BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC; in Spanish: «British Broadcasting Corporation») is the public service for radio and television in the United Kingdom. headquarters at Broadcasting House in London. The BBC operates under the mandate of a Royal Charter which guarantees its independence from political or commercial controls.
Broadcasts for the whole of the United Kingdom, its territory is geographically made up of the island of Great Britain, the northeast of the island of Ireland (Northern Ireland), small adjacent islands and British Overseas Territories: Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Anguilla, Bermuda, Gibraltar, Cayman Islands, Pitcairn Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan of Cuna, British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Crown Dependency, Guernsey, Island of Man, Jersey).
It also broadcasts via internet, satellite, DTT and cable almost all television channels in the following countries: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu.
In each of the regions of the United Kingdom there are BBC services specialized in those territories, such as BBC Scotland, which broadcasts exclusively for Scotland.
History
On October 18, 1922, a consortium of British radio manufacturers founded the British Broadcasting Company Ltd, a company in charge of transmitting a radio service on an experimental basis. John Reith became the company's first chief executive officer. On 1 June 1927, a Royal Charter established a public entity, the British Broadcasting Corporation, as the successor to the British Broadcasting Company Ltd. John Reith was appointed its director general. In 1932, the BBC began to broadcast television signals on an experimental basis. Regular TV broadcasting began in 1936.
In 1954, the BBC lost its TV monopoly within the UK as the private network ITV came into being. The radio monopoly persisted until the 1970s.
2011-present
Further cuts were announced on 6 October 2011, so the BBC could achieve a total budget cut of 20%, following the license fee freeze in October 2010, details include cutting the personnel by the year 2000 and a shipment of more than 1000 euros for the development of MediaCityUK, with BBC Three moving in the year 2016, the distribution of more programs between stations and channels, distribution of radio news bulletins, more repetitions on schedules, including the entirety of BBC Two. BBC HD was shut down on 26 March 2013 and replaced by a HD simulcast of BBC Two; however, flagship programmes, other channels and full funding would remain at CBBC and CBeebies. Numerous BBC facilities have been liquidated, including New Broadcasting House on Oxford Road in Manchester. Many main sections have returned to Broadcasting House and MediaCityUK, notably since the closure of the BBC Television Center in March 2013.
Funding
The BBC is mainly funded by a TV tax paid by those who own a TV receiver in the UK. The price of the tax is set annually by the British Government and agreed in Parliament. A similar tax was levied on owners of radio sets, but it was abolished in 1971.
Another source of funding is the sale of programmes, magazines, books and DVDs produced by the BBC.
Expenses
The following graphs and tables represent the chain's expenses in 2012/2013.
| Department | Total Cost (Millions of £) |
|---|---|
| Television including BBC Red Button | 2471.5 |
| Radio | 669.5 |
| BBC Online | 176.6 |
| Licence Fee Collection | 111.1 |
| Orchestras and Performing Groups | 29.2 |
| S4C | 30 |
| Digital switchover | 56.9 |
| Restructuring | 23.1 |
| Properties | 181.6 |
| Technology | 175.1 |
| BBC Trust | 11.9 |
| Libraries, funded knowledge and community events | 33.6 |
| Other | 925.9 |
| Total | 4896 |
| Service | Total Cost 2012/13 (millions of £) | Comparison with 2011/12 (millions of £) |
|---|---|---|
| BBC One | 1.463.2 | + 125.6 |
| BBC Two | 543.1 | + 6 |
| BBC Three | 121.7 | + 8.8 |
| BBC Four | 70.2 | + 2.4 |
| CBBC | 108.7 | + 1.4 |
| CBeebies | 43 | + 0.6 |
| BBC News | 61.5 | + 4 |
| BBC Parliament | 10.5 | + 1.2 |
| BBC Alba | 7.8 | - 0.2. |
| BBC Red Button | 41.8 | + 4.6 |
| Total | 2,471.5 | + 136.6 |
| Services | Total Cost 2012/13 (millions of £) | Comparison with 2011/12 (millions of £) |
|---|---|---|
| BBC Radio 1 | 54.2 | + 3.6 |
| BBC Radio 1Xtra | 11.8 | + 0.7 |
| BBC Radio 2 | 62.1 | + 1.6 |
| BBC Radio 3 | 54.3 | + 1.8 |
| BBC Radio 4 | 122.1 | + 6.2 |
| BBC Radio 4 Extra | 7.2 | - 1 |
| BBC Radio 5 Live | 76 | + 6.7 |
| BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra | 5.6 | + |
| BBC Radio 6 Music | 11.5 | - 0.2. |
| BBC Asian Network | 13 | 0 |
| BBC Local Radio | 152.5 | + 6 |
| BBC Radio Scotland | 32.7 | + 0.6 |
| BBC Radio nan Gàidheal | 6.3 | + |
| BBC Radio Wales | 18.8 | + 1.1 |
| BBC Radio Cymru | 17.6 | + 1.7 |
| BBC Radio Ulster and BBC Radio Foyle | 23.8 | 0 |
| Total | 669.5 | + 29.4 |
Services
Radius
The BBC has ten radio stations with signals covering the whole of the UK, 40 local radio stations in England and six local radio stations located in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Of the ten stations with national coverage, five broadcast on AM, FM, DAB and over the Internet. They are:
BBC Radio 1: contemporary pop music and rock, news and documentary music. It's aimed at a young audience.
BBC Radio 2: contemporary adult music, comedy and news. It's aimed at an adult audience.
BBC Radio 3: art and culture, drama, classical music, jazz.
BBC Radio 4: news, news programs, arts, history, drama, science, books and religion.
BBC Radio 5 Live: news and sports.
England BBC Radio England: with disconnections according to England area Scotland: BBC Radio Scotland (in English), BBC Radio nan Gaidheal (in Scottish Gaelic). Wales Country: BBC Radio Wales (in English), BBC Radio Cymru (in Welsh). Northern Ireland: BBC Radio Ulster (national), BBC Radio Foyle (Londonderry County).
The other five national radio stations broadcast only on DAB and on the Internet. They are:
BBC Radio 1Xtra: urban music. It's aimed at a young audience.
BBC Radio 4 Extra: classical music, comedy, drama, books, science and children's programs.
BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra: coverage of live sports events.
BBC Radio 6 Music: alternative genres (including funk, punk and reggae).
BBC Asian Network: music, news and sports. Targeted to the Asian community of the United Kingdom.
The other two national radio stations broadcast only on the Internet (BBC Sounds). They are:
BBC Radio 1 Dance: Classics and the best new dance tracks.
BBC Radio 1 Relax: quite quiet music programs.
BBC Local Radio consists of 40 local stations in England providing entertainment, news and music to their local broadcast area. The 40 stations are:
- East: BBC Essex, BBC Radio Cambridgeshire, BBC Radio Norfolk, BBC Radio Northampton, BBC Radio Suffolk, BBC Three Counties Radio.
- Central region (Midlands) East: BBC Radio Derby, BBC Radio Leicester, BBC Radio Nottingham.
- London: BBC London 94.9.
- Northeast and Cumbria: BBC Newcastle, BBC Radio Cumbria, BBC Tees.
- Northwest: BBC Radio Lancashire, BBC Radio Manchester, BBC Radio Merseyside.
- South: BBC Radio Berkshire, BBC Radio Oxford, BBC Radio Solent.
- Southeast: BBC Radio Kent, BBC Surrey, BBC Sussex.
- Southwest: BBC Guernsey, BBC Radio Cornwall, BBC Radio Devon, BBC Radio Jersey.
- West: BBC Radio Bristol, BBC Radio Gloucestershire, BBC Somerset, BBC Wiltshire.
- Central region (Midlands) West: BBC WM, BBC Coventry & Warwickshire, BBC Hereford and Worcester, BBC Radio Shropshire, BBC Radio Stoke.
- Yorkshire: BBC Radio Leeds, BBC Radio Sheffield, BBC Radio York.
- Yorkshire & Lincolnshire: BBC Radio Humberside, BBC Lincolnshire.
The radio services in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are:
- Scotland: BBC Radio Scotland, BBC Radio Shetland, BBC Radio nan Gaidheal (in Scottish Gaelic).
- Wales Country: BBC Radio Wales (in English), BBC Radio Cymru (in Welsh).
- Northern Ireland: BBC Radio Ulster, BBC Radio Foyle (in Irish).
The BBC World Service provides news and current affairs programs in English and several foreign languages for an international audience.
Television
- BBC One: Generalist.
- BBC Two: Transgressive generalist.
- BBC Three: Youth audience, series and realities. Share channel with CBBC.
- BBC Four: Adult public, art, culture, dramas and documentaries. Share channel with CBeebies.
- CBBC: Preteen child. Share channel with BBC Three.
- CBeebies: Preschool children. Share channel with BBC Four.
- BBC News: News.
- BBC Parliament: Sessions of parliament.
- BBC Scotland: Generalist, for Scotland.
- BBC Alba: Generalist, in Gaelic.
The BBC operates several television channels in the UK of which BBC One and BBC Two are the flagship television channels. Apart from these two flagship channels, the BBC only operates several digital stations: BBC Three, BBC Four, BBC News, BBC Parliament, and two children's channels, CBBC and CBeebies. Digital television is now in widespread use in the UK, with analogue broadcasting phased out completely by December 2012.
BBC One is a national television service that offers opt-out options throughout the day for local news and other local programming. These variations are most pronounced on BBC 'Nations', i.e. Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, where the presentation takes place mostly locally on BBC One and Two, and where the Program times can vary greatly. There are variations of BBC Two in the Nations, however current English regions rarely have the option to 'opt out'. as regional programming now only exists on the BBC, and non-regional participation is not possible in regions that have already made the switch to digital television. BBC Two was also the first channel to broadcast on 625 lines in 1964, then carried a small-scale regular color service from 1967, BBC One would follow in November 1969.
A new Scottish Gaelic television channel, BBC Alba, launched in September 2008. It is also the first cross-genre channel to come entirely from Scotland with almost all of its programming produced in Scotland. The service is only available via satellite, but since June 2011 it has been available to viewers in Scotland on Freeview and cable television.
The BBC currently operates two high-definition channels, BBC One HD and BBC Two HD, both high-definition simulcasts of their respective SD channels. Until March 26, 2013, a separate channel called BBC HD was available, instead of BBC Two HD. It went live on June 9, 2006, following a 12-month trial of the emissions. It became a proper channel in 2007, projecting programs in high definition as simulcasts on its main feed or other repeats. The company has produced programs in a befitting format for many years, and stated that it hoped to produce 100% of new programs on HDTV by 2010. On 3 November 2010, a high-definition simulcast of BBC One was launched, titled BBC One HD and BBC Two HD launched on March 26, 2013, replacing BBC HD.
In the Republic of Ireland, Belgium, the Netherlands and Switzerland, BBC channels are available on number of airs. In these countries, cable and digital operators carry a range of BBC channels including BBC One, BBC Two and BBC World News, although viewers in the Republic of Ireland can receive BBC services via the "overpopulation" from the station in Northern Ireland or Wales, or via 'rebates'. They received off-air, or digital satellite.
Since 1975, the BBC has also provided its TV programs to the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS), allowing members of the UK armed forces serving overseas to view them on four television channels. From 27 March 2013, BFBS will carry versions of BBC One and BBC Two, which will include CBBC children's programming, as well as programming carried by BBC Three on a new channel called BFBS Extra.
Since 2008, all BBC channels have been available to watch online through the BBC iPlayer service. This online streaming capability followed trials of live streaming, which involves streaming from certain channels in the UK.
In February 2014, CEO Tony Hall announced that the company needed to save £100 million. In March 2014, the BBC confirmed plans for BBC Three to become an Internet-only channel.
Other services
BBC News is a division of the BBC responsible for collecting and producing news and current information for the BBC's television, radio and internet news divisions.
BBC Monitoring is a division of the BBC that curates and translates information from television and radio stations, newspapers, news agencies and websites from 150 countries into more than 70 languages. The signal receiving station for BBC Monitoring is located at Crowsley Park in South Oxfordshire. Reports produced by BBC Monitoring are used by the British government and by commercial clients. BBC Monitoring was created in 1939 to provide the government with data from those countries where the activity of foreign journalists was prohibited.
BBC Online is the main website of the BBC. BBC Online hosts links to other BBC websites such as BBC News Online or BBC Mundo.
BBC Worldwide is the commercial subsidiary of the BBC. BBC Worldwide is responsible for a wide range of business activities, including station management for BBC Entertainment, BBC America, BBC Canada, BBC Lifestyle, BBC Arabic Television, BBC Persian Television, BBC Kids, BBC Urdu, BBC World News, BBC Earth, BBC HD (international signal), UKTV (United Kingdom) and UKTV (Australia and New Zealand).
Criticism
Various criticisms have engulfed the BBC. The most common are the alleged lack of objectivity and impartiality perceived by some observers and the way the BBC is financed through the television canon.
During the Falklands War, then Foreign Office Minister Francis Pym said some media were "treating as equals" to the British and Argentines and expressed concern about the BBC's coverage of the conflict. Conservative MP Robert Adley described the BBC as "General Galtieri's fifth column in Britain". and BBC journalists came to be described as "treason" by some viewers.
In October 1991, the chairman of the British Conservative Party, Chris Patten, accused the BBC of having "anti-conservative biases". The London Daily Mail published in 2006 that in a secret meeting BBC executives had admitted that the corporation is dominated by left-liberals who deliberately promote multiculturalism, anti-Americanism, and have a bias against Christianity.
In October 2003, members of the Bishops' Conference of England and Wales released a statement denouncing the BBC's Panorama and Kenyon Confronts for attacking Pope John Paul II, the Vatican and Catholics. Panorama, broadcast on October 12 a program called Sex and the Holy City where it was stated that the teachings of the Pope and the Church on abortion and contraception "cause the spread of poverty and mortality." The statement indicated that the October 15 program of Kenyon Confronts focused on cases of child abuse by two priests in which "disputable and partial information about the past and present actions of the Church" was presented. The Catholic pro-life organization Human Life International presented a report in October 2003 in which it indicated that the "anti-Catholic content" of BBC programs would respond to alleged links of the BBC with pro-choice organizations c as the International Planned Parenthood Federation.
On January 30, 2011, the hosts of Top Gear said that Mexican vehicles reflect the characteristics of that country and that Mexicans are "lazy, irresponsible, flatulent and overweight." The comments sparked outrage. of many Mexicans, for which the BBC had to apologize. from Top Gear.
In October 2013, the president of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro, described BBC Mundo as "ridiculous" for publishing an article on the creation of the Vice-Ministry for the Supreme Social Happiness of the People. he mocked the concept of supreme social happiness and echoed the spokesmen for the "battered parasitic bourgeoisie that leads political life in Venezuela."
Alleged hispanophobia
Some BBC programs have been criticized for being hypothetically hispanophobic. The series "Civilization" (1960), one of the most important and influential of the BBC, left Hispanic countries out of the narration of how the West was created, causing the publication of the article "The expelled from paradise" by Venezuelan Arturo Uslar Pietri (1972) in the newspaper "El Nacional" from Venezuela, which earned him the "Miguel de Cervantes" (1973). This "negative" about the Hispanic world is visible in other BBC series, and remains to this day. Thus the series "Civilisations" (2018) translated in Spain as "The art of civilizations", in its chapter "First contact" claims that El Greco painted "El Expolio" for fear of the Spanish Inquisition, and that the Baroque is the product of the influence on Spanish Christianity of Aztec human sacrifices, which makes no sense.[citation required] Similar criticisms, due to historical errors and alleged hispanophobia, received the series that the BBC dedicated to the history of Spain "The Making of Spain" translated in Spain "How Spain was made" Directed by Simon Sebag Montefiore
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