Atlantis Tunnel

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Atlántida Tunnel is the name given to the last section, completely flooded by sea waters from the La Corona volcanic tube, in the north of the island of Lanzarote (Canary Islands), in the municipality of Haría. The Cueva de los Verdes and Jameos del Agua, famous tourist centers on the island, are part of the same volcanic tube. The cave is located in the north of the island of Lanzarote (Canary Islands) and is of great geological and biological importance, housing at least 36 endemic species of the island of Lanzarote, of great evolutionary interest.

Origin and geological description

The Atlantis Tunnel was formed approximately 21 millennia ago in subaerial conditions and was subsequently flooded during the last transgression by waters of marine origin. The total length of the tunnel is approximately 1600 m long and it is the largest volcanic tube submarine of the planet. The flow that gave rise to the cave was emitted by a lateral hornite of the Corona volcano, and flowed in a southwest direction, probably in favor of some ravine bed. The sea level, being lower at that time, allowed the flow to advance approximately 2 km beyond the current coastline, on a coastal platform. The flow stopped when it came into contact with the water, with the sudden cooling of the lava. With the end of the last ice age and the retreat of the ice in northern Europe, the sea level rose, flooding the last section of the cave, which today we know as the Tunnel of Atlantis.

The Atlántida tunnel has two sections that run in parallel: a main section (Atlántida Tunnel) and an upper section of smaller length and diameter (Hidden Lake). The total length of the cave is 1600 m; with an average depth of 30 m and a middle section of 15-20 m. The tube ends at a depth of 64 m.

The main section of the Atlántida Tunnel begins at the Jameo Chico de los Jameos del Agua, with an entrance lake of ca. 10x10 m and a depth of 9 m. The bottom presents large blocks and an important accumulation of picon. The artificial lighting present in this part of the cave fades after a few meters, but allows algae to grow on the walls of the entrance. After a short section of 129 m and an average depth of 10 m, the first restriction (“the Chasm”) is reached where the section of the cave narrows and drops to 25 m. In this section there are two connections with the upper gallery, Lago Escondido, which runs in parallel over this section of the cavity. The cave then continues for about 250 m, where there is a second restriction in which the depth drops to 30 m. The cave then continues with a middle section of 15 m in diameter until reaching the Jable Mountain, an accumulation of ca. 20 m high calcareous sediments from outside. In this area, the marine influence in the cave is more evident, possibly due to the lower thickness of the rock layers that separate the cavity from the coastal waters. It is possible to observe in this section some sessile organisms, as well as some typical species of marine caves (e.g. Athanas cf.nitescens; Stenopus spinosus). After the Jable Mountain, the cave widens, reaching up to 25 m in section in some sections, and continues, with a descending depth, until the final widening, prior to the collapse of the cavity, at 81 m deep.

The upper section of the cave or Hidden Lake has an extension of 390 m and communicates with the Atlantis tunnel at three points, at 50, 130 and 200 m penetration. The section of this section is narrow and the bottom is covered by calcareous crusts, without large collapse blocks. This section ends with the progressive narrowing of the roof of the cavity.

The water column of the Tunnel is not stratified and has characteristics similar to seawater, except for a higher concentration of silicon. The salinity is 35.822 ‰ and the oxygen concentration is 4.89 ml/l. The water column is relatively stable and does not present turbulence, except for the presence of tidal currents, with a speed of 0.5-2.5 m/s. The organic matter throughout the cave's water column is allochthonous and of marine origin, and is introduced into the cave by these currents. Primary production is only recorded in the first meters of the tunnel, near Jameo Chico, due to artificial lighting.

Fauna diversity and ecology

In addition to its geological importance, the Atlantis Tunnel is part of the anchialine belt of Lanzarote, one of the most diverse anchialine ecosystems in the world with 36 endemic species. The following table summarizes the species cited so far for the cave. The inventory is supported by recent reviews and some new publications. Species that so far are only known in anchialine environments of Lanzarote (not necessarily only within the Tunnel) are indicated as endemic. The references section includes the most relevant quotes about the species in the cave, except for the original description.

Family Species Endemity Habitat References
Cnidaria
ActinulidaeHalammohydra sp.-Interstitial, Jable MountainWilkens et al. 2009
Nematode
DemonsidizedQuadricoma sp.-Interstitial, Jable MountainGarcía-Valdecasas 1985
DraconematidaeDraconema sp.-Interstitial, Jable MountainGarcía-Valdecasas 1985
Priapula
TubiluchidaeTubiluchus cf.-Interstitial, Jable MountainGarcía-Valdecasas 1985
Annelida
AcrocirridaeMacrochaeta n. sp.EndemicCrevicular, lapilliNuñez et al. 1997
BonellidaeBonellia viridis Rolando 1821-CrevicularBrito et al. 2009
DorvilleidaeProtodorvillea kefersteni-Interstitial, Jable MountainGarcía-Valdecasas 1985
FauveliopsidaeFauveliopsis jameoaquensis Núñez 1997EndemicInterstitial, Jable MountainNúñez et al 1997; Iliffe et al 2000
NerillidaeMeganerilla cesari Worsaae, Martínez and Nuñez 2009-Interstitial, Jable Mountain-
NerillidaeMesonerilla armoricana Swedmark 1959-Interstitial, Jable MountainWorsaae et al. 2009
NerillidaeMesonerilla sp. 1-Interstitial, Jable MountainWorsaae et al. 2009
NerillidaeMesonerilla sp. 2-Interstitial, Jable MountainWorsaae et al. 2009
ParaonidaeCirrophorus lyra (Southern 1914)-Interstitial, Jable Mountain-
PolynoidaeGesiella jameensis (Hartmann-Schröder 1974)EndemicWater columnWilkens and Parzefall 1974; García-Valdecasas 1985; Iliffe et al. 1984, 2000; Parzefall 1986; Wilkens et al. 1986, 1993; Hartmann-Schröder 1988; Nuñez et al. 1997
ProtodrilidaeProtodrilus n. sp.EndemicWater columnMartínez et al. 2009
OrbiniidaeQuesta sp.-Interstitial, Jable Mountain-
ScalibregmatidaeSpeleobregma throwoteum Bertelsen 1986EndemicWater columnIliffe 2000; Martínez et al. 2013
ScalibregmatidaeAscherocheilus sp.-Infaunal, Mountain of JableMartínez et al. 2013
SyllidaeSphaerosyllis iliffei Nuñez, Martínez and Brito 2009EndemicInterstitial, Jable Mountain
SyllidaeSyllis parapari San Martín y López 2000-Interstitial, Jable Mountain-
Mollusca
SkeneidaePseudorbis jameensis Blonde and Babio 1990-Interstitical, Mountain of Jable-
TrochidaeJujubinus exasperatus (Pennant 1777)-Crevicular, entranceMartínez et al. 2009
TurbinidaeRugged bag (Linnaeus 1767)-Crevicular, entranceWilkens and Parzefall 1974
Crustacea
Copepoda, Calanoida
ArietellidaeParamisophria reducta Ohtsuka et al. 1993EndemicWater columnIliffe et al 2000
EpacteriscidaeEnantronia canariensis Fosshagen et al. 2001EndemicWater columnIliffe et al 2000
DiatomidaeParadiaptomus alluaudi Guerne and Richard 1890-Water columnBowman 1989
PseudocyclopiidaeStygocyclopia balearica Jaume, Fosshagen and Iliffe 1999-Water columnJaume et al 1999; Iliffe et al 2000
Copepoda, Cyclopoida
CyclopinidaeMuccedina multispinosa Jaume and Boxshall, 1996-Water columnIliffe et al 2000
Copepoda, Harpacticoida
SuperornatiremidaeNeoechinophora karaytugi Huys 1996EndemicWater columnIliffe et al 2000
Copepoda, Misophrioida
MisophriidaeExpansophria dimorpha Boxshall and Iliffe 1987EndemicWater columnBoxshall and Jaume 2000; Iliffe et al 2000
MisophriidaeDimisophria cavernicola Boxshall and Iliffe 1987EndemicWater columnBoxshall and Jaume 2000; Iliffe et al 2000
PalpophriidaePalpophria aestheta' Boxshall and Iliffe 1987EndemicWater columnBoxshall 1989; Boxshall and Jaume 2000; Iliffe et al 2000
SpeleophriidaeSpeleophriopsis canariensis Jaume and Boxshall 1996EndemicWater columnIliffe et al 2000
Ostracoda, Polycopida
PolycopidaeEupolycope pnyx Kornicker and Iliffe 1995EndemicWater columnIliffe et al 2000
ThaumatocyprididaeDanielopolina phalanx Kornicker and Iliffe 1995EndemicWater columnIliffe, 2000
ThaumatocyprididaeDanielopolina wilkensi Hartmann 1985EndemicWater columnKornicker and Iliffe 1995, 1998; Iliffe et al 2000
Ostracoda, Myodocopida
SarsiellidaeEusarsiella bedoyai Baltanás 1992EndemicInterstitial, Arena MountainBaltanás 1992
Malacostraca, Decapoda
AlpheidaeAthanas cf. nitescen (Leach, 1814)-Infaunal, Arena MountainWilkens et al. 2009
GalatheidaeMunidopsis polymorpha Koelbel 1892EndemicInterstitial, Arena MountainKoelbel 1892; Calman 1904; Harms 1921; Fage and Monod 1936; Wilkens and Parzefall 1974; Parzefall and Wilkens 1975; Iliffe et al 1984, 2000; García-Valdecasas 1985; Parzefall 1986; Wilkens et al 1986, 1990, 1993
StenopodidaeEusarsiella bedoyaiEndemicInterstitial, Arena MountainBaltanás 1992
Malacostraca, Amphipoda
HyalidaeParhyale multispinosa Stock 1987EndemicWater column, crevicularStock 1987
IngolfiellidaeIngolfiella sp.-Interstitial, Arena MountainWilkens et al. 2009
PardaliscidaeSpelaeoniccipe buchi (Andres 1975)EndemicInterstitial, Arena MountainWilkens and Parzefall 1974; García-Valdecasas 1985; Iliffe et al 1984, 2000; Parzefall 1986; Wilkens et al 1986, 1993
TalitridaeLiagoceradocus acutus (Andres 1978)EndemicCrevicularIliffe et al 1984, 2000; García-Valdecasas 1985; Wägele 1985; Parzefall 1986; Wilkens et al 1986; Rondé-Broekhuizen and Stock 1987
IngolfiellidaeSpeleocuma sp.-Interstitial, Arena MountainGarcía-Valdecasas 1985; Corberá 2002
IngolfiellidaeHeteromysoides cotti (Calman 1932)EndemicWater columnFage and Monod 1936; Wilkens and Parzefall 1974; Iliffe et al 1984, 2000; García-Valdecasas 1985; Parzefall 1986; Wilkens et al 1986, 1993
ThermosbaenidaeHalosbaena fortuneta Bowman and Iliffe 1986EndemicWater columnWilkens et al 1986; Iliffe et al 2000
Remipedia
MorlockiidaeMorlockia atlantis (Koenemann, Bloechl, Martínez, Iliffe, Hoenemann and Oromí, 2009)EndemicWater columnKoenemann et al 2009
MorlockiidaeMorlockia ondinae García-Valdecasas 1984EndemicWater columnIliffe et al 1984, 2000; García-Valdecasas 1985; Parzefall 1986; Schram et al 1986; Wilkens et al 1986, 1993; Koenemann et al 2009
Echinodermata
OphiodermatidaeOphioderma longicauda (Retzius 1805)-Water columnGarcía-Valdecasas, 1985

History of cave exploration

The first exploration dates back to 1972, when the Guerra brothers reached 370 m.

In 1983, speleodivers from the STD in Madrid explored 1,570 m of the tube. The results of the expedition were summarized in a general inventory of the fauna of the Tunnel and the description of the first remipede, Speleonectes ondinae.

In 1986, a team of Franco-Belgian divers reached 1,618 m, the point where the tunnel ends at a depth of 64 m.

In 1987 an STD team again reached the scanning tip and confirmed that there was no continuity.

In 2008, a team of American divers from Texas A&M University, with the support of biologists from the University of Hamburg and the University of La Laguna, reached 1000 m of penetration and collected samples that led to the description of three new species, including a second remipede Speleonectes atlantida, and the so-called Meganerilla of César Manrique, Meganerilla cesari. The diving team was composed of Thomas M. Iliffe, Terence Tyssal, Jill Heinerth and James Rossi, along with non-diving scientists Renee Bishop (Penn State University), Stefan Koenemann (University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover), Alejandro Martínez (University of La Laguna) and Horst and Ulrike Wilkens (University of Hamburg)

In 2011, a team of Canarian divers organized by the University of Copenhagen and supported by the Cabildo of Lanzarote, achieved a comparable goal and collected samples that were studied by scientists from 8 universities around the world. The diving team was made up of divers Alejandro Martínez, Enrique Domínguez, Luis E. Cañadas, Sergio González and Ralf Schoenermark. The maximum penetration mark was the Jable Mountain, at 750 m.

In February 2019, with the Sublantida Project, a UNED research team, led by Javier Lario, reached, after 32 years, the exploration tip at -64 m depth to collect samples for the first study geological in the Antlantida Tunnel.,

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