Bolivian demography

Demographics of Bolivia is the set of statistical data related to the population in the territory of Bolivia.

According to the National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia, the registered inhabitants in the last calculations were from 8,274,325 to 9,627,269 inhabitants, estimates that range from 2001 to 2006. In some INE estimates, it is estimated that since In the years 2007, 2008 and 2009 one can already speak of a population of around 10,027,643 inhabitants. In addition to being characterized by rapid growth in relation to the previous census

The estimated population growth in 2010 is 1.69%; the birth rate of 26.41 per thousand inhabitants; and the mortality rate of 78.78%, also per thousand inhabitants. The estimated infant mortality is 57.52 per thousand live births, and life expectancy is 62 and 67 years for men and women respectively.

Bolivian population pyramid in 2010

Of these, 6.8 million live in urban areas and 3.3 million in rural areas. Compared to 1992, the population of Bolivia increased by 1,471,036 inhabitants in the urban area and by 382,497 people in the rural area.

Statistics

Distribution of the Quechua population by municipality.

Distribution of indigenous peoples (not counting on Quechuas and Aimaras) by municipality.

Population

From 8,989,045 to 9,627,269 inhabitants (estimated data from 2005 ).

10,027,643 inhabitants (data estimated in 2007, 2008 and 2009).

Ternary age

Men: 5,447,200

Women: 5,541,846

From 0 to 14 years: 35% (men 1,603,982/women 1,542,319).

From 15 to 64 years: 60.4% (2,660,806 men/2,771,807 women).

Aged 65 or older: 4.6% (182,412 men/227,720 women) (estimated data from 2006).

Middle age

Total: 21.8 years

Male: 21.2 years

Female: 22.5 years (2006 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.45% (2006 data).

Birth rate:

23.3 births/1,000 inhabitants (2006 data).

Death rate:

7.53 deaths/1,000 inhabitants (2006 data).

Net emigration rate:

-1.22 emigrant(s)/1,000 inhabitants (2006 data).

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female.

up to 15 years: 1.04 man(s)/woman.

from 15 to 64 years: 0.96 man(s)/woman.

65 years and over: 0.8 man(s)/woman.

Total population: 0.98 man(s)/woman (2006 data).

Political Division and Population
Department	Population	Surface (km2)	Density (*)	Capital (Hab.)
BoliviaBolivia	10.627.269	1.098.581	8.8	Sucre
Beni	414.758	213.564	1.9	Trinidad (106.596)
Chuquisaca	611.660	51.524	11.9	Sucre (259.388)
Cochabamba	1.709.806	55.631	22.7	Cochabamba (630.587)
La Paz	2.872.793	133.985	19.9	Peace (764.617)
Oruro	437.131	53.558	8.2	Oruro (264.683)
Pando	69.541	63.827	1.1.	Cobija (46.267)
Potosí	772.578	118.218	6.5	Potosí (240,966)
Santa Cruz	2.667.440	370.621	6.6	Santa Cruz de la Sierra (1,453.549)
Tarija	471.563	37.623	12.5	Tarija (205.346)
(*)= All population data are from the INE for 2012 [2]. The departmental density is calculated with the projection of the population of 2006. Other major cities are (by department): La Paz: The High 848,800, Travel 80.300Cochabamba: Quillacollo 137,000 He was 169,000Tarija: Yacuiba 100,000Santa Cruz: Montero 95,000, Camiri 60,000, Warnes 90,000Beni: Riberalta 90,000, Guayaramerín 45,000Potosi: Puna 42,000 (2011 calculations)Potosi: Tupiza 44,000.

Ethnography

Majority

Mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry) 68%, indigenous 15%, white 10%, cholo/chola 2%, Afro-descendant 1%, other 1%, unspecified 3%; 44% of those surveyed indicated that they felt part of an indigenous group, predominantly Quechua or Aymara (2009 est.)

Mestizos represent 68% of the population, a mixture of brown and white, they are spread throughout the country. Several annual surveys on the state of democracy, such as those carried out by researcher Mitchell Seligson's group, show a high degree of identification with the term mestizo. Mestizo pride does not consider pejorative, but rather honorary, to have both ethnic roots, both American and Spanish. There is a lower percentage of Creoles, descendants of Spaniards born on the American continent, and who are spread over the nine departments.

Most indigenous people have assimilated aspects of mestizo culture, diversifying and expanding their ancestral roots. Consequently, part of the popular culture of contemporary Bolivia is a mixture of cultures, uniting aspects of Hispanic and American origin.^{[citation required]}

The term colla corresponding to one of the Aymara brands or kingdoms,^{[citation required]} is still used colloquially in Bolivia, encompassing the inhabitants of the western Andean region of the country: the highlands and the region of the high valleys of the departments of Cochabamba and Chuquisaca.^{[citation required]} Currently the use of this term is being restricted in its acceptance to the inhabitants of the western part of the country.^{[citation required]} Generally this term did not distinguish between the rural and urban population, or between the native cultures (mainly Quechua and Aymara) and Creoles of this area.^{[citation required]} In the same way, the term camba It is still used to refer to the inhabitants of the eastern regions, the Chiquitano, Beniano and Pandino plains. in recent years the term "camba" it is being restricted to the region of the Chiquitano plains and to the population of the city of Santa Cruz.^{[citation required]} The identity of the Benianos and the Pandinos tends to be defined as Bolivian "Amazonian".^{[citation required]} The population of the Bolivian Chaco provinces included in the departments of Tarija, Chuquisaca and Santa Cruz has a defined identity "chaco" more related to the brave miscegenation of the Guarani peoples and the Creole Spaniards.^{[citation required]} The population of the central valley and the highlands of Tarija have a well-defined identity as the of "chapacos" related to Andalusian, Basque, Asturian and Extremaduran criollismo, also the scarce miscegenation of small independent indigenous peoples of the valleys and highlands, also of Guarani from the Tarijeño territory, and due to the culture similar to Cuyo and in cases to northern Argentina, and also to central and southern Chile.^{[citation required]}

Significant minorities

European immigrants, who represent 10%, usually live in cities like Santa Cruz de la Sierra, La Paz and Cochabamba; They are mainly Austrian, German, Italian, Croatian, Serb, Russian (especially Old Believers), English, Irish and Mennonite (who came from Canada, Mexico and Paraguay), the latter a religious minority with a population of around 100,000.. On the other hand, the Spanish, French and Portuguese are found throughout almost the entire country.^{[citation required]} Likewise, a small Argentine community resides in the country, mostly of European descent, concentrated mainly in large cities such as Cochabamba, La Paz and Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Another migratory flow from neighboring countries is the Brazilian.

Mainly in the Department of Santa Cruz there are colonies with foreign ancestry, such as the Mennonites.

The Afro-Bolivians, descendants of Africans brought as slaves to the colony, total approximately 28,000 inhabitants, located mainly in the North and South Los Yungas provinces in the department of La Paz, in the towns of Tocaña and Mururata, in Chicaloma and in Koripata.

It also has other important minorities, immigrants from the Asian continent, the Far East and the Middle East such as: Japanese, Chinese, Korean. The community of immigrants and descendants of Syrian-Lebanese immigrants formerly called Turks who arrived as subjects of the Ottoman Empire and of Jews located mainly in the Bolivian Orient but spread throughout the country continues to be important.^{[citation required]}

Other sources

According to Universia, the population would be made up of 56% mestizo, 22% white and 22% indigenous.

Bolivian Census

• 1825: 50% Indian, 30% Mestizo, 18% White and 2% Black.
• 1992: 55% Indian, 30% mixed and 15% white. The 1992 census did not include the black option.
• 2001: 51% Indian, 27% Mestizo, 8% White and 3% Other.
• 2012: 59% mixed, 31% Indigenous, 10% White and 1% Black. The 2012 census did not include the mixed option.

Population by gender

The population by sex or gender is 4,541,846 women and 4,447,200 men. Females in the country are in the majority and outnumber males. Although in each region the female population is the majority, especially in the Departments of Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Oruro and Potosí, the male population is the majority in the Departments of Beni, Pando, Santa Cruz and Tarija.

Religion

It is estimated that 80% to 90% of Bolivians are Catholic, although indigenous religious elements have been incorporated into the cult. In recent years, there has been a great growth of various evangelical Christian groups. The institutionalization of the Andean religions of worship to the Pachamama, of an animist-pantheist type, is gaining more and more importance. As of the new Political Constitution of the State of 2009, the State has ceased to support and has no official religion, which guarantees the constitutionally established freedom of worship.

Immigrants in Bolivia

Immigration in the country can be differentiated into two eras, the colonial and the present.

Immigration in colonial times

In Spanish colonial times, Bolivia was part of different Viceroyalties, such as the Viceroyalty of Peru and the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata. Comparing with the current situation of the migratory flow, as it happens with the United States, which is the first receiving country of immigrants on the planet, followed by Spain in second place and France third, at that time, Bolivia was called Charcas and later Alto Peru was also a recipient of immigrants from all over, and one could say, one of the first in the world. This was due to the great discovery of silver mines in Potosí, on Cerro Rico, a city that has been very famous since then, as much as the current New York, followed by Paris, London, Madrid, Rome, Athens, among others, because many of the immigrants settled in this city, due to the great industrial, commercial development and the minting of the coin called by the name of this city "Vale un Potosí", because it was there where the global economic and financial potential, as is the case today with the US dollar or the euro. The same happened in Sucre, the current capital of the country and formerly known as Charcas and later in La Plata, which was also one of the most important cities after Potosí, to receive immigrants, mainly students who enrolled in the University, like the current San Francisco Xavier University, where they learned science and arts and which had the same fame as the current universities of the University of Oxford, Yale University etc.

Current Immigration

Apart from the fact that Bolivia was a receiving country for Asian and European immigration, it has also received immigration, mainly from neighboring countries. Most of the immigrants who come to Bolivia come from Peru, who arrive for the ease of being able to enter Argentina. Among other immigrants from neighboring and non-neighboring countries, who also arrive in the country, those from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia stand out., Ecuador, Paraguay, Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and Guatemala. The latter with about 170 refugees due to the conflict of the civil war, which that country experienced. All of them are dedicated to different activities; to trade, social collaboration (medicine, military, education), tourism, in search of better opportunities, etc.

Emigrants from Bolivia

It is estimated that some 2,000,000 Bolivians live outside the country, since they have all left in search of better life opportunities. Among the countries in which more Bolivians have emigrated, the following stand out; Argentina (73%), Spain and the United States mainly, followed closely by countries such as France, Chile, Peru, Italy, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, Mexico, China and others.

Population density

Bolivia is a very sparsely populated country, the average density of the country is 6.6 inhabitants per km², but the distribution is very uneven and there are cantons and departments with less than one (1) person per km². In most of the rural departments, the population has grown very little in the last 5 decades and in some cases it has even decreased, while in the cantons that are home to some large cities, there has been a very high demographic increase.

In general, the urbanization process of the Bolivian population has accelerated since 1972: the annual growth rate of the urban population was 4.2%, compared to 0.1% of the rural population. In absolute terms, the urban population doubled between 1992 and 1997, while the rural population only grew by 1.4% during the same period.

In the urbanization process, an outstanding characteristic is the rapid growth of neighborhoods in the country's main cities, which determine high rates of social marginalization in terms of the availability of basic services. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out new investigations for this year.

Evolution of the population

The population over 60 years of age already exceeds 7%, a group that has experienced a notable proportional increase in recent years, especially in the main cities of the country. The population structure between the last two censuses carried out shows a narrowing of the base of the population pyramids, which reflects a decrease in the birth rate between the two census periods.

Despite the narrowing at the national level of the base of the population pyramid, a high birth rate is still maintained within the departments, which is observed in the departmental pyramids. High fertility is more clearly manifested in the departments of Pando, Beni and Potosí; and, on the contrary, a more notable contraction can be seen in the departments of La Paz and Oruro; and it is less pronounced in Cochabamba and Santa Cruz.

By periods, between 1950-1976 the three departments with the highest population growth were Santa Cruz, Tarija and Pando; and those with the lowest growth were Potosí, Chuquisaca and Cochabamba. In the inter-census period 1976-1992, the departments with the highest population growth were Santa Cruz, Beni and Tarija and those with the lowest growth were Potosí, Oruro and Pando. In this period, Potosí had the lowest growth rate, even becoming negative (-8%).

Finally, in the period 1992-2001, the three departments with the highest population growth were again Santa Cruz (4.3%), Pando (3.48%) and Tarija (3.18%). Those with the lowest growth were Oruro, Beni and Potosí

The distribution trend in the last 50 years shows that in the departments of Oruro, Potosí, Chuquisaca the population is decreasing proportionally compared to the departments of Santa Cruz, Tarija and Cochabamba (somewhat), where it increases. In the department of Pando the proportion of the population with respect to the other departments (0.7%) of the total population of the country has remained constant.

The population growth rate estimated in 2002 was 1.69%; the birth rate of 26.41 per thousand inhabitants; and the mortality rate of 8.05 also per thousand inhabitants. The estimated infant mortality is 57.52 per thousand live births, and life expectancy is 69 and 75 years for men and women respectively.

Of these, 5,165,882 live in urban areas, mainly in the cities of La Paz with 1,230,340 inhabitants. (2007), El Alto with 750,000 inhabitants. (2005), Santa Cruz with 1,611,390 inhabitants. (2006), and Cochabamba with 700,000 inhabitants. (2005) and 3,108,443 inhabitants, in rural areas. Compared to 1992, the population of Bolivia increased by 1,471,036 inhabitants in the urban area and by 382,497 people in the rural area. This is due to the increase in urbanization in Bolivia, which indicates that 75% of the Bolivian population lives in cities or urbanized areas. The global birth rate for Bolivia is almost 4 children per woman; which is considered to be consistent with the fertility profile of its population, characterized by a significant proportion of women of childbearing age. Although there has been a reduction in the TFR (General Fertility Rate) in the country between 1990 and 2005, it is still above the Latin American average. However, this must be compared with the population density, which is one of the lowest on the continent.

In general, the TFR for the entire population, according to the latest ENDSA 2003, indicates a decrease of almost half a child per woman when compared to the 1998 survey of 3.8 children per woman compared to 4.2 respectively. The departments with the highest total fertility rates in the country are Potosí, Chuquisaca, Beni and Pando; those with a rate similar to the national average are La Paz, Cochabamba and Oruro and those with rates below the average are Santa Cruz and Tarija, the latter department with the lowest rate of 3.1 children per woman.

The decline in fertility between the two periods occurs at the expense of the rural area where the decline is almost one child, while in the urban area it remains the same. According to the ENDSA 2003, few differences are observed between regions, but they are notable at the departmental level, by level of education and according to the degree of poverty.

By department, the greatest reduction is observed in Tarija, but it has also been important in Beni, Pando and Santa Cruz. Between 1994 and 2003, the departments with the fastest decline in TFR are Tarija (34%), Santa Cruz (26%), and Beni and Pando (25%), and those that have had a slow decline are Potosí (4%)., La Paz (15%) and Oruro (16%). In the same period, the average Latin American decrease was around 17%. By municipalities, the highest levels were registered in Acasio (Potosí), Gutiérrez (Santa Cruz), Filadelfia, Puerto Rico and San Pedro in Pando, all with more than 8 children per woman.

The TFR in women without education reaches almost 7 children per woman, while in women with an average level of education or more it reaches only 2.1 children per woman. With current fertility levels, women without education would have more than three times the number of children than women with higher education, a gap of almost 5 children.

Likewise, women living in rural areas have an average of 5.5 children per woman compared to an average of 3.1 children per woman residing in urban areas. On the other hand, women who live in the poorest municipalities have around 5 children compared to those who live in departmental capitals who have fewer than three. Despite these differences between groups, this indicator factor has had a progressive decline in the last 20 years.

The crude birth rate, which expresses the number of births that occur on average annually per 1,000 inhabitants, also shows a decrease for the year 2003, falling slightly from 30 in 1998 to 28 in the last survey. This indicator is higher in the rural area than in the urban area of 32 compared to 26.

• In 1492: 800,000 indigenous.
• In 1570: 737,000 souls (700,000 indigenous people, 7,000 whites and 30,000 slaves and caste).
• In 1650: 850,000 people (750,000 Indians, 50,000 whites and 50,000 slaves and castes).
• In 1810: 1,500,000 (1,000,000 indigenous, 350,000 mixed and 150,000 white).
• In 1828: 1,100,000 people.
• The first census carried out in Bolivia was under the administration of President Andrés Santa Cruz in 1831. The figure was 1,088,768.
• Second census, 1,060,777 inhabitants, during the Santa Cruz Government in 1835.
• Third census, 1,378,896 inhabitants, during the Government of José Ballivián, in 1845. Of these 478,000 indigenous people lived in communities or peoples of Indians.
• Fourth census, 2,326,126 inhabitants, including 760,000 Wild Indians, whose existence was supposed to be in the Beni, Santa Cruz and Chaco, although a lower figure is currently accepted, of about 100,000 wildgiving a total of 1,666,126 persons (1854).
• The Fifth census was conducted in 1882 and resulted in a total of 1,097,616 persons; the reduction is due to territorial losses in favour of Chile and Brazil, in addition to the constant civil wars, pests and famines suffered by the country at that time.
• The sixth and last census of the century took place in 1900.XIXwith a record of 1,555,818 people.
• A census of 2,704,165 persons was conducted in 1950.
• In 1978 another census, with 4,613,486 persons.
• In 1992, there were 6,420,792 inhabitants.
• In 2001 there are 8,274,325 inhabitants.
• In 2012 there are 10,389,903 inhabitants.

Graphic of demographic evolution of Bolivia between 1831 and

Mortality

Life expectancy is 62 and 67 years for men and women respectively.

The country's mortality data is scarce and deficient, so estimates are made based on available data and with high underreporting. For the period 1995-2000, the crude mortality rate was estimated at 9 deaths per thousand inhabitants and life expectancy at birth at 61.4 years. At that time, it was considered that the underreporting of general mortality reached 63%.

A study of mortality carried out in 2000, indicates that the main causes of mortality are: diseases of the circulatory system 30% of deaths, communicable diseases 12% and external causes 10.7%. 10.8% of deaths were classified with more defined signs and symptoms. For the period 2000-2005, the estimated rate was 8.2 deaths per thousand inhabitants, which is close to the Latin American average, 7.7 deaths per thousand inhabitants. In the country, the highest mortality rates are registered in the departments of Oruro and Potosí and the lowest are reported in Tarija and Santa Cruz, the remaining departments are at the national average.

A review of death records between 1995 and 2001 indicates that approximately 23,800 deaths are reported annually in the country, with an estimated underreporting of 66%. 60% of the deaths are registered in the urban area and 53% of the total deaths are men, but in the rural area the deaths of women exceed those of men. On the other hand, the quality of the registry prevents an adequate analysis of the main causes of death. Proportionally ill-defined causes represent more than 50%; then the main causes appear as a group, communicable diseases (17%), external causes (8%) and circulatory conditions (7%) as the most reported deaths.

It is believed that by the middle of the XXI century the country will undergo an aging process, although in no case will it be so drastic like those suffered by its neighbors in the Southern Cone. The following table shows this process.[3]

Indicators of maternal and child mortality by department

Department	Infant mortality rate (x1000 live births) (INE-2001)	Under-five mortality rate (x1000 live births) (INE-1998)
Chuquisaca	71	105
La Paz	64	111
Cochabamba	72	99
Oruro	82	93
Potosí	99	119
Tarija	53	44
Santa Cruz	54	64
Beni	60	67
Pando	63	67
BoliviaBolivia	66	92