Basidiomycota

The Basidiomycetes (Basidiomycota) are a division of the kingdom Fungi that includes fungi that produce basidia with basidiospores. This division includes macroscopic fungi such as classic mushrooms, represented by edible fungi, toxic fungi and hallucinogenic fungi, gelatinous fungi, fungi that cause dandruff and skin diseases such as (pityriasis versicolor) and phytopathogenic fungi, that is, those that attack plants such as rusts and blights.

Features

This division is the most evolved and the best known, as it includes numerous and varied types of fungi. They have dikaryotic septate hyphae (two nuclei), the septa prevent the nuclei from passing from one segment to another. When they are heterothallic in nature, the primary mycelium undergoes dikaryote (somatogamy or spermatization) and produces dikaryotic hyphae that correspond to the secondary mycelium. They have a bottle-shaped structure, called a basidium, which contains basidiospores (sexual spores). In homothallic fungi, a basidiospore produces the dikaryotic mycelium. There is a presence of chitin in the cell walls, and structures called fibulae appear, very similar to the uncinulus of ascomycetes.^{[citation needed]}

Playback

Viscosal boiler.

Asexual reproduction is produced by spores known as conidia or powdery mildew.

In sexual reproduction, there is plasmogamy (somatogamy and spermatization), that is, the fusion of cytoplasms, and it is caused by producing a prolongation called progametangium. The union of progametangia gives rise to gametangia, separated by a septum, and when the septum dissolves said cytoplasmic fusion occurs. This is the beginning of the cytoplasm in heterothallic species. Gametangia are exclusive to rusts (imperfect fungi). Because it is not possible to morphologically differentiate the thallus, they are designated as plus (+) and minus (-). Dikaryotization occurs by spermatization of sperm from one hypha to another (monokaryotic). For such somatogamy, there is a complex compatibility, either by bipolarity, which occurs in factors A (A x a), or by tetrapolarity, which occurs in factors A and B (AB x ab). In addition, it can generate four types of spores.^{[citation needed]}

On the basidia, there are sterigmata and spicules. An astriction mechanism is used to eject the basidiospores, and when these have bilateral symmetry they form an angle with the stroma.^{[citation needed]}

Types

• Heterobasidiomycetes. When the basidiums are septated and very divided. The spores are resistant to having a very thick wall. They present more than one type of conidio.
• Homobasidiomycetes. When the basidiums are more uniform and are not claviform-shaped. In these, the basidium germinates and forms the fifa. The orders are Tremelales, Uredinales and Ustilaginales.^{[chuckles]required]}

Phylogeny

Genetic analysis reveals the following relationships for the subdivisions and classes of Basidiomycetes:

Taxonomy

Pholiota aurivella.

A recent classification adopted by a coalition of 67 mycologists recognizes three clades:

• Agaricomycotina
• Pucciniomycotina
• Ustilaginomycotina

In addition, there are several genera in incertae sedis:

• Gender Celatogloea
• Gender Dacryomycetopsis
• Gender Neotyphula
• Gender Zanchia