Beard
1. Incipient
2. Mustache.
3. Barba de chivo or of Mandarin
4. Spanish or "canda" type.
5. Long legs
6. Patillas joined by the mustache
7. Van Dyke
8. Full bar
The beard is the hair that grows on the chin (chin), neck and cheekbones and under the lower lip of men. It occasionally appears in women when hirsutism occurs.
Throughout history and across cultures, men with facial hair have been credited with wisdom, sexual potency, or high social status, but also a lack of hygiene or refinement, and an eccentric disposition. In some religions men are required to wear a full beard. It was also included in fashion, for which various styles of beards have been defined, which can be used focused on different types and shapes of faces.
The beard is trimmed by shaving. Sometimes it is also trimmed by shaving parts of the cheekbones and neck. Some people choose to style the beard with scissors or even tweezers. In addition, it can be styled using specialized brushes or the popular boar comb.
Often the beard is combined with the mustache, which is the hair that grows above the upper lip. There are also specific styles in which it is preferred to cut the mustache, such as the Amish or Islamic beard.
Biology
The beard develops during puberty. Its growth is linked to the stimulation of facial hair follicles by Dihydrotestosterone, which continues to affect beard growth after puberty. Dihydrotestosterone is a hormone that is produced from testosterone and also promotes baldness. The speed of growth of the beard is a genetic matter.
History
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Ancient Age and the classical world
The earliest classification occurs in ancient Egypt around 3000 to 1580 BC, when they grew beards on their chins and often dyed them with henna (reddish brown) and sometimes braided with gold threads intertwined with their own hair. A royal or fake beard, was a sign of sovereignty, was worn by queens, kings and sometimes cows. This was held in place by a lasso tied at the head and attached to a gold strap at the chin. This fashion passed from 3000 to 1580 BC. c.
The civilizations of Mesopotamia (the Sumerians, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Chaldeans...) took great care in the care and dedication of their beards, with tweezers and tongs to create elaborate curls and or ringlets. The Persians were fond of long beards.
Ancient India
In ancient India, a significant growth of the beard was allowed, thus being a symbol of dignity and wisdom (example of the sadhu). They generally treat their beards with the utmost care and reverence, and the punishment for debauchery and adultery was to have their beards shaved off in public. They had a sacred sense in the preservation of the beard, in addition a man could settle the payment of a debt.
Ancient Greece
The ancient Greeks considered the beard a symbol or sign of virility, and it had acquired an almost sanctified meaning. He only shaved his head as a sign of mourning. A smooth face was considered a sign of effeminacy. Spartans who showed signs of cowardice were punished by having their beards shaved off. From the earliest times, however, shaving of the upper lip was not uncommon. The Greeks also curled their beards with tongs.
Ancient Macedonia
In the time of Alexander the Great, the custom of shaving was introduced. Reportedly, Alexander ordered his soldiers to be clean-shaven, fearing that their beards would serve as handles for their enemies to grab and pull by their hair. Thus, shaving spread among the Macedonians by imitation, whose kings are represented on coins with smooth faces. Shortly after, laws to the contrary were introduced, except in Rhodes and Byzantium. Even Aristotle conformed to the new custom, unlike the other philosophers, and retains the beard as a symbol of his profession.
Ancient Rome
Shaving seems to have been widespread among the Romans during their early history (in the kings of Rome and the early Republic). Pliny tells us that P. Ticinius was the first to bring a barber to Rome, which was in the year 454 after the founding of the city (that is, around 299 BC).. C.). Scipio Africanus was apparently the first among the Romans to shave off his beard. However, very soon almost all Roman men were clean shaven, as it became a differentiating sign between Romans and Greeks. Only in the later times of the Republic did young Romans begin to trim their beards only in parts, according to fashion. Preteen boys would rub oil on their chins in hopes of forcing premature beard growth.
However, in the last years of the republic, seeing a beard was something unusual. In general, in Rome at that time a long beard was considered a sign of neglect and misery. The first shave was considered the beginning of adulthood and was celebrated with a party. Typically, at this festival, Roman adolescents were awarded the toga virilis. Augustus did it when he was twenty-four, Caligula on her twentieth birthday. Many times, the hair cut in these festivities was consecrated to a god. Thus, Nero put it in a gold box with pearls, and dedicated it to Jupiter. The Romans, unlike the Greeks, let their beards grow in times of mourning; Augustus did it for the death of Julius Caesar. On the other hand, men in the rural areas around Rome do not seem to have shaved, except when they went to the market every eight days, so their usual appearance probably changed to a shorter beard.
In the II century d. C., the emperor Hadrian, according to Dio Casio, was the first of all the Caesars to grow a beard. Plutarch says that he did it to hide the scars on his face. This was a period of widespread imitation of Greek culture in Rome. Many other men grew beards in imitation of Hadrian and the Greek fashion. Until the time of Constantine the Great the emperors appear on busts and coins with beards.
Celts and Germans
Among the Celts of Scotland and Ireland, men used to grow their beards into a circular shape, and even not having facial hair was often seen as dishonorable. Tacitus claimed that among the Catti, a Germanic tribe, a young man was not allowed to shave or cut his hair until he had killed an enemy. The Lombards were famous for having very long beards. As the Romans were obliged to be clean shaven, for the Celtic and Germanic peoples it was also a differentiating sign to wear a beard, just as the Romans did with the Greeks. So, aside from a sign of virility, it was also a symbol of freedom.
The Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages the beard became a symbol of virility, freedom, honor and, above all, wisdom.
From the Renaissance to today
In the 15th century most European men were clean-shaven. 16th century beards were grown to incredible lengths, but it was a matter of fashion (see portraits of John Knox, Gardiner and Thomas Cranmer). Some beards of these times were the Spanish sword, the square cut English beard, the forked beard and the needle beard among others. Curiously, this tendency to grow long beards was more pronounced during the reign of Queen Mary, a time of reaction against the Protestant Reformation.
In urban circles in Western Europe and the Americas, beards fell out of style after the early 17th century, until So much so that in 1698 Peter the Great of Russia ordered men to shave their beards, and in 1705 established a tax on beards in order to bring Russian society more in line with contemporary Western Europe.
The popularity of the beard declined in Western society, and most men in the 18th century, on all between the nobility and upper classes, they were clean shaven. There was, however, a dramatic change in the popularity of beards during the 1850s, whereby they would become markedly more popular. Therefore, beards were adopted by many leaders, such as Alexander III of Russia, Napoleon III of France, Frederick III of Germany, as well as many statesmen and cultural personalities, such as Benjamin Disraeli, Charles Dickens, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Karl Marx and Giuseppe Verdi. This trend can be recognized in the United States, where the change can be seen among the post-Civil War presidents. Before Abraham Lincoln, American presidents did not wear beards, after Lincoln through William Howard Taft, every president except Andrew Johnson and William McKinley wore a beard or mustache.
The beard was linked in this period with notions of masculinity and courage. The popularity has contributed to the stereotypical Victorian male figure in the popular mind, the stern figure dressed in black, whose seriousness was accentuated by a bushy beard.
However, facial hair suffered a slow decline in popularity. Despite sticking to some characters, who were young men from the Victorian era (such as Sigmund Freud), most men who retained facial hair during the 1920s and 1930s limited themselves to a mustache or goatee (for example). example: Marcel Proust, Albert Einstein, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Adolf Hitler and Iósif Stalin). At this time the fashion of wearing a beard also spread in worker or unionist environments, that is, in leftist movements. Since the second half of the XX century, the cases of Fidel Castro, Ernesto "Che", stand out on the political left; Guevara and Lula da Silva and on the right the case of Mariano Rajoy.
In the United States, movie stars and superheroes were portrayed with shaven faces. The few men who wore beards or mustaches during this period were frequently Central European immigrants, members of religious sects or union members.
Beards were reintroduced into society by the counterculture, first with the Beatniks in the 1950s and then with the hippie movement in the 1960s. Since the Vietnam War, beards have exploded in popularity. The greatest boom occurred from the mid-60s to the late 70s, when the beard was used by hippies, musicians and businessmen. For example, some pop, rock, hard rock, reggae, soul, and Latin pop musicians who ever wore or wear beards included Barry White, Bob Marley, Jim Morrison (of The Doors), the male members of Peter, Paul and Mary, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover and Jon Lord (all three from Deep Purple), Jethro Tull, Jerry Garcia (from the Grateful Dead), David Gilmour, Rick Wright and Nick Mason (all from Pink Floyd), Doug Clifford (from Creedence Clearwater Revival), Björn Ulvaeus (of ABBA), Phil Collins and Mike Rutherford (both of Genesis), The Eagles, Rob Halford and Ian Hill (both of Judas Priest), Marco Antonio Solís, Juan Luis Guerra, ZZ Top and even Los Beatles in his last stage. The seemingly ubiquitous beard trend in American culture waned in the late 1970s.
One stratum of American society where facial hair is virtually non-existent is politics. The last President of the United States to wear any type of facial hair was William Howard Taft, who served from 1909 to 1913. The last Vice President of the United States to wear any type of facial hair was Charles Curtis, who served in power from 1929 to 1933.
From the 1990s onwards, the trend in beards has generally been towards a goatee or goatee, or a very short full beard rounded to the throat; and since 1985, fashion has moved closer to a "two-day beard", giving a careless appearance, even if it is a highly worked aesthetic. By the end of the 20th century, the goatee had become relatively common.
Today (beginning of the XXI century), long beards have once again become popular among young Western men. It is being used more and more and the thick beards of the 50s have become fashionable again.
Beards in religion
The beard also plays an important role in some religions. In Greek mythology, for example, Zeus and Poseidon were always portrayed with beards, but Apollo was never. In the V century a. C., the bearded Hermes was replaced by a more familiar beardless youth.
Beard in Christianity
Jesus is almost always depicted with a beard in iconography and art dating from the fourth century. In the paintings and statues of most Biblical Old Testament characters such as Moses and Abraham and the New Testament disciples of Jesus and Saint Peter are bearded, just like John the Baptist. John the Apostle is generally depicted as clean-shaven in Western European art, however, emphasis is placed on his relative youth. Eight of the figures portrayed in Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper are bearded.
In orthodox Christianity beards are often worn by members of the priesthood and by monks, and have sometimes even been recommended for all believers. Amish and Hutterite men must shave until they are married, and then grow their beards and shed them, even if they are given a particular shape. Many Syrian Christians in Kerala, India, wore long beards.
In the Burchardus 1160, the abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Bellevaux wrote a treatise on the beard. In his opinion, the beard was appropriate for lay brothers, but among monks it was not suggested for priests.
Today, among the members of many Catholic religious communities, mainly those of Franciscan origin, the use of beards is a sign of their vocation. At various times throughout history, the Catholic Church has permitted and prohibited facial hair among adherents.
Although most Protestant Christians today follow the prevailing fashion of their culture, some have historically taken the lead in fashion by openly encouraging the growth of beards as "a more natural, scripturally suggested, masculine and beneficial habit." » or by a ban on shaving altogether, as in the case of some Presbyterian churches. Some Messianic Jews also wear beards to show their respect for the Old Testament.
Beard in Hinduism
Shivaists generally have beards, as the owners are not allowed to have anything, that includes the razor. The beard is also a sign of a nomadic and ascetic lifestyle.
Many sadhus and yogis, practitioners of yoga, decide to grow their beards in all situations of life.
Vaishnava men, generally of the ISKCON sect, are encouraged to shave as a sign of cleanliness, except for a small ponytail called a shikha.
Beard in the Sikh religion
Members of the Sikh religion (may also be called Sikh) are prohibited from cutting their hair and beards throughout their lives.
Guru Gobind Sing, the tenth Guru of the Sikh faith, commanded that it be kept uncut as a form of recognition and adherence to the faith. The Sikhs consider the beard as part of the dignity and nobility of their masculinity. "Kesh" or uncut hair—including a beard—is one of the 5 "K's " that any man of this religion observes.
Beard in Islam
The view of Muslim scholars is that beard maintenance is, to say the least, a praiseworthy thing for men, since it follows the example of Muhammad, and is considered obligatory by most.
Growing a beard is wayib (compulsory) for all Muslim men who can. All the scholars of as-Salaf us-Salih (the first generations of Muslims), including the Four Imams, unanimously hold that it is haram (forbidden) to shave one's beard. Shaving it is considered an absolutely prohibited mutilation, as reported by 'Umar ibn Abdul 'Aziz –[At-Tarijde Ibn Asakir]. They consider the man who shaves his beard to have effeminate aspects. Many of them did not accept the testimony of a clean-shaven man nor did they consider that he should lead the prayers.
Beard in Judaism
The Torah prohibited cutting the beard with a razor, however, with scissors or a razor, whose blades are not like a razor, or another system that does not require resting the edge of a knife on the face, it can be used without inconvenient.
In addition, some Jews refrain from shaving after the death of a close relative, during the thirty-day period of mourning, known in Hebrew as the Shloshim (thirty), as well as during the "Counting of the Omer" periods. and the three weeks.
"The Zohar," one of the main sources of Kabbalah, points out that the hairs of the beard are symbolic of the sacred subconscious energy channels that flow from the upper part to the human soul. Therefore, most Hasidic Jews, for whom Kabbalah plays an important role in their religious practice, neither shave nor trim their beards.
Beard in the Rastafarian movement
A Rastafarian man with a beard, displays a sign of his covenant with God (Jah or Jehovah) and the Bible as the source of his knowledge. Thus, it can be read "he shall not make any baldness on his head, nor shave the edges of his beard, nor make cuts in his flesh." Similarly, it is not uncommon for a Rastafarian beard to grow uncombed, like dreadlocks.
Beard ban
Enver Hoxha, the dictator of Albania, even banned beards in the 1970s. In many aspects of daily life, beards are totally prohibited, whether for reasons of image or hygiene.
Civil Prohibition
Professional aviation pilots must be clean shaven to facilitate a tight seal for their auxiliary oxygen masks. Similarly, in the fire department, a full beard may also be prohibited, in order to obtain a proper seal of equipment.
As a curiosity, in Isezaki, a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, it was decided to ban beards for municipal employees on May 19, 2010.
Sports bans
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It is illegal for amateur boxers to have beards. As a safety measure, high school wrestlers must be shaved before each fight, although neatly trimmed mustaches are often allowed.
Cincinnati's baseball team, the Cincinnati Reds, had a policy that all players had to be clean shaven (no beards, mustaches, or long sideburns). However, this policy was abolished following the sale of the team by Marge Schott in 1999.
Under owner George Steinbrenner, the Yankees baseball team had a strict dress code that prohibited long hair and beards below the lip. More recently, former Miami Marlins coach Willie Randolph and New York Yankees coach Joe Girardi have adopted a similar shaving policy for their clubs.
The "play-off beard" is a common tradition for teams in the National Hockey League, and now other leagues, where players grow their beards from the start of the game. the play-offs season.
In sumo, both beards and mustaches are strictly prohibited, so wrestlers can go up to three days without shaving. Referees are also prohibited from wearing a beard and mustache; however, there was a time when wrestlers and referees were allowed to wear beards and mustaches (although at that time it was optional).
The Armed Forces
Depending on the country, the historical period and the military unit to which the soldier belongs, the regulation of facial hair undergoes great variations: from the total prohibition to be allowed under certain conditions, to be allowed but on request to the competent superior, to the other extreme of being recommended or even in some cases being mandatory some type of mustache or beard as it is considered an integral part of the uniform.
Related expressions
- Work on a goat beard: pull, pull equally from the two cables with which the ship is tied.
- With more beards than a dive: it is said to repress the one who is already a formal man, for some action of children or of people of a few years.
- Have honest beards: be a person worthy of estimation and respect.
- Have good beards: be very similar, especially talking about ladies
- Having few beards: be too young or inexperienced
- Throw the beard: reconvene one, shave in his face the unworthy portion, the evil proceeding.
- Shake one's beard: do not have them all with you, enter with some suspicion into something of more or less commitment.
- Get in the beards: dare with a superior, lose respect
- Fight or rip your beards off: roaring of anger, manifesting with extreme ademans the wrath that bursts blind
- Throw the good beards: point out or designate any to pay what he and his companions have eaten or spent.
- Walk, be with the beard on the shoulder, bring it on top of it, etc.: be alert, live with care, surveillance and warning
- Beard closed: the one that has it very populated and strong.
- Lying on the beard or half the beard: lie with the greatest dishonestness, shame or shame.
- Make the beard, shave it, rap it: and in a vulgarly figurative sense, screw some, making it flattered.
- When your neighbor's beard sees peel, put yours to soak: let us all be in the head of others so that the evil we witness is not reproduced in us
- Before a white beard for your daughter, than a crencha boy leaving: must be preferred for son-in-law a judicious and mature man, who muzalbets without brain or experience
- What beards, such tobajas: each one must be honored and gifted that corresponds to his class. The Acad says that the right sense of this adage could come from the barbers, which according to the subjects, so put the cloths to remove the beard.
- Make me the beard, I'll make you the cup.: It is worth helping each other, to get what each one wants.
- Barba beard, shame falls: more respect and consideration are kept face to face or in presence than in absence.
- To beards with money, honor do the knights: the wealthy old wealthy, usually treat them with deference and respect for the interest expected of them
- Shut up beards and talk letters: idle is to spend words when there are documents or proofs of what is claimed
- Little beard, little shame: the few years regularly do daring and fearful to men, even though they have good heart and talent.
- Such a beard, such a scale: it should not be expected of men other than the effects of their education and upbringing.
- Barba puts table, not stiff leg: it is urgent to work and apply to acquire what is necessary, which is not achieved by walking and wandering
- Barba a beard: face to face, face to face.
- To the beard, on the beard, on their beards: in the presence of any, in their own noses.
- A slender beard: with a lot of abundance, very copiously, by a style or a ubérrimo mode.
- By beard: by head, by person
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