Behavior
The behavior or conduct is, in psychological terms, the set of responses, either by presence or absence, that a living being presents in relation to its environment or world of stimuli. It can be conscious or unconscious, voluntary or involuntary, etc., depending on the circumstances that affect it. The science that studies behavior and animal behavior is ethology and the science that studies behavior from the point of view of evolution is behavioral ecology.
Delimitation of the term
The behavior of species is studied by ethology, which is part of both biology and experimental psychology. In psychology, an important distinction is made between behavior and cognition, because although all living beings present behavior, not necessarily all present cognition.[citation required]
In social sciences it is considered that behavior is influenced, in addition to psychological aspects, also by genetic, cultural, sociological and economic aspects.
In common parlance, not scientific discourse, the term "behavior" It has a defining connotation. A person, even a social group, as a sum of people, is defined and classified by their behaviors, perhaps more than by their ideas, and this already serves to set expectations in this regard. The most prototypical and stable set of behavior patterns of a person would be the core of what is usually called personality. Behavior is based on biological factors as well as external factors: our environment, experiences, etc.[citation required]
Behavior in psychology
Violent behaviour in the school denotes some characteristics of any violent behavior present in any social context, thus pointing to the violent/aggressive student, as a subject whose behaviors are of unadaptative personality, as it implies the failure to comply with school and social norms that govern the interaction in the educational center, with the expression of various punitive behaviors, in this way they indicate a number of factors that are incite.(Marin, 1997, quoted by Ramos, 2007).
According to the ecological theory proposed by Bronfenbrenner (1979, cited by García, 2001) the importance of family, school and social factors that explain school violence is considered, in the same way, it reveals four contexts that reflect the influence on behavior, among which, the subject is submerged and forced to interact socially with each of them. Technically, in psychology, behavior is defined in two ways:
- Everything an organism faces the middle.
- Any interaction between an organism and its environment.
Behavior in an individual human (and other organisms and even mechanisms) falls within a range, with some behaviors being common, some unusual. General explanatory theories about the origin of aggressive/violent behavior in humans can be applied to try to understand adolescent violent behavior at school. All these approaches are grouped into two main theoretical lines: active or innate theories and reactive or environmental theories. The active or innate theories consider that aggressiveness is an organic or innate component of the individual, elemental for their adaptation process; From this perspective, it is considered that aggression has a positive function and that the work of education consists fundamentally in channeling its expression towards socially acceptable behaviors. On the other hand, reactive or environmental theories highlight the role of the environment and the importance of learning processes in violent human behavior.
Conduct
The behavior of a biological specimen is formed by stable behavior patterns, mediated by evolution, guarded and perpetuated by genetics. This behavior is manifested through its adapted qualities, within a context or a community. It is an observable, physical indicator of the internal processes of the individual.[citation needed]
Psychosocial aspects
The social acceptance of a behavior is evaluated by social norms and regulated by various means of social control. The behavior of people is studied by various disciplines, including psychology, sociology, ethology, anthropology in the case of human behavior, expanding its study to the entire Animal Kingdom.[citation required]
Behavior of social systems
Social structure is the pattern of relationships, positions, and number of people that make up the social organization of a population, whether a small group or an entire society. Relationships occur whenever people engage in relatively stable patterns of ongoing interaction. Positions (social status) consist of recognized places in the network of social relationships that carry with them behavioral expectations, called roles. Norms and rules are imposed to ensure that social role expectations are lived up to, and positive and negative sanctions are imposed to ensure that they are met. Norms and rules are the observable expression of the values of a particular social system. Roles, norms and values must be integrated into a system for it to be fully functional.[citation required]
Groups and societies
Within most groups of animals, there are various species whose only objective is to get together or get mates in order to reproduce, while others form relatively stable groups. These congregations tend to be merely temporary unions to achieve a general purpose or permanent groups within which all activities take place, such as moving, looking for food, reproducing, among other things. Gregarious species are those in which individuals form inconsistent groups within which there is the possibility of staying or not depending on their interests, which in turn depend strictly on the relationship between costs and benefits involved in being in the group. In social species, individuals relate to each other in a more precise and continuous way, and groups are often made up mainly of relatives.[citation required]
Edward Wilson published his famous book Sociobiology, in which he defended the need to apply biological methods to the study of social behavior in all species, including ours (Wilson, 1975). This writing aroused great controversy mainly due to the last chapter which was dedicated to the human species, the author was criticized because his chapter was supposed to have promoted an ideology that defended racism, machismo, social differences, genocide, rape etc After three decades of confrontation, history has handed down its verdict: sociobiology has triumphed. Sociobiologists have advanced by leaps and bounds not only in explaining the social behaviors of many species, but also in discovering a wide variety of strategies and behaviors that involve the joint action of individuals organized in groups that were not suspected to exist. A clear example is found within the behavior of microorganisms because it manifests itself in a complex way, since it not only includes cooperation between individuals, but also complex communication networks between them when carrying out activities such as searching for food, reproduction.[citation required]
Costs and benefits of group living
The main costs and benefits associated with living in a group are recognized according to the benefits, and in others according to the costs, but the most normal thing is that in any species, gregariousness is the evolutionary result of the relationship between the costs and benefits. Sometimes individuals belonging to different species are grouped together, these mixed bands often enjoy the advantages that the different abilities of each of the species bring.
Adjustments to group life
Since living together implies great costs, it could be predicted that during the evolution from solitary life to colonial life, adjustments will be developed that facilitate this transition and that contribute to maintaining it. To illustrate some of these adaptations, we need to take a closer look at one of the most widespread costs that individuals living in a group have to bear: an increased risk of disease and parasite transmission. Its result has been demonstrated in many species, and not only at a descriptive level, but also at an experimental level. [citation required]
Formal Conduct
Human conduct is considered formal when a series of rules recognized as valuable in a community or society are met in the behavior. In Western societies, for example, it is considered formal to be explicit, determined, precise, serious, punctual. This word is based on the application, mainly in the behavior, that people have with respect to their values.[citation required]
Voluntary performance
Voluntary realization is the ability to build one's own behavior in correspondence with the demands of the concrete situation, anticipating the intermediate and final results of the action and selecting the appropriate means. The features of voluntary processes contemplate orientation, execution and control.[citation required]
Behavior in the realms of life
Of the six currently recognized kingdoms (Animals, Fungi, Plants, Protists, Archaea, Eubacteria), behavioral phenomena are observed primarily in animals and, to a much more limited extent, in protists. However, there are few cases in other kingdoms in which movements specifically organized to act outside the organism can be observed.
Behavior in plants
Plant behavior is an extremely limited phenomenon. The movement of the plant depends mainly on the hydrodynamic mechanism of turgor. "Variations of turgidity of localized cells numerous plants produce movements of the organs, such as the closing of the flower petals or leaflets (several Papilionaceae or very spectacular cases such as the sensitive one), or movements of the stamens (Berberis vulgaris), or the folding of the trapping tentacles of carnivorous plants, leaves, etc. . 4;.
In plants, the typical case of specifically organized movements whose function is a relationship with the environment are the closing movements of the traps of carnivorous plants (Dionaea muscipula Drosera, etc.).
The reasons for leaf movement to sound stimuli in some plants remain ambiguous today. Some scientists are analyzing this question to try to find an answer. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. One that arises more frequently is that the movement of the leaves in response to a sound stimulus would be a defense against herbivory. In the modest mimosa (Mimosa pudica), the leaves fold back when touched and reduce the surface area of the leaf, making the latter less appetizing to herbivores. In the different species of poplars, the leaves move with the slightest breeze. This would help dislodge herbivorous insects that feed on the leaves of the plant and cause them to fall to the ground. Even if these do not fall, the movement of the leaves can interrupt the feeding of the insects. Also, the repetitive movement of the leaves can deter herbivorous insects from perching on the leaves 8. So, we can understand from the above examples that the movement of the leaves is a good way to protect against herbivory. So, it is not a bad hypothesis to believe that moving leaves in response to a sound stimulus would be a defense against herbivory. For example, the sound of an insect's wings would induce the movement of the leaves of the plant, thus preventing it from landing. On the other hand, scientists must continue their research to determine the exact reason for the movement of the leaves in response to sound stimuli.
The behavior of protists
Behavior in protists is very simple and is limited mainly to the behavior of locomotion.
The structures and biological processes that allow these organized movements are the amoeboid movements of the plasmatic membrane, especially the cilia and flagella. "In the intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli, for example, each flagellum is a rigid filament 14 thousandths of a micrometer in diameter and 10 micrometers in length, which goes at the incredible speed of 200 revolutions per minute. second thanks to a small rotary motor inserted into the membrane and the cell wall.
The direction of displacement is controlled by the detection of a concentration gradient of a molecule, which is detected by receptors (chemotaxis). The movement is not random, and even in the simplest cells, it seems necessary to have mechanisms of stimulation and inhibition of movement.
Animal behavior
Animal behavior includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. Behavior can also be defined as a change in an organism's activity in response to a stimulus, an external or internal cue, or a combination of cues.
Behavior in Mammals
Mammalian behavior can be very complex. They are produced thanks to specialized structures and organs, highly organized: articulated skeleton, muscles and, above all, a specialized nervous system. The study of mammalian behavior has ethological, ecological, biochemical, physiological, proteomic, pathological, genetic-molecular, and evolutionary aspects.
Mammals have been the last animals to appear in the world, which implies a greater accumulation of evolutions, not only physical but also in their behavior. Its biodiversity means that its behavior is very varied among the different species that are part of it. Among mammals there are aquatic, terrestrial and flying animals, bipedal or quadrupedal, solitary or gregarious, migratory or sedentary, all very different from each other. From huge whales, which move through the oceans in small migratory groups that take them halfway around the world, to bats, flying mammals that hunt at night and can live in colonies of thousands of individuals, to rodents, small animals that generally feed on fruits and live in groups in underground burrows, primates, some of which are capable of learning new techniques to obtain food, or felines, among which are some of the largest predators.
Within this class are the most evolved species on earth, especially the human being, one of the few that is capable of modeling its environment to adapt it to its needs, at the top of the evolutionary chain. It is possibly this species that presents a more complex behavior, often influenced by feelings and reasoning, an exceptional case within the world of living beings. In this sense, the behavior of this species is especially complex when it comes to its relationship with other individuals or even with other species. The relationship between humans and other species is a unique case, since it is not limited to a relationship of predation.
Consumer behavior
Consumer behavior refers to the processes that consumers go through to make decisions and the reactions they have towards products or services. It has to do with consumption and the processes that consumers go through around to the purchase and consumption of goods and services Consumers recognize needs or wants and go through a process to satisfy these needs. Consumer behavior is the process that consumers go through, including the types of products purchased, the amount spent, the frequency of purchases, and what influences them to make the decision to buy or not.
There are many things that influence consumer behavior, with contributions from both internal and external factors. Internal factors include attitudes, needs, motives, preferences, and perceptual processes, while external factors include marketing activities, social and economic factors, and cultural aspects. Dr. Lars Perner of the University of Southern California states that they also there are physical factors that influence consumer behavior, for example, if a consumer is hungry, then this physical feeling of hunger will influence them to go and buy a sandwich to satisfy their hunger.
Consumer Decision Making
A model described by Lars Perner illustrates the decision-making process regarding consumer behavior. It begins with the recognition of a problem, the consumer recognizes a need or a desire that has not been satisfied. This leads the consumer to search for information, if it is a low implication product then the search will be internal, identifying alternatives purely from memory. If the product has high engagement, the search should be more comprehensive, such as reading reviews or reports or asking friends.
Then, the consumer will evaluate their alternatives, compare price, quality, make trade-offs between products, and narrow the choice by eliminating less attractive products until one remains. Once identified, the consumer will buy the product.
Finally, the consumer will evaluate the purchase decision and the product purchased, incorporating factors such as value for money, the quality of the goods, and the shopping experience. However, this logical process does not always occur this way., people are emotional and irrational creatures. People make decisions with emotion and then justify them with logic according to Dr. Robert Caladini in Psychology.
How the 4Ps influence consumer behavior
The marketing mix (4 P) is a marketing tool and means price, promotion, product and location.
Because consumer behavior is heavily influenced by business-to-consumer marketing, the 4 Ps will have an effect on consumer behavior. The price of a good or service is largely determined by the market, as businesses will set their prices similar to other businesses in order to remain competitive and make a profit. When the market prices of a product are high, consumers will buy less and use the purchased goods for longer periods of time, which means they buy the product less often. Alternatively, when the market prices for a product are low, consumers are more likely to buy more of the product, and more often.
The way promotion influences consumer behavior has changed over time. In the past, large promotional campaigns and heavy advertising translated into sales for a company, but today companies can be successful with products with little or no advertising. This is due to the Internet and, in particular, to social networks. They rely on word of mouth from consumers using social media, and as products trend online, sales increase as products promote themselves effectively. Therefore, promotion by companies does not necessarily result in consumer behavior that tends to buy products.
The way the product influences consumer behavior is through their willingness to pay and their preferences. This means that even if a company had a long history of products on the market, consumers would still choose a cheaper product over the company's product in question if it meant they would pay less for something that is very similar. This is due to consumers' willingness to pay, or their willingness to part with the money they have earned. The product also influences consumer behavior through their preferences. For example, take Pepsi vs Coca-Cola, a Pepsi drinker is less likely to buy Coke, even if it is cheaper and more convenient. This is due to consumer preference, and no matter how hard the opposing company tries, they will not be able to force the customer to change their mind.
Product placement in the modern era has little influence on consumer behavior, due to the availability of goods online. If a customer can buy a good from the comfort of her home instead of buying it in the store, then the location of the goods will not influence her buying decision.
Health
Health behavior refers to a person's beliefs and actions regarding their health and well-being. Healthy behaviors are direct factors in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Health behaviors are influenced by the social, cultural, and physical environments in which we live. They are shaped by individual choices and external limitations. Positive behaviors help promote health and prevent disease, while the opposite is true for risky behaviors. Health behaviors are early indicators of population health. Because of the time lag that often occurs between certain behaviors and the development of disease, these indicators can portend the future burdens and benefits of health-risk and health-promoting behaviors.
Related factors
Several studies have examined the relationship between healthy behaviors and their impact on health (eg, Blaxter 1990) and have demonstrated their role in both morbidity and mortality.
These studies have identified seven lifestyle characteristics that were associated with lower morbidity and higher subsequent long-term survival (Belloc and Breslow 1972):
- Avoiding snacks
- Breakfast regularly
- Exercise regularly
- Maintain desirable body weight
- Moderate alcohol intake
- No smoking
- Sleep from 7 to 8 h per night
Health behaviors have an impact on people's quality of life, by delaying the onset of chronic diseases and prolonging active life. Smoking, alcohol use, diet, gaps in primary care services, and low uptake of screening are all major determinants of poor health, and changing these behaviors should lead to better health. For example, in the US, Healthy People 2000, from the US Department of Health and Human Services, lists increases in physical activity, changes in nutrition, and reductions in tobacco, alcohol, and alcohol use. drugs as important for health promotion and disease prevention.
Treatments
All the interventions carried out correspond to the needs of each individual in an ethical and respected manner. The Health Belief Model encourages increased people's perceived susceptibility to negative health outcomes and makes people aware of the severity of such negative health behavioral outcomes. For example, through health promotion messages. Furthermore, the health belief model suggests the need to focus on the benefits of healthy behaviors and the fact that barriers to action are easily overcome. The theory of planned behavior suggests the use of persuasive messages to address behavioral beliefs in order to increase the willingness to perform a behavior, called intentions. The theory of planned behavior advocates the need to address normative beliefs and control beliefs in any attempt to change behavior. Challenging normative beliefs is not enough, but following intention with self-efficacy from the individual's mastery of problem solving and task completion is important to effecting positive change. Self-efficacy is often cemented by standard persuasive techniques.