Aragonese language

The Aragonese is a Romance language of the Iberian Peninsula, currently spoken by some 8,788 to 12,000 people, according to data from 2011 and 2017, in areas of northern Aragon, where it has the status of its own language. It is also called Alto-Aragonese or Fabla Aragonese. It is spoken mainly in the north of the province of Huesca, in the regions of La Jacetania, Alto Gállego, Sobrarbe and the western part of Ribagorza, although it is also spoken, somewhat in Spanish, in other regions of the area.

The easternmost varieties (such as those from the Benasque Valley) have transitional characteristics with Catalan. There are no data on the use of the language among speakers who have emigrated to non-Aragonese-speaking regions. Likewise, there is an unknown number of new speakers who have learned Aragonese in an attempt to promote this threatened language with extinction.

Some examples of Ansotan Aragonese collected by Jean-Joseph Saroïhandy, along with a translation into Spanish are:

• I love your uellos. (I like your eyes.)
• What's wrong? (What is ours?)
• To pleviu and the race is already over. (It's rained and the street's dry.)
• Devant d’a caseta bi’staba una xerata que itava muita flama. (In front of the house there was a bonfire that was burning a lot of flame).
• Do not know or that m’heva Pasau. (I didn't know what happened to me.)
• They put in a loma. (They went up to the hill).
• In i’stá muitas. Quanttas in bi’stá! (There are many. How many are there!)

Name

The most common formal name for the language is Aragonese, the name by which it is known locally and internationally. The medieval stage is called Navarro-Aragonese, although modern philology makes a distinction between the Navarrese and Aragonese medieval ballads.

Fabla aragonesa, or simply fabla, is another denomination popularized in the last quarter of the 20th century that is used in the western dialects of Aragonese (documented in Hecho, Ansó, Ayerbe, Luesia and Uncastillo).

It is also possible to find the denomination altoaragonés as a synonym, but its current use is minority.

For some time the language was legally known in Aragon as Aragonese language typical of the Pyrenees and pre-Pyrenees areas, due to the approval of the language law in Aragon in 2013, during the government of the Partido Popular in the community.

It is common to name the language by the names of the different local varieties.

Varieties

Western Bloc Ansotano Cheese Aragüesino Aisino Jaqués	Central block Aragonés centro-western Tennis Panticuto Aragonese of the land of Biescas Aragonés del Valle de Acumuer Serrablés Aragonés de Ballibasa Aragonés de Sobrepuerto Aragonés centro-oriental Aragonés de la ribera de Fiscal Bergotés Aragonés del valle de Vió Aragonés del valle de Puértolas Aragonés del valle de Tella Belsetano Aragonés de Sierra Ferrera	Eastern Bloc Chistabino Fovano Aragonés ribagorzano Altorribagorzano or benasqués or patués Mediorribagorzano or Campo Undergroundbearing Grausino Estadillano Foncense
South block Yesterday Aragonés somontanés Naval Aragonés del Viejo Sobrarbe		Transition Dialects Castellano aragones

Bilingual sign in Aragonese and Spanish located in Benasque.

The most accepted classification establishes four groups, within which the different varieties are classified:

• Western Aragonese
• Central Aragonese
• Eastern Aragon
• Aragonese or South

Popularly, the lack of clear linguistic referents and a centuries-old diglossia have favored the lack of unitary awareness among the speakers of the Aragonese language and, in areas where their own dialect has been better preserved, the speakers tend to use local names. For example:

• Ansotano: in the valley of Anso
• Cheso: in the valley of Doncho
• Panticuto: in Panticosa
• Belsetano: in Bielsa
• Chistabino: in the Valley of Gistaín
• Patués: in the valley of Benasque
• Ribagorzano: in the Ribagorza

There are some dialects of Aragonese in the valleys of the axial Pyrenees, a variety with more general features in Somontano (more Spanish) and transitional forms between the two.

The easternmost languages of the Ribagorza dialect, along with the westernmost of Ribagorza Catalan, can be considered a transitional Romance variant, sharing characteristics with Catalan and Aragonese.

Language affiliation

Aragonese is part of the dialect continuum that links most vernacular romances in southwestern Europe. It appears as a Romance bridge between the linguistic domains of the Occitan-Romance languages and the Ibero-Romance languages. An older layer shows the presence of Gallo-Romanesque elements, which have been replaced in more recent times by other Ibero-Romanesque elements. Aragonese has various affinities with Gascon and Catalan, more accentuated in the past as it has currently lost many of the elements that united it with neighboring Romances, and today they remain only in the form of dialect strongholds in Alto Cinca.

Pyrenean-Mozarabic group

Ethnologue classifies Aragonese together with Mozarabic, postulating a hypothetical Pyrenean-Mozarabic group, a debatable classification since Mozarabic has peculiar phonetic evolutions not shared by Aragonese or any other Romance language of the peninsula.

Occitan-Romance or Ibero-Romance group

Although some linguists classify Aragonese in the group of Ibero-Romance languages, Aragonese presents some divergences that separate it from the romances of the western peninsula (Castilian, Asturian-Leonese and Galician-Portuguese), relating it more to Catalan and Occitan (especially Gascon Occitan), and with the rest of Romania in general. An example is the case of the conservation of the pronominal-adverbial particles ibi/bi/i and en/ne. In its elementary lexicon, Aragonese also has a higher percentage of words closer to Catalan (especially Western Catalan) and Gascon, which does not happen with Castilian, although this also depends on the variety of Aragonese. Thus, an Occitano-Romanesque origin is assumed with the subsequent Castilianization.

Thus, western Aragonese no longer shares as much lexicon with its eastern neighbors as central or eastern Aragonese does.

Intermediate position

As a consequence, modern Aragonese is a Romance language positioned between the Occitano-Romance group and Ibero-Romance, acting as a bridge between Castilian and Catalan, but also in many cases between Castilian and Gascon. The fact that it shares a series of exclusive words from Latin with Gascon and northwestern Catalan (and sometimes with Basque) also places Aragonese in a subgroup sometimes called Pyrenees. In turn, its archaism on some occasions brings it closer to Asturian compared to Castilian.

These classifications mean that Aragonese can appear as the most southwestern of the Occitan-Romance, Pyrenean and Gallo-Romance languages or sometimes as the most eastern of the Ibero-Romance languages (when Catalan or Occitan are not included).

Linguistic description

Phonology and spelling

Phonemes are enclosed in slashes / /, allophones of a phoneme are enclosed in square brackets [ ], orthographic notation is in italics and follows the orthography of the Academia del Aragonese.

Vowels

	Previous		Central		Subsequential
Closed	i/i/ u/u/ e/e/ or/o/ a/a/
Media
Open

A graphic accent (á, é, í, ó, ú) indicates an irregular position of the tonic accent.

Consonants

Diachronic evolution of phonology

Some historical features of Aragonese compared to other languages (abbreviations used: esp = Spanish; cat = Catalan; occ = Occitan; port = Portuguese; galport = Galician-Portuguese; ast = Asturian-Leonese; gal = Galician; moz = Mozarabic):

• The O and E brief tonics of Latin are systematically found in diptongos [we] and [je]

• Diptongation in front of yod of these O, E open:

• Loss of the -E final atone:

• Unlike the other Romantic languages with a possible euscheric substrate, such as Spanish and the Gascon West, the Aragonese preserves the F- Initial romance:

• The Yod romance (GE-,GI-,I-) drift in africada postalveolar derda []]:

• As in Asturleonian (partially), West (partially) and Galician-Portuguese, the cult Romance groups -ULT-, -CT- drift in [jt]:

• The romance groups -X-, -PS-, SCj- derivatives in deaf palatal fricative ix [CHUCKLES]:

• As in almost all Western romances, and unlike Spanish, romance groups - Lj-, -C'L-, -T'L- derivative in lateral palatal approach ll []]:

• As in Spanish, in Catalan (partially), in the West (partially), in Asturleon and Galician, V results in /b/:

• La -B- latin remains in the finishes of the imperfect indicative in the second and third conjugation: ♪ (s: had, cat: I had to., port: tinha).

Morphosyntax

Determinants

Possessives

Possessives have a determinative function when they are preceded by the definite article. The determined noun can be found in the middle of the combination:

• My field. (my field); lto my house (my house); lto my house (my house); etc.

Sometimes there is no article:

• Home our ye cerqueta d'aquí (our house is right here.)

With some nouns referring to close relatives, the short form of the possessive is also used, which is not accompanied by an article:

• My pai (my father); Your mai (your mother).

Pronouns

Pronominal-adverbial particles (or adverbial pronouns)

Aragonese, like many Romance languages but unlike most Ibero-Romance languages, preserves derivatives of the Latin forms INDE and IBI in the pronominoadverbial particles: en/ne, bi/hi/hie (Old Castilian y, French en, y; Catalan en, hi).

Combinations of pronominal forms

The common combination in Aragonese of the direct and indirect object third-person personal pronouns only distinguishes the number in the indirect (li/le; lis/les) but the two genders and numbers are reduced to a single form (in /ne) live.

• Li'n / Le'n
• Lis ne / Les ne

This form is quite particular when compared to that of neighboring languages, in which either there is no distinction of gender and number in the indirect object (in Spanish) or difference in number and gender in the direct object (in Catalan):

• In Aragones: The apples, Chusepa, li'n They always gave it to me..
• In Spanish: The apples, Josefa, I know. They always wanted to.
• In Catalan: Les pomes, a Josepa, I'm sorry. Donaven sempre that in volia.

It must be taken into account that there are forms in some Aragonese dialects that do have the gender and number of the direct object marked. This is the case in the Ribagorzan forms lo i, la i, los i, las i; or in the Belsetan forms le'l / le lo, le la, le's / le los, le las, comparable to the combinations of pronouns li'l, li la, etc., typical of current Valencian and present in Old Catalan.

• The apples, Chusepa, I They always gave it to him.
• The apples, Chusepa, He's got it. They always wanted to.

Prepositions

Typically Aragonese are the prepositions of movement entro/entra, enta and the static ones davant, aprés, ultra and dius, which were already used in the works of Heredia.

• Inside/a (from Latin) intro, abbreviation intro usque, whose use would be equivalent to that of Castilian until) is accompanied by an adverb, here. for space and agora for temporary, or preposition a.
• The archaic intaor its most modern variant ta, comes according to Joan Corominas of a contraction of the form entfrom the vulgar Latin inde plus the preposition a. Its meaning is equivalent to that of Spanish towards.
• Davant comes from amalgam in vulgar Latin ab ante. Equivalent to Spanish before.
• Aprésof the vulgar Latin ad pressum, possesses the Spanish meaning of after.
• Ultra/oltraLatin ultra.It means "beyond," "after."
• Diusof the vulgar Latin deorsumis equivalent to and medieval Spanish. Its meaning is therefore equivalent to the "low" Spanish, but in a more conceptual sense than space.

Other prepositions are more or less equivalent in use to the Spanish and Catalan ones, such as de, a and en. Others have a slightly different usage: per, pora/pera/para, contra, dende, about, without, second, between, with.

Diachronic grammatical evolution

Unlike in Spanish, the Latin -B- tends to stay more often in the endings of the past imperfect indicative in the second and third conjugations:

• Aragonés: teneba
• Spanish: I had to.
• Catalan: I had to.
• West: teniá/tienèva
• Gallego-portugués: tinha

Encoding

Spelling

Linguistic varieties within Aragon.

Various orthographies have been proposed for Aragonese, none of which are official:

• La 1987 Huesca graph: it was the most widely used graph in the aragonese recovery movement although it was not quite generalized, specifically among the dialect writers. It was set in 1987 at the First Congress for the Standardization of Aragones, held in Huesca, although some authors already used a similar spelling in the previous years. Its objective is to represent the seals in an almost uniform manner, without attending to etymology. For example, v and b pass to bor also ch, j, g(+e), g(+i) pass to ch. Certain solutions fit Spanish, such as ñ and graphic accents. The Aragonese Academy created by the II Aragonese Congress published its Provisional Orthographic Proposal. Therefore, some associations and individuals who used the 1987 graph (in addition to some dialectal writers who used particular or Spanish-based spellings) have gone to use the Academy's spelling, while other writers and linguists continue to use and publish in this graph.

• La SLA: came in 2004 with the foundation of the Aragonese Linguistic Society (SLA). It was minority in use. Its aspiration was to replace Huesca's graph, estimated too Spanish, to restore to the Aragonese its medieval graphic traditions that were matching in some features with the Catalan and the West. For example, distinction of v and bwhich corresponds to two seals other than the medieval Aragonese; or ch, j, g(+e), g(+i) They're different. To represent the nasal palatal fonema it was proposed ny, according to the most widespread medieval graphic custom, instead ñ. The graphical accents work similar to Catalan and the West.

• La orthography of the Aragonese Academy: the lack of complete generalization of Huesca's graph and its response by SLA, as well as the apparent postponement sine die of the expected Law of Luengas, caused much of the associations and individuals that used the graphic norms of the I Congress of Aragones, together with other associations and individuals of the areas of use of the language that had never used them, to begin in 2005 a process called Sucks for l'Aragonés (in Spanish: Together for Aragonese). The aim of this process was to vindicate the unity of the language and to hold a II Aragonese Congress that created a linguistic authority for the Aragonese. This process led to the creation of the Aragonese Academy in 2006. This new body, formed by people with quite different positions regarding the normalization of the language, received the recognition of some institutions to develop a more consensus spelling and also to develop a standard variety of Aragonese as well as the rejection of other sectors. After more than three years of work he published in February 2010 his first results: Provisional Orthographic Proposal of the Aragonese Academywhich became final in June of that same year, after a process of study of the amendments made by the community. The proposed spelling is based on the weighting of the principles of historicality, identity, paradigmatic coherence, diasistematicity and functionality. The solution adopted in the provisional proposal is more consistent with etymology and medieval Aragonese (etymological distinction of v and bemployment ny), but in some cases they rule out the etymological treatment for functionality (general use of the digit) ch for ch, j, g(+e), g(+i). Other aspects reflect the quest for paradigmatic coherence and diasistematicity (such as the 'tz' graph for plurals and pronounced verbal forms /θ/ in general Aragones, but /ts/ in benasqués).

• La Aragonese Graph of Commitments [1], in an abbreviated way GAC, is an orthographic proposal written in February 2016 by users committed to the Aragonian language (writers or scholars like Ánchel Conte). His promoters believe that the situation of orthographic chaos that exists in the Aragonese is worrying and not positive. It's not an official spelling, just like the ones mentioned above. It is a new proposal that tries to collect the common graphical uses of all these aforementioned spellings.

• It has been the will of the General Directorate of the Government of Aragon, in June 2017, to initiate a procedure to establish a common graph for the Aragonese language and its linguistic modalities that exceed the current situation in which various proposals coexist, none of which enjoyed an official character. The spelling resulting from this process was not accepted by any of the three entities that supported the process [2], since after the announcement of SLA and EFA, the Consello d'a Fabla Aragonesa decided not to follow it in plenary assembly held in November 2017. However, the Directorate General for Linguistic Policy published in the Official Gazette of Aragon on June 28, 2017 a resolution advertising some basic aspects of the graphic representation of the Aragonian language.

Standardization

The standard variety of Aragonese is still being developed, but there are two divergent conceptions.

• The defenders of the graph of Huesca (in particular the core of the Consello d'a Fabla Aragonesa) produce a standard variety called common Aragonese or standard aragones, which selects more Western than Eastern features. But certain points are not completely solved. Do you prefer past partitions in - Atta. or - Wow.? Will the form be accepted ro/ra of the defined article, simultaneously with the most general forms o/a and it/?
• SLA graph defenders (in particular the Aragonese Linguistic Society) estimate that the previous model of the common Aragonesethat qualifies him pejoratively Neoaragon, it has been established with great recklessness, with a lack of knowledge of the real dialects and with very artificial forms. According to SLA, that would cause a significant disconnection between natural speakers and an ineffective standard. SLA attempts to develop a more rigorous study of dialects and create dialectal standards, which would ultimately serve as a basis for a more general and subsequent standard variety, but connected with real knowledge of dialects. SLA also insists on the fact that the benasqués is in the middle of the Aragonese and Catalan, and in turn it can receive a particular standard.

History of the language

Historical evolution of the Aragonese.

It has its origin in Vulgar Latin that was formed in the Aragonese Pyrenean valleys during the 7th and 8th centuries in an area presumably of Euscheric substrate. The language receives, in its medieval period, the denomination of medieval Aragonese. It also receives among linguists the name of Navarro-Aragonese, due to the initial Aragonese dependence on the Kingdom of Navarra and its use in the non-Basque-speaking area.

The Reconquest, or expansion of the primitive Kingdom of Aragon to the south over Muslim lands, would take the language with it throughout the conquered territory, the 13th and 14th centuries being those in which it would cover its greatest extension. The union of the Kingdom of Aragon with the County of Barcelona in what would be the Crown of Aragon meant an important mutual influence between the Aragonese language and the Catalan language. The Royal Chancellery would have Latin, Catalan and Aragonese as the languages of use, and occasionally Occitan.

The main character of the Aragonese language was undoubtedly Juan Fernández de Heredia, founder of the lineage and Grand Master of the Order of Saint John of the Jerusalem Hospital based in Rhodes. He wrote an extensive catalog of works in Aragonese and also translated various works from Greek into Aragonese, for the first time in medieval Europe.

With the establishment, in 1412, of the Castilian Trastámara dynasty in the Crown of Aragon, Spanish gradually became the language of the Aragonese court and nobility. The upper classes and urban centers will be the first sources of Spanish, leaving Aragonese increasingly relegated to a rural or domestic language, and to suffer progressive social discredit.

The centuries after Felipe V's Nueva Planta Decree would mean the almost total implantation of the Spanish language in Aragon, where it is currently the only official language and the family language of the majority of the Aragonese.

In the years after Franco's dictatorship, Aragonese experienced a notable revitalization, which led to the creation of associations that defend and promote the language, to progressive attempts to standardize the dialects –as well as agreed spelling rules –, to a growing artistic creativity, mainly literary, and to a search for its co-official status in several Alto Aragonese municipalities. However, despite the increase in students of Aragonese and people aware of the safeguarding of the language, it continues to receive very little help from institutions, and its conservation status is increasingly precarious among its native speakers. Today the best-preserved Aragonese speech occurs in the Jacetano valleys of Hecho and Ansó (called Cheso), in the Gistaín valley, in the Tena valley — where it is best preserved is in Panticosa (known as panticuto) —, and the of the western Ribagorza, mainly in Benasque.

Lapapyp

Between 2013 and 2015, the gluttonym of the Aragonese language typical of the Pyrenees and pre-Pyrenees areas was used from official instances in Aragon (also known unofficially as LAPAPYP or lapapyp) to refer to Aragonese, in accordance with the Language Law.

This denomination was approved on May 9, 2013 in the Cortes of Aragon, and the creation of an Aragonese Language Academy was also foreseen in order to determine the place names and official names of the community. After the elections In 2015, the new socialist government of Aragon announced its intention to repeal the law.

This new denomination was born as a result of an initiative of the Aragonese government, the Bill for the use, protection and promotion of the languages and linguistic modalities of Aragon, and was approved in the parliament of Aragón with the favorable votes of the PP and the PAR, despite the votes against the PSOE, CHA and IU. CDC spoke out against it.

This law meant the repeal of the previous Language Law of 2009. Its promoters stated that the old one "divided the Aragonese, and that not even its creators complied", that the application of that one would suppose a total cost of "close to of 39 million euros" and that it was prepared with "a social and cultural criterion". His opponents argued that this denomination lacked "academic rigor" and described it as "ridiculous and embarrassing." All the amendments presented by the opposition (73 from PSOE, 53 from CHA and 42 from IU) were rejected.

The controversy generated began before it was approved and part of it revolved around Catalanism and anti-Catalanism.

Current situation

Grafiti asking for the officiality of the Aragonese in Biescas.

This language is considered by the UNESCO Interactive Atlas of Endangered Languages in the World as a language in danger of disappearing.

The use of the Aragonese language was legislated through "LAW 10/2009, of December 22, on the use, protection and promotion of the languages of Aragón", better known as the Law of Lenguas de Aragón of 2009, where it was said that the Aragonese language was an original and historical language of Aragon and certain linguistic rights were given, such as being able to use it orally and in writing in the Aragonese public administrations. Aragonese language, on April 5, 2011.

Subsequently, on March 9, 2013, this law was repealed when the 2013 Aragon Language Law was approved, creating the Aragonese Language Academy. This new Law on Languages refers to Aragonese under the name Aragonese language typical of the Pyrenees and pre-Pyrenees areas.

Knowledge of Aragonese

In 2017, the General Directorate of Language Policy of Aragon estimated that between 10,000 and 12,000 people regularly spoke Aragonese, and in total there were some 30,000-50,000 speakers, including people who understand it, speak it sporadically, or speak it very mixed with Spanish. According to a study by the University of Zaragoza in 2011, 8,788 people spoke Aragonese. In 2011, the Aragonese Association of Sociology estimated that 25,556 people spoke it. Of these 25,556 people, 17,009 declared they knew how to write in Aragonese. 30% of its speakers were over 65 years old and 5% were under 16 years of age.

Geographic distribution

The language is spoken mainly in the valleys of the Aragonese Pyrenees and, with an increasing degree of Castilianization, extends south to Huesca. The areas in which Aragonese is conserved, classified from greatest to least vitality, are: Ribagorza (with various dialect varieties), Hecho valley, Chistau valley, Ansó valley, Bielsa valley, Ayerbe area, Aragüés valley, Cinca Middle, Somontano de Barbastro, Alto Gállego and Tena Valley, central Sobrarbe, Basa Valley, Gállego riverbank and Rasal valley, Jacetania, Fiscal riverbank, Somontano de Huesca, Broto valley and Canfranc valley.

The regions where the Aragonese survives are: Jacetania, Alto Gállego, Sobrarbe, Ribagorza, Cinco Villas, Hoya de Huesca, Somontano de Barbastro, Cinca Medio, and Los Monegros.

The Draft of the Aragon Languages Law of 2001 recognized as municipalities that can be declared areas of predominant use of their respective language or their own linguistic modality or areas of predominant use of standardized Aragonese the following municipalities: Abiego, Abizanda, Adahuesca, Agüero, Aínsa-Sobrarbe, Aísa, Albero Alto, Albero Bajo, Alberuela de Tubo, Alcalá del Obispo, Alerre, Almudévar de Cinca, Almunia de San Juan, Alquézar, Angüés, Ansó, Antillón, Aragüés del Puerto, Ardisa, Argavieso, Arguis, Ayerbe, Azara, Azlor, Bagüés, Bailo, Banastás, Barbastro, Barbués, Barbuñales, Bárcabo, Benasque, Berbegal, Biel-Fuencalderas, Bierge, Biescas, Bisaurri, Biscarrués, Blecua and Torres, Boltaña, Borau, Broto, Caldearenas, Campo, Canal de Berdún, Canfranc, Capella, Casbas de Huesca, Castejón de Sos, Castejón del Puente, Castiello de Jaca, Castillazuelo, Colungo, Chía, Chimillas, Estada, Estadilla, Fago, Fanlo, Prosecutor, Fonz, Foradada de Toscar, El Fra go, La Fueva, Gistaín, El Grado, Graus, Hoz de Jaca, Hoz y Costeán, Huerto, Huesca, Ibieca, Igriés, Ilche, Jaca, Jasa, La Sotonera, Labuerda, Longás, Laluenga, Perdiguera, Lascellas-Ponzano, Laspuña, Loarre, Loporzano, Loscorrales, Lupiñén-Ortilla, Mianos, Monflorite-Lascasas, Monzón, Murillo de Gállego, Naval, Novales, Nueno, Olvena, Palo, Panticosa, Peñas de Riglos, Peraltilla, Perarrúa, Pertusa, Piracés, Plan, Pozán de Vero, La Puebla de Castro, Puente la Reina de Jaca, Puértolas, El Pueyo de Araguás, Quicena, Robres, Sabiñánigo, Sahún, High Rooms, Low Rooms, Salillas, Sallent de Gállego, San Juan de Plan, Sangarrén, Santa Cilia, Santa Cruz de la Serós, Santa Eulalia de Gállego, Santa Liestra and San Quílez, Santa María de Dulcis, Secastilla, Seira, Senés de Alcubierre, Sesa, Sesué, Siétamo, Tardienta, Tella-Sin, Tierz, Torla-Ordesa, Torralba de Aragón, Torres de Alcanadre, Torres de Barbués, Valle de Bardají, Valle de Hecho, Valle de Lierp, Vicién, Villanova, Villanúa, Yebra de Ba sa and Yesero.

Toponymy differences

Aragonese changed with the influence of Spanish. There were changes in the locatives when Castilian spread to the traditional region of Aragonese. These changes reflect differences between languages with respect to spelling and pronunciation.

In certain cases, the Aragonese name is in cooperation with the phonetic structure of Castilian. In these cases, the Aragonese name survives in Spanish, as in the case of Bielsa, Estada and Fago. In other cases, the spelling changes to reflect the pronunciation of the word, as in the case of Alastuei or Varbenuta:

Aragonés	Castellano	GLOSA
Bielsa	Bielsa	Belsa
The Colladas	The Colladas	Necklaces
Stall	Stall	Stata
Fago	Fago	Fagu
Alastuei	Alastuey	prelat. -OI
Barbenuta	Barbenuta	Valle Menuta

In other cases, there is a substitution of the Aragonese diphthongs /ia/, /ua/ with the Castilian diphthongs /ie/, /ue/. Also, there is a change from the Aragonese /a/ to the Spanish /e/.

Aragonés	Castellano	GLOSA
Yaba	Yeba	prelat. EBA
Biascas (d’Obarra)	Biscas	ie. Vesca
Buarba	Buerba	prelat. Borba
Guasa (from Broto)	Buesa	prelat. Bosa

There are graphic changes of the consonants, for example the Aragonese consonant <x> is replaced by the Spanish <j> or <g>, for example in the place names Caixigar and Fraixen to Cajigar and Fragén. There is also substitution of the sound /d/ for /t/ and /b/ for /p/. This change is exemplified in the word Pandicosa and Cámbol.

Aragonés	Castellano	GLOSA
Caixigar	Cajigar	Celt. Caxicare
Caxol	"	Capsulu
Fraixen	Fragen	Fraxinu
Fraxinal	Fraginal	Fraxinale
Crexenzán	Cregenzán	Crescentianu
Ixabierre	Javierre	bc. Etxe Berri
Cosculluela	Coscotch	Cusculiola
symbol	Cabbage	Campulu
Pandicosa	Panticosa	Pantica

There is a change of Aragonese articles, |os, as, lo| to Castilian articles, |los, las, el|. There is also a plural morpheme substitution |s| from Aragonese for the plural |es| from Spanish and the Aragonese ending –au to the Spanish –ado.

Aragonés	Castellano	GLOSA
A Lecina	The Lecina	Illa Ilicina
Os Anglis	Losanglis	Illos Ang(u)los
Corrals	The Corrals	Illos Currales
Bunyals	Buñales	Bunnales
Formigals	Formigales	Formicales
Barbunyals	Barbuñales	Valley Bunnales
Paúls (de Sarsa)	Paúls (de Sarsa)	Padules
Linars	Linás	Linares
Grau	The Grade	Gradu

Literature

This section is an extract of Literature in Aragonese.[chuckles]edit]

Page Liber regum.

The Aragonian language - also called Navarroaragonese at its medieval stage - has not enjoyed, throughout its history, the literary prestige with which they count the other Romance languages of the Iberian peninsula.

The Emilian Gloss (X century) are the first written testimony of the Aragonian language. This assertion, which is opposed to the one that considers such glows as chaplains, is based on linguistic analysis, in which many of the traits appear as clearly Aragonese. That's the case. -it- resulting from -ct- (muito, feito), diptongation before yod (uellos, tiengo), or certain verbal forms, such as the verb being, and lexical.

But it will not be until the 12th and 13th centuries that the Aragonese will begin to have greater presence in the written documents. From this period, highlight the Liber Regum —first general history with broad narrative development in a peninsular Romanesque language—, Ten Commandments — doctrinal treatment for confessors—and the Senior, juridical work where the bulls of Aragon are compiled. Texts as Razón feita d'amor, the Free of the three kings d'orient or Life of Santa Maria Egipciaca They also present clear Aragonese traits.

Juan Fernández de Heredia, represented in an initial miniature of his Chronic grant from Spain.

Already in the 14th century, the personality of Juan Fernández de Heredia, humanist, historian and author of the Grant Chronic d'Espanya and the Chronicle of the Conquiridoresamong other works. It was also the one who took charge of translating to the Aragonese classical works of Antiquity, such as the Parallel lives from Plutarco. However, the Aragonese used in these works already presents a clear polymorphism, in which Castronisms, Catalanisms and culticisms appear.

More Aragonese is presented Chronicle of San Juan de la Peñaof the same century, which includes the prosified verses of a song of gestation, the Song of the Bell of Huescawhich dates from the end of the 12th century or the beginning of the 13th century. Other translations are also made at this time, such as that of Book of the Wonders of the WorldJohn Mandeville's travel book.

From the 15th century, with the entrance of Castilian dynasties in Aragon, the Aragonian language will suffer a progressive social discredit that will affect its literature. The verses of Eiximén Aznáriz will be the most remarkable of a century in which the Aragonian writers will be adopting, mostly, the new language of the court and the high layers, the Spanish. In this way, the sixteenth century will already see Aragonese writers in the Castilian language, in which he will have authors of the size of Baltasar Gracián or the brothers Lupercio and Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola. However, these centuries will continue to see an important presence of the Aragonese in the aljamiada literature (written with Arabic graph), as is seen in the Poem of Yuçuf, studied by Menéndez Pidal and in many manuscripts and fragments of works like A thousand and a night.

Cover of the Comedia Vidriana.

The Renaissance theater in Aragon is cultivated by Jaime de Huete, who wrote in the first half of the centuryXVI his comedies Tesorina and Vidriana, which included dialogues from popular speech with abundant aragonisms.

The Aragonian language, becoming increasingly a rural and family language, will adopt in the following centuries a markedly popular character. The seventeenth century will have isolated writers who, aware of the differences between the talk of the people (Argonese) and the one adopted by the writers, will look to remedy that one to give greater realism to their works. It will be the case of Abbé Ana Abarca de Bolea, author of the poem Born to the Birth, and also of the "pastoradas" since the eighteenth century, in which the "repatan" is often expressed in Aragones. Joaquín Costa in March 1879 published Bulletin of the Free Institution of Education a curious ribagorzana herding formula: "Every day of the festa, they are minted dissents. "In donuts of Mon de Roda, do not wander in casá." The capellans anaban in the procession in hat..."

The 19th and 20th centuries will see a certain rebirth of Aragonian literature, although its status as a minority language and lack of a serious standard reference will make writers treat their themes, often localists, in their own dialectal variety of the Aragonese. Thus, in 1844 it appears in Aragonese of Almudévar the novel Life of Pedro SaputoBraulio Foz. Already in the centuryXX. They stand out: in chess the coastal comedies of Domingo Miral and the poetry of Veremundo Méndez; in grausino, the popular writings of Tonón de Baldomera; in stadillano, the verses of Cleto Torrodellas Español and the writings, in verse and in prose, of Cleto José Torrodellas Mur; in somontanés, the somothers To Lueca, istoria d'una mozeta d'o Semontano.

The years after the dictatorship entail a revitalization of the Aragonese literature, which now pursues a more standardized or supradialectal model. Numerous philological studies on the various Aragonese speakers will help to adopt a joint vision of the language. 1977 will be the year of the first written grammar of the Aragonese, by Francho Nagore, who had already published the book of poetry Sospiros de l'aire (1971). A year later Ánchel Conte publishes the poem Don't let my voice die and Eduardo Vicente de Vera publica Garba and augua (1976) and Do s'amorta l'alba (1977). From the first years, the number of authors grows in what will be called literary or common Aragones (Francho Rodés, Chusé Inazio Nabarro, Óscar Latas Alegre, Francho Nagore, Chusé Raul Usón, María Pilar Benítez Marco, Ferrán Marín Ramos, Chusé Antón Santamaría Loriente, Ánchel Conte, Rafá It will also grow in these years the number of literary awards that encourage literary creativity, such as the Villa de Siétamo literary award, the "Luis del Val" or the Cavero Arnal Award.

Education

The teaching of Aragonese was introduced into formal education in the 1997/1998 academic year, through a pilot program that was implemented in schools in the towns of Biescas, Jaca, Aínsa and Benasque. Since then, notable advances have been made and it is currently a language that is taught in more than 30 educational centers in the territory of Alto Aragón and has more than 1,300 students in Early Childhood Education, Primary Education and Secondary Education., there are a good number of educational resources for learning this language at all educational levels.

Since the 2020/2021 academic year, Aragonese teachers have been trained at the Faculty of Human Sciences and Education of the University of Zaragoza, where there is a mention in the Aragonese language within the studies of the Degree in Teaching in Early Childhood Education and of the Degree in Teaching in Primary Education. In addition, from this same faculty, since the 2010/2011 academic year, the Specialization Diploma in Aragonese Philology has been taught, whose main objective is the specific training of Aragonese language teachers for non-university educational centers in Aragon.

References