Annex: Winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics

The Nobel Prize in Physics was established in the 1895 testament of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel.

The Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to "scientists who stand out for their contributions in the field of physical". It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established in Alfred Nobel's will, in 1895, and which are given to all those individuals who make notable contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.

As dictated by Nobel's will, this award is administered directly by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a five-member committee who are elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, of Germany. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma, and a financial award that has varied over the years. In 1901, Röntgen received SEK 150,782, equivalent to SEK 7,731,004 in December 2007. In 2015, the award was awarded to Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald, who shared the amount of 8,000,000 Swedish crowns (just over 861,000 euros, equivalent to approximately 971,000 US dollars). Additionally, the award is presented in Stockholm, Sweden, in an annual celebration that takes place every December 10, commemorating the death anniversary of Nobel.

John Bardeen is the only laureate to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice, in 1956 and in 1972. Marie Curie won two Nobel Prizes in two disciplines, physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg is the youngest recipient to date, as he was awarded the Prize in 1915, when he was only 25 years old. Only four women have won the Prize: Marie Curie (1903), Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1963), Donna Strickland (2018) and Andrea M. Ghez (2020), making the Nobel Prize in Physics the Nobel Prize that has won the fewest women. As of 2015, the Prize has been awarded to 200 individuals. For six years (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940-1942) it was not granted, on some occasions, because it was declared void and, on others, due to the world war situation and the forced exile of several members of the committee.

Award Winners

Year	Awarded		Country	Motivation
1901		Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen	German Empire	"For the discovery of the remarkable rays bearing his name."
1902		Hendrik Lorentz	NetherlandsNetherlands	"For his research on the influence of magnetism on radiation-generated phenomena."
		Pieter Zeeman
1903		Antoine Henri Becquerel	France	"For the discovery of spontaneous radioactivity."
		Pierre Curie		"For his joint research on the phenomena of radiation discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."
		Marie Curie	PolandPoland
1904		John William Strutt	United KingdomUnited Kingdom	"For their research on the density of the most important gases and the discovery of the argon in relation to these studies."
1905		Philipp Lenard	German Empire	"For his work on cathodic rays."
1906		Joseph John Thomson	United KingdomUnited Kingdom	"For his theoretical and experimental research on the conduction of electricity through gases."
1907		Albert Abraham Michelson	United States	"For their optical precision instruments and for the spectroscopic and metrological research carried out with their help."
1908		Gabriel Lippmann	France	"For his method of reproducing photographic colors based on the phenomenon of interference".
1909		Guglielmo Marconi	ItalyItaly	"For their contribution to the development of wireless communication."
		Carl Ferdinand Braun	German Empire
1910		Johannes Diderik van der Waals	NetherlandsNetherlands	"For his work on the equation of the state of solids and liquids."
1911		Wilhelm Wien	German Empire	"For the discovery of laws governing heat radiation."
1912		Nils Gustaf Dalén	Sweden Sweden	"For the invention of regulators to be used in combination with gas accumulators in the lighting of lighthouses and buoys."
1913		Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes	NetherlandsNetherlands	"For his research on the properties of matter at low temperatures, which led him, among other things, to produce liquid helium."
1914		Max von Laue	German Empire	"By the discovery of the diffraction of X-rays caused by crystals and by an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy."
1915		William Henry Bragg	United KingdomUnited Kingdom	"For his studies in the analysis of the crystalline structure by means of X-rays and by an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography."
		William Lawrence Bragg
1916	Undelivered award
1917		Charles Glover Barkla	United KingdomUnited Kingdom	"For his discovery of the characteristics of Röntgen's radiation on the elements, another important step in the development of X-ray crystallography."
1918		Max Planck	German Empire	"for the contributions he made in favor of the advancement of physics, due to his discoveries about the few of energy".
1919		Johannes Stark	GermanyGermany	"for his discovery of the Doppler effect on the canal rays and the depopulation of spectral lines in electric fields."
1920		Charles Édouard Guillaume	SwitzerlandSwitzerland	"in recognition of their inputs on the measurement of precision in physics, for their discovery of anomalies in steel-nickel alloys."
1921		Albert Einstein	GermanyGermany	"for their contributions to theoretical physics and especially for the discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."
1922		Niels Bohr	DenmarkDenmark	"for their services in the investigation of the structure of the atoms and the radiation that emanates from them."
1923		Robert Andrews Millikan	United States	"for his work on the elementary load of electricity and on the photoelectric effect."
1924		Manne Siegbahn	Sweden Sweden	"for his discoveries and his research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy."
1925		James Franck	GermanyGermany	"for his discoveries about the laws governing the impact of an electron on an atom."
		Gustav Hertz
1926		Jean Baptiste Perrin	France	"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter and, especially, for his discovery of sedimentation balance."
1927		Arthur Holly Compton	United States	"by the discovery of the effect of his name."
		Charles Thomson Rees Wilson	United KingdomUnited Kingdom	"by its method to make the trajectories of electrically charged particles visible through steam condensation."
1928		Owen Willans Richardson		"for his work on the thermoionic phenomenon and, especially, the discovery of the law that bears his name."
1929		Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie	France	"by the discovery of the undulating nature of electrons."
1930		Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman	India	"for his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the effect that bears his name."
1931	Undelivered award
1932		Werner Heisenberg	GermanyGermany	"by the creation of quantum mechanics, whose application has, among other things, the study and discovery of the alottropic forms of hydrogen."
1933		Erwin Schrödinger	AustriaAustria	"by the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory."
		Paul Dirac	United KingdomUnited Kingdom
1934	Undelivered award
1935		James Chadwick	United KingdomUnited Kingdom	"for the discovery of neutron."
1936		Victor Francis Hess	AustriaAustria	"for his discovery of cosmic radiation."
		Carl David Anderson	United States	"for the discovery of the positron."
1937		Clinton Joseph Davisson		"for their experimental discoveries of the diffraction of electrons caused by crystals."
		George Paget Thomson	United KingdomUnited Kingdom
1938		Enrico Fermi	ItalyItaly	"by their demonstrations on the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation and their discovery related to nuclear reactions produced by slow neutrons."
1939		Ernest Lawrence	United States	"for the creation and development of the cyclotron and for the results obtained, especially in relation to artificial radioactive elements".
1940	Undelivered award
1941	Undelivered award
1942	Undelivered award
1943		Otto Stern	United States	"for his contribution to the development of the molecular beam method and the discovery of the magnetic moment of proton."
1944		Isidor Isaac Rabi		By its resonance method to record the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei”.
1945		Wolfgang Pauli	AustriaAustria	"For the discovery of the principle of exclusion, also called the beginning of Pauli."
1946		Percy Williams Bridgman	United States	"by the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures and by the discoveries he made regarding it, in the field of high pressure physics."
1947		Edward Victor Appleton	United KingdomUnited Kingdom	"by his research on the physics of the upper atmosphere, especially by the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer."
1948		Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett		"because of his development of Wilson's fog chamber method and his discoveries in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation."
1949		Hideki Yukawa	JapanJapan	"for his prediction of the existence of the Mesones on the basis of his theoretical work on nuclear forces."
1950		Cecil Frank Powell	United KingdomUnited Kingdom	"for its development on the photographic method to study the nuclear processes and their discoveries on the Mesones carried out by this method."
1951		John Douglas Cockcroft		"for the pioneering work they carried out on the transmutation of the atomic nuclei artificially accelerated by subatomic particles."
		Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton	Ireland
1952		Felix Bloch	United States	"for its development in new methods on magnetic nuclear precision and its related discoveries."
		Edward Mills Purcell
1953		Frits Zernike	NetherlandsNetherlands	"by its demonstration on the phase contrast method and above all by its invention of the phase contrast microscope."
1954		Max Born	Western Germany	"for his fundamental research on quantum mechanics and, especially, his statistical interpretation of the wave function."
		Walther Bothe		"for the development of the method of coincidences and its discoveries related to this".
1955		Willis Eugene Lamb	United States	"for his discoveries about the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum."
		Polykarp Kusch		"to determine precisely the magnetic moment of the electron".
1956		John Bardeen	United States	"for their research on the semiconductors and their discoveries about the transistor effect."
		Walter Houser Brattain
		William Bradford Shockley
1957		Tsung-Dao Lee	Taiwan	"by his penetrating research into so-called parity laws, which has led to important discoveries about elementary particles."
		Chen Ning Yang
1958		Pável Cherenkov	Soviet Union	"for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect."
		Iliá Frank
		Igor Tamm
1959		Owen Chamberlain	United States	"for the discovery of antiproton."
		Emilio Gino Segrè	United States ItalyItaly
1960		Donald Arthur Glaser	United States	"by the invention of the bubble chamber."
1961		Robert Hofstadter		"for his pioneering studies on the spread of electrons in the atomic nucleus and for his discoveries achieved in relation to the structure of nucleons."
		Rudolf Ludwig Mößbauer	Western Germany	"by its research on the absorption of the resonance of the gamma radiation and its related discovery of the effect of its name."
1962		Lev Landau	Soviet Union	"by its pioneering theories on condensed matter, in particular those related to liquid helium."
1963		Eugene Paul Wigner	United States	"for their contributions to the theories of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles and, in particular, the discovery and application of these through the fundamental principles of symmetry."
		Maria Goeppert-Mayer		"for his discoveries related to the nuclear layer structure."
		Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen	GermanyGermany
1964		Nikolái Gennádiyevich Básov	Soviet Union	"by its fundamental works on quantum electronics, which has allowed the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the master-laser principle."
		Aleksandr Mijáilovich Prójorov
		Charles Hard Townes	United States
1965		Richard Phillips Feynman		"for his fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, generating profound consequences for the development of the physics of elemental particles."
		Julian Schwinger
		Shin'ichirō Tomonaga	JapanJapan
1966		Alfred Kastler	France	"by the discovery and development of optical methods used for the study of hertzian resonances in atoms."
1967		Hans Albrecht Bethe	United States	"for their contributions on the theory of nuclear reactions, especially on their discoveries about the production of energy in the stars."
1968		Luis Walter Álvarez		"for his decisive contribution to the field of the physics of elemental particles, and in particular to the discovery of a large number of resonance states, probably made through the development a technique that applied to the hydrogen bubble chamber, through the analysis of data."
1969		Murray Gell-Mann		"for their contributions and discoveries on the classification of elementary particles and the interactions between them."
1970		Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén	Sweden Sweden	"for their fundamental works and discoveries in the field of magnetohydrodynamics, which resulted in a fruitful application to different parts to plasma physics."
		Louis Eugène Félix Néel	France	"for his fundamental works and discoveries about antiferromagneticism and ferromagneticism, which have allowed important applications in the physics of the solid state."
1971		Dennis Gabor	HungaryHungary	"by the invention and development of the holographic method."
1972		John Bardeen	United States	"by the joint development of the theory of superconductivity, usually called BCS theory."
		Leon Neil Cooper
		John Robert Schrieffer
1973		Leo Esaki	JapanJapan	"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunnel phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively."
		Ivar Giaever	United States Norway Norway
		Brian David Josephson	United KingdomUnited Kingdom	"for their theoretical predictions about the properties of superfluxes through a tunnel barrier and, in particular, those phenomena that are generally known as Josephson effect."
1974		Martin Ryle		"for his pioneering research on radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular for the technique of opening synthesis, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of the pulpits."
		Antony Hewish
1975		Aage Bohr	DenmarkDenmark	"by the discovery of the connection between the collective movement and the movement of particles in the atomic nucleus and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on these connections".
		Ben Roy Mottelson
		Leo James Rainwater	United States
1976		Burton Richter		"for his pioneering work in the discovery of a new class of heavy elemental particles."
		Samuel Chao Chung Ting	United States ChinaChina
1977		Philip Warren Anderson	United States	"by its fundamental theoretical research on the electronic structure of disordered magnetic systems."
		John Hasbrouck van Vleck
		Nevill Francis Mott	United KingdomUnited Kingdom
1978		Piotr Leonídovich Kapitsa	Soviet Union	"for their basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low temperature physics."
		Arno Allan Penzias	United States	"by its discovery of the radiation from the cosmic microwave background."
		Robert Woodrow Wilson
1979		Sheldon Lee Glashow		"for their contributions to the theory of weak and electromagnetic interaction unified among elemental particles, including, among other things, the prediction of weak neutral current."
		Abdus Salam	PakistanPakistan
		Steven Weinberg	United States
1980		James Watson Cronin		"by the discovery of violations in the fundamental principles of symmetry in the disintegration of neutral K Messones."
		Val Logsdon Fitch
1981		Nicolaas Bloembergen		"for its contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy."
		Arthur Leonard Schawlow
		Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn	Sweden Sweden	"for its contribution to the development of high-resolution electronic spectroscopy."
1982		Kenneth Geddes Wilson	United States	"by his theory on critical phenomena in relation to phase transitions."
1983		Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	India United States	"by his theoretical studies on the chemical processes important to the structure and evolution of the stars".
		William Alfred Fowler	United States	"by his theoretical and experimental studies on the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of chemical elements in the universe."
1984		Carlo Rubbia	ItalyItaly	"for his decisive contributions to the great project that led to the discovery of field particles W and Z, mediators of weak interaction."
		Simon van der Meer	NetherlandsNetherlands
1985		Klaus von Klitzing	Western Germany	"by the discovery of the Quantum Hall effect."
1986		Ernst Ruska		"for its fundamental work in electron optics and its design of the first electronic microscope".
		Gerd Binnig		"by its design of the tunnel effect microscope."
		Heinrich Rohrer	SwitzerlandSwitzerland
1987		Johannes Georg Bednorz	Western Germany	"for its important advance in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials."
		Karl Alexander Müller	SwitzerlandSwitzerland
1988		Leon Max Lederman	United States	"by the method of neutrinos beams and the demonstration of the double structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon."
		Melvin Schwartz
		Jack Steinberger
1989		Norman Foster Ramsey		"by the invention of the method of separate oscillatory fields and their use in the hydrogen master and other atomic clocks."
		Hans Georg Dehmelt		"for the development of the technique of ions trap."
		Wolfgang Paul	Western Germany
1990		Jerome I. Friedman	United States	"by its pioneering research on the deep inelastic dispersion of electrons in protons and neutrons, which has been of essential importance for the development of the model of quartz in particle physics."
		Henry Way Kendall
		Richard E. Taylor	CanadaCanada
1991		Pierre-Gilles de Gennes	France	"by discovering that the methods developed for the study of phenomena of order in simple systems can be generalized for more complex forms of matter, particularly for liquid crystals and polymers."
1992		Georges Charpak		"for its invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the string chamber."
1993		Russell Alan Hulse	United States	"by the discovery of a new type of pulp, which has opened new possibilities for the study of gravitation."
		Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.
1994		Bertram Brockhouse	CanadaCanada	"for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for their pioneering contributions to the development of neutron dispersal techniques for the study of condensed matter".
		Clifford Glenwood Shull	United States	"for the development of neutron diffraction technique" and "for their pioneering contributions to the development of neutron dispersal techniques for the study of condensed matter".
1995		Martin Lewis Perl		"by the discovery of the tau lepton" and "by their pioneers experimental contributions to the physics of the leptons".
		Frederick Reines		"to discover the neutrino" and "for their experimental contributions pioneers in the physics of the leptons".
1996		David Morris Lee		"for his discovery of the superfluidez of helio-3."
		Douglas D. Osheroff
		Robert Coleman Richardson
1997		Steven Chu		"by developing methods to cool and catch atoms with laser light."
		Claude Cohen-Tannoudji	France
		William Daniel Phillips	United States
1998		Robert B. Laughlin		"for his discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractually charged excitations."
		Horst Ludwig Störmer	GermanyGermany
		Daniel Chee Tsui	United States
1999		Gerardus 't Hooft	NetherlandsNetherlands	"by elucidate the quantum structure of electrodebil interaction in physics."
		Martinus J. G. Veltman
2000		Zhorés Ivánovich Alfiórov	Russia Russia	"to develop heterostructures of semiconductors used in optoelectronics and high-speed electronics."
		Herbert Kroemer	GermanyGermany
		Jack Kilby	United States	"for his contribution to the invention of the integrated circuit."
2001		Eric Allin Cornell		"for obtaining the condensation of Bose-Einstein in diluted gases of alkaline atoms and for their early and fundamental studies of the properties of the condensed".
		Carl Edwin Wieman
		Wolfgang Ketterle	GermanyGermany
2002		Raymond Davis, Jr.	United States	"for their pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular, for the detection of cosmic neutrinos."
		Masatoshi Koshiba	JapanJapan
		Riccardo Giacconi	United States	"for their pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic x-ray sources."
2003		Alekséi Alekséyevich Abrikósov	Russia Russia United States	"for their pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids."
		Vitaly Lázarevich Ginzburg	Russia Russia
		Anthony James Leggett	United KingdomUnited Kingdom United States
2004		David Gross	United States	"by the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of strong interaction."
		H. David Politzer
		Frank Wilczek
2005		Roy J. Glauber-		"for his contribution to quantum theory of optical coherence."
		John L. Hall		"for their contributions to the development of laser-based spectroscopy, including the technique of the comb of optical frequencies."
		Theodor W. Hänsch	GermanyGermany
2006		John C. Mather	United States	"by the discovery of the shape of the black body and the anisotropy of the microwave background radiation."
		George F. Smoot
2007		Albert Fert	France	"by the discovery of the giant magnetor resistance."
		Peter Grünberg	GermanyGermany
2008		Makoto Kobayashi	JapanJapan	"by the discovery of the origin of the problem of broken symmetry, which predicts the existence of at least three quartz families in nature."
		Toshihide Maskawa
		Yoichiro Nambu	JapanJapan United States	"by the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous rupture of electrodebil symmetry in subatomic physics."
2009		Charles K. Kao	Hong KongHong Kong United KingdomUnited Kingdom United States	"for his pioneering achievements on the transmission of light through fibers for optical communication."
		Willard S. Boyle	CanadaCanada United States	"by the invention of a semiconductor imaging circuit, the attached load sensor."
		George E. Smith	United States
2010		Andre Geim	Russia Russia NetherlandsNetherlands	"for his novel experiments with the graphene in two dimensions."
		Konstantin Novosiólov	Russia Russia United KingdomUnited Kingdom
2011		Saul Perlmutter	United States	"by the discovery of the accelerated expansion of the universe by the observation of distant supernovaes."
		Brian P. Schmidt	Australia United States
		Adam G. Riess	United States
2012		Serge Haroche	France	"for the measurement and manipulation of individual quantum systems."
		David Wineland	United States
2013		Peter Higgs	United KingdomUnited Kingdom	"by the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of the mass of subatomic particles, and which was recently confirmed through the discovery of the intended fundamental particle (Highpig Bonus), by the ATLAS and CMS experiments in the CERN's great Hadron Collider."
		François Englert	BelgiumBelgium
2014		Isamu Akasaki	JapanJapan	"For the invention of efficient blue light emission diodes, which have made possible the bright and low-consumption white light sources."
		Hiroshi Amano
		Shūji Nakamura	United States
2015		Takaaki Kajita	JapanJapan	"For the discovery of the oscillations of the neutrinos, which shows that the neutrinos have mass."
		Arthur B. McDonald	CanadaCanada
2016		David J. Thouless	United KingdomUnited Kingdom	"For the theoretical discoveries of the topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter."
		Duncan M. Haldane
		John M. Kosterlitz
2017		Rainer Weiss	United States	"For their decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves."
		Barry Barish
		Kip Thorne
2018		Donna Strickland	CanadaCanada	"For their revolutionary contributions in the field of laser physics, the use of optical clamps and their application in biological systems."
		Gérard Mourou	France
		Arthur Ashkin	United States
2019		James Peebles	CanadaCanada	"For his discoveries in references in the field of physical cosmology" and in particular "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star."
		Michel	SwitzerlandSwitzerland
		Didier Queloz
2020		Roger Penrose	United KingdomUnited Kingdom	"For the discovery that the formation of black holes is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity and the discovery of a compact supermassive object in the center of our galaxy."
		Reinhard Genzel	GermanyGermany
		Andrea M. Ghez	United States
2021		Syukuro Manabe	United States JapanJapan	"For the physical modeling of the Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming."
		Klaus Hasselmann	GermanyGermany
		Giorgio Parisi	ItalyItaly	"For the discovery of the interaction of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales."
2022		Anton Zeilinger	AustriaAustria	"For experiments with intertwined photons, establishing the violation of Bell's inequalities and being a pioneer in the science of quantum information."
		Alain Aspect	France
		John Clauser	United States

Award winners by country

Computing the number of laureates by winner and country (if you have dual nationality, both are counted), the country with the most Nobel Prize winners in Physics is the United States, followed by Germany:

Country	Number of awards
United States	90
GermanyGermany	26
United KingdomUnited Kingdom	23
France	14
Russia Russia	10
NetherlandsNetherlands	9
JapanJapan	9
SwitzerlandSwitzerland	6
ItalyItaly	5
Sweden Sweden	4
AustriaAustria	4
DenmarkDenmark	3
CanadaCanada	6
Taiwan	2
ChinaChina	2
Norway Norway	1
HungaryHungary	1
PolandPoland	1
Ireland	1
PakistanPakistan	1
BelgiumBelgium	1
India	1