Applied Science
The applied sciences use scientific knowledge from one or more branches of science to solve practical problems. The fields of engineering, for example, are close to what is applied science. These practical areas of knowledge are vital to the development of technology. Its use in industrial fields generally refers to development and use.
In other words, applied science is a body of knowledge in which research and discovery are directly oriented towards practice; These are the sciences that provide for the development of new technologies, namely: action algorithms to obtain the desired product. Applied is the scientific discipline that applies existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applied systems, such as technology or invention..
Its opposite concept is that of fundamental science, scientific research that is carried out to increase knowledge, without an immediate practical purpose.
Applied sciences are oriented to the practice of the knowledge obtained in the fundamental sciences; these insights directly serve the needs of society. As a result, it provides a wide range of functioning applied sciences. Due to the development of the disciplines of the natural sciences in fundamental science, a collection of new data and information arises that allows to see, predict and in some cases explain and understand the phenomena in the world, in particular, applied science can apply the formal science, such as statistics, mathematics and medicine, which led to the formation of such disciplines as applied statistics, applied mathematics, applied medicine, etc. Along with this, the course of formation and development of related areas of applied science was historically determined, such as, for example, applied psychology, applied ethics, applied biomechanics, up to applied preschool education.
Difference from fundamental sciences
There is a traditional division of science into fundamental sciences and applied sciences. The fundamental sciences investigate the fundamental laws that govern the behavior and interaction of the basic structures of nature. Investigations in the fundamental sciences straddle the border between the known and the unexpected, and lead to scientific discovery. In contrast, the applied sciences apply the results of the fundamental sciences to the solution of social and practical problems.
The purpose of fundamental research is knowledge, that is, the objective and rational representation of reality, while the purpose of applied research is effective instrumental knowledge about a fragment of reality, designed to solve a specific practical problem.
For fundamental research the truth of knowledge about the world is the highest value; for applied research the highest value is the technological effectiveness of information about the world that does not always coincide with its truth, in the case of fundamental science the prospects and progress of research are mainly determined by the task of identifying and rationally introduce new features of the world, still unknown. In applied science the course of research is determined by the need to solve specific technological problems, for this reason the novelty of knowledge about the world itself appears as a by-product of the search for these solutions. The knowledge obtained in the framework of applied research is fixed, first of all, as a means to solve a local practical problem; knowledge is often presented in forms that do not involve further direct cognitive use, but have direct practical application, e.g. instruction, methodology, technological recipe, etc.
Examples from applied sciences
Engineering
Engineering is the use of scientific principles to design and build machines, structures and other entities, including bridges, tunnels, roads, vehicles, buildings, systems and processes. Take advantage of the cluster of technological knowledge for innovation, invention, development and improvement of techniques and tools to meet the needs and solve technical problems of both people and society.
The engineer is supported in the basic sciences (mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, economic and administrative sciences, engineering sciences, applied engineering) both for the development of technologies, and for the efficient and productive management of resources and forces of nature for the benefit of society. Engineering is an activity that transforms knowledge into something practical.
Engineering applies scientific knowledge and methods to the invention or refinement of technologies in a pragmatic and agile manner, adapting to the limitations of time, resources, legal requirements, safety requirements, ecological, etc.
His study as a field of knowledge is directly related to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, which is one of the pillars of the development of modern societies.
Currently, engineering is classified in various areas according to its field of application.Medicine
The medicine (from Latin medicine, derived in turn from mederi, which means ‘cure’, ‘medicate’) is the health science dedicated to the prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of diseases, injuries and health problems of humans. The health professional trained to apply such technical knowledge in the maintenance or improvement of human health is known as a doctor or colloquially as a doctor and is normally found in hospitals, although they may also work as medical researchers in clinical laboratories, such as medical faculty teachers or as public health officials.
It is important to clarify that some disciplines such as dentistry, clinical psychology or even veterinary medicine are not medical specialties, but different fields that when being also part of the medical sciences share common characteristics with medicine such as the use of the same clinical method.
Applied science groups
Health Sciences
Health sciences are disciplines related to the protection, promotion and restoration of health and services. In addition, they can be defined as applied sciences that address the use of knowledge, technology, engineering or mathematics in the provision of health care to humans. These health sciences are not classified as natural sciences or social sciences (although they become nurtured in addition to mathematics and philosophy, and produce their own "knowledge body", as the Nursing does), therefore their epistemological status or classification as science is the following in a strict sense: they are "Professional Disciplines". The role of the health sciences is that which allows for a better quality of life, longer, in good condition, without incapacity.
Health sciences are organized in two areas:
- study and research for the acquisition of health-inference knowledge;
- the application of these technical knowledge.
Both sides meet to achieve the broad purpose of: to maintain, replenish, improve health and well-being, to prevent, treat and eradicate disease and to better understand the complex vital processes of animal and human organisms related to life, health and their alterations (sickness).
It is said that the health sciences are interdisciplinary by intertwining or combining several sciences for the study of the same unknown clinical case or to deepen the study in a more specialized way.
The research of this science is based on natural sciences such as biology, chemistry and physics, but also on social sciences, such as medical sociology, psychology and others.Communication Sciences
The communication sciences (social communication, communication or simply communication) analyze, study and discuss the phenomena related to the information and effect of the action of human communication. They are also responsible for observing and examining the mass media (from their legislation to the production and reception of the contents), the cultural industries, the consumption and the semiotic group that they build.
It is a field of interdisciplinary studies whose theoretical concepts are shared and frequently intervened. It is mainly addressed by disciplines such as semiotics, psychology, political science, sociolinguistics, anthropology, philosophy, computer science, cybernetics, sociology; developing analytical tools and own methods of study.
The communication covers a wide range of labour specialties, such as public relations, advertising, graphic design, social networks, photography, audiovisual communication, institutional communication, political communication, journalism, cinema, video games, telecommunications, among others.
Much of the studies and analyses developed in the field of communication come from different schools of thought and research, including the Palo Alto School of the United States, the Frankfurt School of Germany, the U.S. Mass Communication Research (founded based on the then strong current of conductism); the New York Academy of Sciences and research fields such as that of cultural studies, which concentrates numerous observations related to the political economy, history, the theory
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