Ball

Basketball.

From rugby.

American football.

Football.

Bandy.

A ball or ball is an object used in ball sports and other games. The balls are usually spherical, but can also be oval like rugby and American football. There are elastic ones and with different weights and measurements, such as basketball and rugby ones, which are inflated with air. Others are stiff and heavy, like golf and field hockey. In principle, the word "ball" is used for larger and inflated balls, as in the case of football, basketball or rugby; however, this term has come to be used in some countries for most balls. Other terms used in sports slang are spherical or round, among others.

In most games involving balls, the object of the game is to manipulate the ball with parts of the body or some tool, and into a goal area, which varies from sport to sport.

History

The ball is round and is characteristic of many games that require physical effort, it has existed since the beginning of time. Balls can be found on Egyptian monuments, with drawings of some kind of game with a ball. Today, it is even used by aboriginal tribes. There are also references in ancient works, for example, in the Odyssey, Nausicaa was playing with a ball with his maidens when Odysseus first saw her in the land of the Phaeacians. (Od. came. 100).

From the Chinese to the world

The leather ball was invented by the Chinese in the 4th century BC. C. The Chinese stuffed these balls with strings. This arose when one of the five great rulers of China in ancient times, Fu-Hi, a passionate inventor, packed several hard roots into a spherical mass to which covered with pieces of rawhide: he had just invented the ball. The first thing he did with it was simply to play passing it from hand to hand. They did not use it in championships. Mesoamerican cultures were the first to use bouncing balls, as they invented rubber and latex balls.

From the Greeks to the 18th century

Gymnasium of Ancient Greece.

The history of the game of ball, in the Greek age there are many witnesses to the practice of this sport, for example with Alexander the Great as a good player. In Rome, the sport of ball was prescribed by doctors as a This exercise is recommended for all ages and conditions, senators, townspeople, etc. Competition associations and federations were even founded.

The game was spread by legionnaires in the lands of the Empire, it was practiced in Belgium, France, Italy and the Iberian Peninsula throughout the Middle Ages.

Wind Balls

A wind ball was a hollow ball inflated with pressurized air that could bounce and bounce when impacted with a certain velocity against a solid body. The typical use of wind balls was in different ball games. The name wind ball was used in ancient times (15th and 16th centuries). Although conceptually many of the current balls are inflated with pressurized air, the modern name is simplified to "ball", regardless of the system adopted in its manufacture.

Aerodynamics

The existing physical factors influence the movement of the ball, and the way and application of the forces to obtain its displacement. These include, but are not limited to: shape, air, volume, pressure, temperature, material and texture, etc.

The material a ball is made of, both outside and inside, also affects its weight, range, and bounce; this is evident in the manufacture of golf balls, since their weight is equivalent. Both the material and the size will determine the use that can be given to it due to the determining factors of resistance, size and aerodynamics.

The external texture is a determining factor in the results of the movement; For example, the seams on the ball used in baseball pitches are used to produce some desired effect. Another example is that of the ball used in football, where the number of seams and surfaces make the body a more or less perfect sphere; that is to say, that a classic ball of hexagons and pentagons will behave aerodynamically differently from one that has a greater or lesser number of contour surfaces; this is evident in the ease of applying or controlling a chamfer. It should be noted that not all balls were round (if we assume that a round ball only has one side, without any edges), although this seems ridiculous: the first balls had icosahedral shapes, which allowed the ball to "roll", despite having sides.

By sport

Football

The regulation soccer ball is made of leather or similar, with a perimeter between 68 and 70 cm (diameter between 21.65 and 22.29 cm). Its mass varies from 410 to 450 g and its inflation pressure, equivalent to 0.6-1.1 atm (600-1100 g/cm²) at sea level.

American Football

Inflation: Your ball is an inflated 12 1/2 to 13 1/2 pound rubber bladder, covered by an oval-shaped layer of leather. Its weight is 14 to 15 ounces and its size is as follows:

• In the long axis the measurement is 11 to 11 1/4 inches.
• The long circumference (half tip to tip) 28 to 28 1/2 inches.
• The short circumference (middle to center of the ball) from 21 to 21 1/4 inches.

Basketball

The basketball measures between 69 to 78 cm depending on whether it is a male, female, or children's basketball or ball. Likewise, the weight varies depending on the category, ranging from 470 to 650 grams.

• Male Ball “No 7A” measures 75-78 cm and its weight borders 567-650 g
• Feminine ball “No 6A” measures 72-73 cm and its weight borders 510-567 g
• Junior Ball “No 5A” measures 69-70 cm and its weight borders 470-510 g

Regarding their external appearance, basketballs are generally orange in color and their surface is rough to prevent them from slipping through the players' hands.

Tennis ball

The International Tennis Federation has set rules regarding the official measurements of tennis balls. They must have a diameter that ranges between 65.41-68.58 mm and a weight between 56 and 59.4 g and it is also contemplated that the only color that can be used is yellow with white to improve the visualization of the players and as well as television viewers.

Golf ball

The golf ball is a ball specifically designed for playing golf, used with golf clubs. It must not weigh more than 45.93 g and it must be taken into account that a heavier ball goes further. The diameter cannot be less than 42.67 mm and, like the clubs, in official tournaments they are subject to revisions to verify that they comply with the regulations.

The different types used depend on the characteristics and preferences of the players. It is also customary to use balls previously rarely used by other players, mainly from tournaments.

Volleyball Ball

The ball is spherical and flexible; 65-67 cm in circumference, 260-280 g in weight and internal pressure of 0.3-0.325 kg/cm². It is thus smaller and lighter than the balls used in basketball or soccer. It can be made of various materials, although the most comfortable and used is leather. There are also plastic or rubber balls that are used for training.

The volleyball has been in continuous evolution since its creation by Professor William George Morgan in the late 19th century. After going through several stages in which he has changed his weight, size and pressure, finally after the JJ. oo. of Beijing, the official stockings and characteristics of the current volleyball ball were established. The regulation establishes that a combination of colors can be used and establishes official measurements and weight of the volleyball ball of 65-67 cm and 260-280 g at a pressure of 0.300 and 0.325 kg/cm².

Baseball

A baseball is one that is used to practice said sport. Its circumference is 9 inches (22.5 cm) and not greater than 9 1/4 inches (24 cm) and 5 ounces (142 g) in weight, some of these balls can be used in children's leagues. The construction varies, usually the core of the ball is made of cork, rubber, or a mixture of both, and can sometimes consist of several layers. Around it are wound ribbons of various materials that include thread and string, occasionally wool can be used.

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