision. So the phrase "throw in the towel" is equivalent to giving up.

The decision to throw in the towel towards the center of the canvas, and therefore immediately stop the fight by accepting defeat, rests with the prudence of the boxer's support team, and is a decision that is respected and upheld as final result despite the fact that the participating boxer does not agree with it.

Stopping the fight can prevent irreparable damage to the boxer.

The Strings

Olympian quadrilateral. (JJ. OO. of Atlanta 1996).

One of the characteristics of the modern quadrilateral is the use of ropes that limit its perimeter. The ropes indicate the regulatory area for boxing, and provide a certain degree of security to the athletes since the match is on a platform. The ropes are lined, sometimes sporting solid colors. They are positioned parallel to each other, and there are four, or three, of them per side. The diameter of these is also limited in a range of thickness; they are between 3 and 5 centimeters for amateur boxing competitions.

The use of the ropes during a boxing match becomes strategic depending on the defense and attack. A downed fighter may seek to support his back on the ropes during an attack by his opponent, or take cover by covering his back on a corner post and hope that the nearby ropes will hinder the blows. Therefore, the use of the phrase "being against the ropes" is indicative of an adversary and disadvantageous situation.

In the past, the use of strings was more limited. Initially without strings, and later with three, or less, much looser than those used in the XXI century; between the corners, the strings display stiffeners that help maintain a more consistent string spacing.

String distance: 70 cm / 70 cm / 70 cm / 70 cm.

The bell

Each round is time limited, and boxers are prompted to start the round and to conclude each round and stop punching immediately upon hearing the sound of a bell. It is common for boxers to be warned in advance 10 seconds before the bell rings. The metallic tone of the bell is perceived by ringing, generally, only once on each occasion. The bell is rung by one of the judges or refereeing staff, so they are not present inside the ring but around it. It is incorrect to continue the shots after hearing the bell. The bell ringer is not only metallic, but there are also electronic signals.

Clothing and personal protection

Oral protector.
Low or inguinal protector.
Boxing bandages for hands.
Pair of gloves with velcro (izq.) and pair of guantillas with spring (dcha.).

Indumentary of amateur boxing.

The outfit to be used during a fight depends largely on the type of fight it is, that is, if it is a professional event or not. In amateur sports, a mask is used to protect the head, as well as a T-shirt.

Among other accessories of boxing sportswear are:

Mouth protection piece.
Calcetas.
Support belt.
Medical shell. Protection for testicles, inguinal protector.
Bata. This is part of the costume before and after the event.

Gloves

Main article: Boxing gloves

The gloves of Muhammad Ali.

If historically the boxing event was bare-fisted, now practicing the sport in a regulated manner dictates the use of gloves, which provide a degree of cushioning.

Glove manufacturing has evolved, and sometimes the materials used have changed. Cow or goat skin has been used for the making, and straw or horse hair has been used for padding. Synthetic materials are commonly used. The materials used affect the toughness or protection of the gloves.

One of the purposes of gloves is to protect the knuckles. Regular boxing gloves look like a pair of puffy gloves, and are tied around the wrists on the inside of the forearm. There are gloves that instead of having laces have velcro.

There are many different brands of gloves, manufactured by various companies, and are offered in a variety of colors. Of the points to keep in mind is the weight of these, if they are professionally made, if they are approved according to the regulations to be followed, if they are for practice or if they are for derivative games and outside the Olympic sport.

Fighters wrap their fists and wrists before donning gloves. Since professional gloves are held in place by being tightened with laces located on the inside of the wrist, the fighter is assisted in both putting on and taking off the gloves.

Pants

The two contestants wear boxing shorts distinctive to each other. This is important as it is a way to differentiate the rivals and thus the judges can more easily attribute the score correctly according to their performance.

The shorts or "short pants" they can be satin and showy colors; some boxers prefer to include some distinctive or unique design. With the times and fashions, clothing has changed.

In contemporary boxing, this garment has an elastic girdle as a spring that holds it to the boxer; the belt line becomes a delimiter of the areas to be contacted in combat, that is to say that the blows must be kept towards the upper part of it, so a low blow is not allowed and is sanctioned.

Shoes

Sticking the holes with bandages.

Sneakers used by contemporary boxers provide ankle support, so the fit of the boots covers them, since their height can reach the calves. They are light enough not to impede skillful movement, and their sole provides enough traction on the mat. They are fastened by laces, and are presented in white or in different colors and various models. Some boxers have used the striking decoration of these as a form of distraction to the opponent. In addition to footwear, a good foot posture is essential for a successful boxing technique, as it gives mobility, stability and allows you to generate greater power.

Fitness

Main article: Physical condition

Jumping the rope. Essential training of resistance and coordination in boxing.

Training heads, important in training.

If the practice of any sport requires preparation, in boxing the care of the boxer is more important due to the harshness of the sport. The person who wants to practice boxing must take into account a series of care for her body, both physical and mental. As the sport requires, any activity harmful to health must be avoided: the habit of tobacco and alcohol, since these reduce the condition at the time of training or when a fight is carried out.

Diet: the seriousness of attending to sports by the athlete will take you to monitor your diet and your eating habits, as eating food and liquids and digestion time are factors to be taken into account before the fights, as it will affect weight, and performance. The consumption of carbohydrates, a proper intake of salts and potassium, and the proper hydration of the body are fundamental when balancing the planned diet of the pugil, which should ensure the most convenient results for each boxer.

Training: to start boxing training, a long period of physical preparation is required, learning to breathe. It starts running trying to make it an early hour and by places with trees and rough terrain. The first few weeks can run between 2 and 4 km, accompanied and breathing through the nose, or jumping snare/to the comba with a certain rhythm and time. In addition to exercising the strength resistance or basic force through various self-loading exercises (or with the body itself), And a long period of substantiation or technical improvement (such as: taking on the position of guard, hitting, blocking/covering passively and actively, and how to fit some of the hits) and tactical (such as: moving, snuffing, performing fintas (s segmentary body movement of neck, fake shoulders, or hips)

Complementary exercises can be carried out for the arms, wrists, neck and trunk in order to condition them, to the harshness of combat, and carry out small “sprints”, in times not exceeding one minute that They will gradually lengthen in distance or intensity. Likewise, in successive weeks, the total distance to be covered will gradually increase by means of continuous trotting. Efforts will be made not to be exhausting, adjusting to the physical condition and sporting experience of the boxer. All this because boxing requires both explosiveness and stamina.

Once the race is over, they will go to the gym, where technical (quality of gesture) - tactical (displacement) exercises will be practiced with the various apparatus, such as the pear, the crazy pear, the sack and the rope.

In the same way, numerous blank combats or "sparring" will gradually be included in the training, against different opponents similar to the rival to be faced.

Boxing is an explosive sport with a high demand for anaerobic and aerobic work, where it is recommended to fundamentally train the capacities of: speed, resistance force, resistance to explosive force, and aerobic resistance; Being able to train them in the gym taking into account the method of technical - tactical repetitions, the continuous method, or the interval method; which contemplate various controls such as RM percentages (maximum % repetitions, depending on the type of force to be developed) in complementary work with weights, or HR percentages (or % heart rate under which to train the base resistance, or specific), the number of repetitions per series, the rest time and the speed of execution. There are also other complementary work methods depending on the preparation period in which the athlete is, such as plyometrics, various coordination games, with or without implements, or through the circuit method, which is widely used in various combat sports.

Health benefits

As an active and dynamic sport, boxing offers the following benefits:

The fat burn.
Increased muscle tone.
It strengthens the bones and ligaments.
Increased cardiovascular fitness.
Better muscle performance.
Greater nucleus stability.
Greater strength and power.
The relief of stress.
Better coordination and body awareness.
Greater confidence and self-esteem.

With a careful and thoughtful approach, boxing can be very beneficial to your health. For example, Gemma Ruegg, a regional two-weight champion from Bournemouth in Dorset, boxed throughout her pregnancy and returned to the ring three weeks after giving birth to her daughter. Previously, boxing helped her get rid of alcohol addiction and depression.

Team

Assisted training; note the trainer's glovelets.

Head protector, or head protector.

Since heavy and repeated punches are carried out in boxing, precautions must be taken to prevent damage to the bones of the hand. Most trainers do not allow boxers to spar without hand and wrist wraps and boxing gloves. Bandages (wraps) are used to secure the bones of the hand, and gloves are used to protect the hands from dry wounds, allowing boxers to throw punches with greater force than if they were not wearing them.

Gloves have been mandatory in competition since the late 19th century, although modern boxing gloves are heavier than boxing gloves. which were worn by boxers of the early XX century. Before a fight, both boxers agree on the weight of gloves to be used in the fight, with the understanding that lighter gloves allow heavy punchers to deal more damage. The brand of the gloves can also affect the impact of the blows, so this is also stipulated before the match.

There are several types of boxing gloves as well as helmets, bandages, mouthpieces... It is very important that we know each one of them before using ourselves in the practice of boxing. Thus, to hit a punching bag we will use gloves; to practice sparring we will use gloves with more ounces; and to compete we will use lighter gloves.

Boxer Ricky Hatton training with the rib, or punching bag.

Boxers practice their skills on two basic types of punching bags. A small teardrop-shaped “fast” punching bag is used to build reflexes and repetitive hitting skills, while a “heavy” cylindrical bag, stuffed with rags, foam rubber, leatherette, or one substituted with padding Synthetic, it is used to practice power punches and body shots. In addition to these particular pieces of equipment, boxers also use more general training equipment to increase strength, speed, and agility. Training equipment commonly includes: free weights, rowing machines, jump rope, and medicine balls.

Head protectors are mandatory in amateur boxing and worn by professionals when fighting in training to protect against cuts, scrapes and swelling.

The pear

The pear.

The pear, also known in English as the punching ball, is one of the most outstanding devices in training; With its practice, good arm speed and great precision in the blows are achieved. The device itself is like a pear-shaped ball. It is hung from a table at its narrowest part and in such a way that it is at eye level. As a result of the punch, the pear hits the table, rebounding in any direction. The boxer must master the movements of this apparatus with ease and precision.

The crazy pear

Training with the pear

This device, more like a ball, is kept attached to both the ceiling and the floor by some rubber straps, which makes it highly mobile and, when hit, returns violently. Practicing with this apparatus gives the boxer a good reaction and tactical adaptation or movements in the attack or counterattack. This exercise must be performed on the balls of the feet and always turning around the device, pretending to go around the opponent.

The punching bag, or bag

Main article: Boxing coat

Boxing sac with human form or BOB that allows to focus on the vulnerable areas of the rival.

The sack is a canvas bag lined with leather, which is filled with cotton, foam rubber, leatherette or rags. Its size is about 50 centimeters in diameter and 80 centimeters high. It is suspended from the ceiling, in such a way that it resembles an adversary and allows it to be easily hit. Provides hardness in the blow.

Mirror and others

Another very useful tool is the mirror. In it, the fighter can observe himself and study his guard, correcting the gaps that form when launching any blow. In addition to the improper placement of the feet. Other forms included in a complete training session can be the use of one's own shadow and the silhouette produced by the athlete, and sparring matches, or practice matches where an assistant coach helps to simulate the rival to find in future combat.

Technique and tactics

Learning to Box (1936).

Animation that shows a boxer practicing with his shadow.

Boxing has many styles, there are boxers who are punchers, technicians, punchers, defensive, counter-offensive, etc., counting on a large baggage of "techniques", whose learning and improvement requires many hours of work in the gym.

These techniques are oriented both to protect oneself, to move within the ring and to execute each one of the blows assuming in general that it is essential to learn a good technique if you really want to progress in training, and if you wants to put on a good show.

In general, you start by learning the “basic guard” position, which implies knowing how to stand perfectly well, with the left foot forward and the right foot slightly back (for right-handers), and slightly open. Maintaining a good foot posture as much as possible is essential, due to the balance and support that this represents.

The position of the torso should be tucking in the stomach and slightly hunched over, with the left hand at the level of the cheekbones and the right at the level of the chin. The left hand will be more advanced than the right, (one tries hard not to lower the hands, as it is a main defense and versatile protection) with the elbows slightly closed, to protect the stomach, and move them to protect the kidneys and liver. Finally, the shoulder that is in front should always be higher, protecting the chin that is almost attached to it.

Orthodox guard and general body posture.

To walk or move, the feet should not be together, crossed, or in a straight line, since the right foot is the support foot, and if they come together, or are poorly positioned, balance is lost, and movement must also to be on the balls of the feet.

To move forward, first the left foot is forward, and then the right, always without joining them. Conversely for the kick, the right foot moves first and then the left - always for right-handed boxers. For lateral displacement: to the right, first the right and to the left first the left, always without joining the feet.

The blows are directed towards the opponent's body, face and head. They are classified, according to the trajectory that the arm travels in straight or curved and in turn can be ascending, descending or parallel to the ground. And even descendants.

Each hit has its name and basically they are:

the jab,
the Crusade, Direct or cross,
the uppercut or hook ,
the crochet or horizontal hook and
the swing or Volea.

Its effectiveness at the moment of impact depends on the coordination of all the muscles and bones of the body that intervene in its execution, the speed of the fighter and the translation of the weight towards the fist that is hitting.

For example, the blow called "direct" or "cross" must be directed towards the opponent's chin, turning the tip of the foot inwards depending on the hand with which it is thrown (right with right and left with left). rotating the waist, the back and tucking the shoulder (indications change for left-handed people).

Blows

There are four basic types of punches in boxing: jab, cross / cross or straight, >hook or uppercut, and crochet. If a boxer is right-handed (orthodox), his left hand is in the lead, while his right is in the rear position. For a southpaw boxer, the positions are the opposite of the above. For an illustrative example, the following discussion starts from the perspective of a right-handed fighter:

Jab or percutante left blow
Crusade, cross (Right.or Direct
Crochet or horizontal hook
Uppercut or ascending hook
Jab

Jab - A quick and direct punch, thrown with the front hand from the guard position. The jab is accompanied by a small rotation of the torso and the hip, in the sense of the clock needles, while the fist rotates 90 degrees, acquiring a horizontal punch line on the knuckles at the time of impact. As the punch reaches its greatest magnitude, the shoulder in front stands before the chin protecting it. The hand in the back position remains by the face to protect the jaw. After impacting the target, the front hand quickly retracts to retake the guard position ahead of the face. The jab it is recognized as the most important blow in the existence of a boxer, because it provides a fair amount of its own guard capacity and leaves very little room to receive a punch from the opponent. It has a longer reach than any other punch and does not require greater effort or weight transfer. Because of its relatively weak power, the jab is a percussant blow, that is to say faster than powerful and is usually used to keep the distance with the opponent, test the defense of this, intimidate him, and prepare heavier and stronger blows. You can add an interval, moving the whole body with the blow, for additional power. Some featured boxers who have been able to develop relative power in their jabs and use it to punish, fatigue or weaken your opponents to some extent, have been Larry Holmes and Wladimir Klitschko.

Cross / Direct or Crusade - This is a strong and direct punch executed with the hand in the back position. From the guard position, the rear hand moves from the chin, crosses the body and directs to the opponent's face. The back shoulder stands before and ends by spraying the outside of the chin. At the same time, the hand in the front position retracts and stands in front of the face to protect the inside of the chin. For greater impact, the torso and the hip rotate in the opposite direction of the clock needles at the time the clock is executed cross. There is also a weight transfer from the back foot that is in the previous position, causing the reverse heel to roll out, and thus get it to act as a fulcro for weight transfer. Like the jab, you can also take an intermediate step. After implementation cross, the hand pulls back quickly and the guard position is taken up. It can be used to counteract the effect of a jab, head or opponent's body, or prepare a hook. The cross can also follow a jab, giving rise to the classic combination of “one-two.” This coup also receives the name “direct”, “right” or “right”.

Crochet - A semicircular punch, also called a horizontal hook, is executed with the hand in the front position and is directed at the head of the opponent. From the position of guard, the elbow is pulled back with the fist horizontally (the knuckles above), and takes a curviline position. The adverse hand stands before the jaw firmly to protect the chin. The torso and the hip rotate in the sense of the clock, propelling the fist in the shape of an arch adjusted towards the front of the body and connecting with the white. At the same time, the foot in front position gives a twist on the front of the foot, turning the left heel out. After impact, the circular crochet path ends abruptly and the front hand quickly retracts to the guard position. A crochet can also impact on the lower area of the body, being even more interesting here the goal of the liver and kidneys, so this strategy often receives the denomination of “ragon” or “rip.”, to differentiate from crochet conventional to the head. Crochet can also be executed with hand in back position.

Left or ascending hook uppercut.

Uppercut - Also called ascending hook. A vertical and upward punch that runs with the hand in a back position. From the standpoint, the torso is placed right, the rear hand falls below the chest level of the opponent, and the knees are narrowly arched. From this position, the rear hand moves in an ascending direction in the form of arc towards the chin or the torso of the contrender. Simultaneously, the knees are erected quickly, and the torso and hip rotate in the opposite direction of the needles of the clock, carrying the heel back out, achieving simulate the arched body movement of the clock. cross. The strategic utility of uppercut depends on the ability of impulse to the adversary's body, giving rise to a series of successive unbalanced attacks. The uppercut right followed by another left hook, is a quite powerful combination.

These different types of punches which can be executed in quick succession to form combinations or “combos”. The most common combination is the jab with the cross (or crossed), known as the “one-two”. It is usually an effective combination, because the jab blocks the opponent's view, or hits him, or distracts him, facilitating the impact of the second blow in a cleaner and more focused way.

Defensive Positions

There are several defensive or guard positions used in boxing. A completely passive defense is considered a fault. Within each style, there are considerable variations between combatants, as some may hold their hands higher to further protect their head, while others keep their hands lower at trunk height to provide better protection against body attacks.

Many vary their defensive style throughout combat to suit the situation at hand, choosing the most appropriate position to protect themselves. Boxers using an orthodox stance protect their chin with the rear hand at the low point, and the front hand at chin or nose level.

Regarding the position of the jaw, it is a good practice to use the shoulders as lateral protections, that is, the level of the shoulders and the height of the jaw can be maintained, so that the jaw does not It is so exposed to side blows. And in the event of receiving lateral blows to the jaw, the side of the jaw can be pressed against one of the shoulders as a way of stopping the head from lateral movement induced by the blow.

There are several basic maneuvers to evade or block blows.

Slide
Move your head
Block
Cover
Open
Reposition
Get away

Peek-a-boo

Guard of “scissors” or Peek-a-boo.

In the Peek-a-boo stance, sometimes known as the “ear flaps,” the hands are placed at the sides of the head, and in front of the face, with the elbows tucked in firmly inwards. the body.

This defensive style teaches the boxer how to box the opponent's punches, after he gains experience he can decide whether to change or vary his guard. This style of guard makes use of the size of the gloves, to protect himself. And it's halfway in terms of damage reduction from counterpunching / counters and from direct hits. A boxer can counter this guard but it is difficult. However, there have been boxers who can do this very well. This defense covers the combatant well, but the trunk is neglected. The hooks received can damage the hands and the blows are reached behind the elbows. This guard style, with a lot of endurance, was used by Mike Tyson, in the middle distance, being a knockout boxer.

Armed Cross or French Guard

Orthodox guard of English boxing.

In this guard position, the forearms are placed on top of each other, horizontally in front of the face with the glove of one arm being at the top of the elbow of the other arm. This style is greatly varied when the rear hand (right for an orthodox fighter and left for a southpaw) is raised vertically. This style is the most effective at reducing headline damage. The only head punch that a fighter is susceptible to is a "jab" to the top of the head. The body is open, but most fighters who use this style curve and lean to protect the body, but while upright and unaltered the body is there to be hit. This position is very difficult to counterpunch from, but it virtually eliminates all of the main damage.

Philly Shell, Hitman or guard crab

Here the leading arm (left for an orthodox fighter and right for a southpaw) is placed across the torso usually somewhere between the navel and the chest while the hand of the same arm rests on the opposite side of the torso of the combatant The rear hand is placed on the side of the face (right for orthodox fighters and left side for lefties).

The leading shoulder is pulled in tight against the side of the face. This style is used by fighters as a "counter punch". To execute this defense a fighter must be very athletic and experienced. This style is so effective for "counter-punching" because it allows combatants to evade blows by rotating and lowering their upper body and generating attacks that disorient the combatant. After the first blow confuses, the back hand is in perfect position to hit his misplaced opponent.

Shoulder tilt is used in this pose. To execute the shoulder tilt the fighter rotates and crouches as his opponent's punch is coming towards him and then rotates back towards his opponent as he is bringing his hand back. The fighter will deliver a rear hand punch while he is rotating towards his defenseless opponent.

The weakness to this style is that when a combatant is stationary and not rotating, they are open to being hit, so a combatant must be athletic and well trained to effectively execute this style. To beat fighters using this style, opponents use the jab continuously to numb their opponent's shoulder and arm to the point of immobilizing them.

Strategy

Before starting the fight, a general plan or strategy must be prepared for the optimal development of the fight, be it offensive or defensive, managing technical-tactical resources and energy, or the way to distribute them during the evening.

Another very important factor is the psychological aspect, which you have to know how to regulate at all times. The first rounds of a fight are generally dedicated to the study of the opponent; Paying attention to the form, the most suitable way to win the fight is configured.

The inexperienced boxer has no other recourse than to participate in several fights, against several rivals of different characteristics to increase and broaden their knowledge. However, there are some general guidelines when fighting according to the rival.

In their simplest approaches, these can be:

If you fight with a higher rival, we will try to raise the fight by getting into your ground and avoiding the fight away, where, due to its larger dimensions, you will dominate us safely, due to its wide range of arms. It will also be sought to hit the body.
If, on the contrary, combat occurs with an enemy of less height, the use of the fight will be planned at a distance, taking advantage of its lower reach of the arms.
If the fight takes place with a left-handed, it is convenient to leave the initiative in the attack, trying to dodge on the right side and hit the right fist.
When the rival is a Fajar, that is to say that it finances (uses bodily movements) and/or amaga (uses false techniques) to incite the attack constantly, we must resort to all the technical knowledge, avoiding all attacks, taking advantage of those moments to connect a coup against, or simultaneously to its attack.

Scope of the right-hand direct of the German featherweight boxer Vitali Tajbert.

For very fast boxers the low blows will be used, directing them mainly to the stomach and liver, in a machacamiento work until they are ready for the nocaut.
When you fight with a cold and calculating fighter, there is only one remedy to try to raise the fight more cerebral than he, trying to impose our own rhythm.
If the enemy boxer is one of those who expect us to attack them, we will try to raise a fight away, breast-feeding with hands, fining with the body and the displacements, causing him to go out to a terrain / distance or tactical situation that he does not like or does not dominate.
In general, every boxer must be constantly punished with blows to the trunk, in the soft parts, where the results are more favorable.

It will be taken into account that, to develop the previous points, we must open our guard momentarily, which can be dangerous if we are not aware of it. Dropping your guard and lowering your hands is a clear sign of fatigue.

Dangers of the practice

See also: Chronic traumatic brain disease and Boxing features.

Alexander McKayizq.vs. Simon Byrneder.). Both fighters died from stroke.

Boxer being treated after suffering a cut in the face, product of the hits received.

Fifth fractured metacarp; common boxer injury.

In October 2010, Argentina's Diario Crónica detailed the hundreds of blows received to the body and head in Shannon Briggs' fight against Vitali Klitschko, which sent Briggs to intensive care, thus leaving the criticism of the coach for not having thrown in the towel. And, despite recent deaths, the former president of the World Boxing Council (WBC) since 1975, José Sulaimán, affirmed in November 2010 that boxing is a safe sport. Boxing fatalities have occurred in various parts of the world and in different classes or weights.

Knocking a person unconscious or even causing a concussion can cause permanent brain damage. There is no clear division between the force required to knock a person out and the force likely to kill a person. In addition, sports Contact sports, especially combat sports, are directly related to a brain disease called chronic traumatic encephalopathy, CTE for short. This disease begins to develop during the athlete's lifetime and continues to develop even after sporting activity has ceased.

In March 1981, neurosurgeon Dr. Fred Sonstein sought to use CT scans in an attempt to track the degeneration of boxers' cognitive functions after seeing the decline of Bennie Briscoe. From 1980 to 2007, more than 200 amateur boxers, professional boxers, and Toughman fighters died from injuries in the ring or in training. In 1983, editorials in the Journal of the American Medical Association called for a ban on boxing. The editor, Dr. George Lundberg, called boxing an "obscenity" that it "should be sanctioned in all civilized society". Since then, the British, Canadian and Australian medical associations have called for a ban on boxing.

Supporters of the ban claim that boxing is the only sport where hurting the other athlete is the goal. Dr Bill O'Neill, British Medical Association spokesman for boxing, has supported the BMA's proposed ban on boxing: 'It is the only sport where the intent is to inflict serious injury on your opponent, and we believe we should have a total ban on boxing". Opponents counter that such a position is a mistaken view, stating that amateur boxing is scored solely according to the total of unpaid connecting punches per " injury". They note that many skilled professional boxers have had rewarding careers without inflicting injury on opponents by racking up scoring punches and avoiding punches by winning rounds scored 10-9 by the 10-point system, and point out that there are many other sports where concussions are much more common. most frequent.^{[citation needed]} However, data shows that the concussion rate in boxing is the highest of all contact sports. In addition, repetitive and subconcussive blows to the head, and not just concussions, cause CTE, and evidence indicates that brain damage and the effects of CTE are more severe in boxing.

In 2007, a study of amateur boxers showed that headgear did not prevent brain damage, and another found that amateur boxers faced a high risk of brain damage. The Gothenburg study looked at temporary light levels from neurofilament in the cerebrospinal fluid which they conclude is evidence of damage, even though levels soon decline. More comprehensive studies of neurological function in larger samples conducted by Johns Hopkins University in 1994 and accident rates reviewed by the National Safety Council in 2017 show that amateur boxing is a comparatively safe sport due to amateur boxing regulations. and greater control of athletes, although the studies did not focus on CTE or its long-term effects. Also, a good training methodology and a short run can reduce the effects of brain damage.

In 1997, the American Association of Professional Ringside Physicians was established to create medical protocols through research and education to prevent boxing injuries.

Professional boxing is banned in Iceland, Iran and North Korea. It was banned in Sweden until 2007, when the ban was lifted, but strict restrictions were imposed, including four three-minute rounds for fights. Boxing was banned in Albania from 1965 until the fall of communism in 1991. Norway legalized professional boxing. in December 2014.

Organizations, tournaments and championships

The Lonsdale belt, British championship.

The Klitschko brothers, Wladimir and Vitali, showing their championship belts.

Unlike other sports where trophies are awarded, in professional boxing the highest title that can be obtained is the championship belt. In recent years and under the excuse of giving more activity to the different categories, most organizations have chosen to divide the titles (belts) of champions into two and even three parts. In this way many times we find a regular world champion and another interim one, the title having to be disputed between the two, something that generally does not happen. To this we must add the large number of regional titles issued by these organizations.

In amateur boxing tournaments it is common to receive trophies. At the Olympic Games, medals are awarded to the top four.

The international organization of professional boxing is fragmented into various international organizations. Four of them tend to be more recognized:

World Boxing Council (CMB)
World Boxing Association (AMB)
International Boxing Federation (FIB)
World Boxing Organization (WTO).

Other international organizations are the International Boxing Organization (IBO), the World Professional Boxing Federation (FMBP), the World Boxing Union (WMU), the International Boxing Council (IBC), the World Boxing Board (JMB), International Boxing Association (AIB) and the Intercontinental Boxing Federation (IBFed).

To these should be added organizations that exclusively regulate women's boxing such as the Women's International Boxing Association (WIBA) and the International Female Boxers Association (IFBA).

For its part, amateur boxing is regulated by a single world organization, the International Amateur Boxing Association (AIBA).

Hall of Fame

International Boxing Fame Hall. Canastota, New York.

The sport of boxing has two internationally recognized Halls of Fame: the International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHOF), and the World Boxing Hall of Fame (WBHF).

The WBHF was founded by Everett L. Sanders in 1980. Since its inception the WBHOF has never had a permanent venue or museum, which has allowed the newer IBHOF to gain more publicity and prestige.

The Boxing Hall of Fame was inspired by a tribute an American town gave to two local heroes in 1982. The town of Canastota, New York, (which is about 15 miles east of Syracuse) honored the past welterweight/middleweight world champion Carmen Basillo and her nephew, former welterweight world champion Billy Backus. The people of Canastota raised money for the tribute which inspired the idea of creating an official venue, a hall of fame for outstanding boxers each year.

A mural in honor of famous El Paso boxers, Texas.

The International Boxing Hall of Fame opened in Canastota in 1989. Early inductees in 1990 included Jack Johnson, Benny Leonard, Jack Dempsey, Henry Armstrong, Sugar Ray Robinson, Archie Moore, and Muhammad Ali. The Hall of Fame induction ceremony is held each June as part of a four-day event.

Fans who arrive in Canastota for induction weekend enjoy a series of events including timed autograph sessions, boxing exhibitions, a parade of present and past fighters who have entered, and the induction ceremony itself.

In Las Vegas there is also another Hall of Fame dedicated to boxing.

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