Banu Hud

The Aljaferia, built by Al-Muqtadir.

The Hudids or Banu Hud (Arabic: بنو هود‎) were a dynasty Andalusian who reigned in the Taifa kingdom of Zaragoza (1039-1110), Lérida and other places from 1039 to 1131. The presence of this family as kings and lords in the lands of the kingdom of Murcia extended between the years 1228 and 1318.

The Banu Hud came from the Yudam Arab lineage, originally from Yemen. They entered Al-Andalus at the time of the Muslim invasion with the Yund mainly from Palestine and Jordan, and, according to Ibn Hazm, their homestead was in Sidonia, Algeciras, Tudmir (Murcia) and Seville.

Relative to the other dynasties (between the Hammudid dynasty, the Abbads, and the Zirids), the Abbads were the strongest and most durable group.

Zaragoza

The founder of the dynasty of monarchs of the taifa of Zaragoza was Sulaimán ibn Hud al-Musta'in (1039–1046), governor of Lérida. Lérida was de facto independent at the time, a status that it finally achieved in 1037. After the independence of Zaragoza from the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1017 under the Tuyibíes, Sulaimán ibn Muhámmad took the opportunity to seize the capital of the Taifa kingdom in the middle Ebro valley and proclaim himself amir in October 1039.

Sulaima ibn Muhammad left his descendants in:

• Zaragoza, Abu Jafar Áhmed ben Sulayman al-Muqtádir bi-L-lah, which conquered Tortosa and Denia.
• Lérida, Yúsuf al-Muzáffar (1046-1079)
• Tudela, Muhámmad al-Múndir ben Sulayman
• Calatayud, Sulaimán ben Sulaimán

The branches of Lérida, Tudela and Calatayud were conquered by that of Zaragoza, by Áhmed I al Muqtádir, who died in 1081.

The sons of al-Muqtádir founded two branches:

• Lérida, Tortosa and Denia: Al Mundir Imad al-Dawla (1081-1090) and his son Sulaimán Sayyid al-Dawla (1090-1102).
• Zaragoza, Abu Ámir Yúsuf ben Áhmed al-Mutaman (1081-1085), his son Abu Yafar Áhmed II ibn Yúsuf al-Mustaín (1085-1110) and his son Abu Marwán Abd al-Malik ibn Ahmed Imad al-Dawla (1110-1130), who ruled initially in Zaragoza and later in Rueda de Jalón. His son Abu Yafar Áhmed ibn Abd al-Málik ibn Hud al-Mustánsir Saif al-Dawla, called “Zafadola”, ruled a few years in Rueda de Jalon and ceded the territory to Castile towards 1139. In 1145 he ruled Cordoba, Granada, Jaén and Murcia and in 1146 Valencia, when he died in combat.

The kings Al-Muqtádir (1046–1081), Al-Mutamin (1081-1085) and Al-Musta'in II (1085–1110), were great patrons of culture and art. The residence erected by Al-Muqtádir, the Aljafería, is practically the only palace from the time of the Taifa kingdoms that has been preserved almost in its entirety.

Under the hegemony of the Hudi kings, Zaragoza was the most important taifa in Al-Andalus in the second half of the 11th century along with the Taifa of Seville. His domains extended from 1076 to Tortosa to the north and Denia to the south, being the Valencia of Abu Bakr a vassal of the Banu Hud. From 1086 they led the resistance of the Taifa kingdoms against the Almoravids, who could not conquer the city until 1110. The conquest represented the end of the dynasty in the city. Only eight years later, the kingdom of Aragon expelled the Almoravids from Zaragoza, gaining control of the middle Ebro valley.

Murcia

Cover of the northern hall of the Alcazar Follow (seventh century)XIII). Santa Clara Museum.

In 1228, Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Yúsuf ibn Hud al-Mutawákkil (late XII century – 1238), who He claimed to be a descendant of Abu Jaáfar Áhmed ibn Abd al-Málik ibn Hud al-Mustánsir Saif ad-Dawla, called "Zafadola", he undertook from his fiefdom in Ricote, Segura Valley (Murcia), the rebellion against the Almohads, proclaiming himself Emir of Muslims and declaring himself for the Abbasids of Baghdad. First he takes Murcia and, later, he takes control of Denia, Almería, Granada, Málaga, Córdoba and Seville, arriving according to Ladero Quesada “ to dominate all of Muslim Spain except Valencia and Niebla ”.

Ibn Hud thus governed an extensive state united against common enemies such as the Castilians, Aragonese and Almohads, but only subdued by force, so that after several defeats such as the loss of Córdoba (1236), revolts took place in Malaga and Granada who seek Merinid support.

After his assassination in Almería in 1238, his state survived, reduced to the Southeast, until his uncle Muhammad ibn Hud Baha ad-Dawla (1241-1259 or 1260) declared himself a vassal of Castile in 1243. Strong Castilian pressure caused the Murcian rebellion in 1264, being the last Hudi king Abu Bakr Muhámmad ibn Muhámmad al-Wáthiq, king for the second time, (1264-1266), who lost the kingdom in 1266.

Despite the loss of the kingdom, the Murcian Hudis received in the same year 1266 from King Alfonso X the noble title (or nominal sovereignty) of Moorish Kings of the Arrixaca of Murcia, being the first to hold said honor Muhammad Abu Abdalah ibn Hud and the last Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Hud, who died without issue at the end of the 13th century.

Similarly, in this year 1266 Alfonso X recognized the Muslim Dominion of Crevillente to the eldest son of Baha ad-Dawla, Áhmad Abu Yaáfar ibn Muhámmad ibn Hud, who had already been holding his government since the beginning of the Castilian protectorate, not joining the Mudejar revolt.

In the royal family of the Hudis of Murcia, the figure of the poet and mystic Badr ad-Din Abu Ali ibn Hud al-Mursi (Murcia, 1236 – Damascus, 1300), nephew of Ibn Hud and son of Ali ibn, also stands out. Yúsuf ibn Hud Adid ad-Dawla who served as regent for Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Wáthiq in 1238.

To the Murcian king Ibn Hud al-Mutawákkil we owe the construction between 1228 and 1238 of what is known as Alcázar Seguir, conceived as a recreational palace located in the residential area of the Arrixaca suburb.

List of cadis and kings of taifa

Hudid Kings of Zaragoza

• Sulaimán ibn Muhámmad ibn Hud al-Musta'ín, 1039-1046
• Abu Yafar Áhmed ibn Sulayman al-Muqtádir bi-L-lah, 1046-1081
• Yúsuf ibn Áhmed al-Mutamin, 1081-1085
• Ahmed II ibn Yúsuf al-Musta'ín, 1085-1110
• Abd al-Málik Imad ad-Dawla, 24 January-31 May 1110

Cadies of Lleida

• Sulaimán ibn Muhámmad ibn Hud al-Musta'ín, 1037-1046
• Yúsuf ben Sulaimán al-Muzáfar, 1046-1079

Hudid kings of Murcia

• Abu Abdellah Muhámmad ibn Yúsuf ibn Hud al-Yudhami (al-Mutawákil), 1228-1238
• Abu Bakr Muhámmad ibn Muhámmad (al-Wáthiq), 1238 (7 months/1.a time), with his uncle Ali ibn Yúsuf ibn Hud (Adid ad-Dawla) as regent.
• Muhámmad ibn Muhámmad ibn Hud (Baha ad-Dawla) (Abenhudiel according to Christian chronicles), 1241-1259 or 1260
• Abu Jafar ibn Muhámmad ibn Muhámmad ibn Hud, 1259 or 1260-1264
• Muhámmad ibn Abi Yafar ibn Hud, 1264
• Abu Bakr Muhámmad ibn Muhámmad (al-Wáthiq), 1264-1266 (2th time)

Moorish kings of the Arrixaca

• Muhámmad Abu Abdalah ibn Hud, 1266-1280
• Ali Abu ul-Hasan ibn Hud, 1280-1290
• Abu Yaáfar ibn Hud, 1290-1295
• Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn HudAbrahim Aboxac according to Christian documents), 1295-1296? (before 1307)

Señorío de Crevillente

• Ahmad Abu Yafar ibn Muhámmad ibn HudAliafar of Christian Chronicles), 1243-1296
• Muhámmad ibn Áhmad ibn Hud, 1296-1316
• Ibrahim ibn Muhámmad ibn Hud, 1316-1318