Annex: Timeline of Microscope Development

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This article is a timeline of the microscope listing the methods, inventions, and facts related to microscopic observation throughout history.

Microscope chronology
Year	Development
c. 700 BC.	La Nimrud lens, made by the Assyrians, a carved disk of rock crystal with a convex shape that is believed to be used as a magnifying glass or as a ustorious mirror (paratus for the projection of solar rays).
167 a. C.	Chinese use simple microscopes made of a lens and a tube full of water to visualize the invisible.
13th century	The increase in the use of glasses in glasses probably led to the widespread use of simple microscopes (one lens bulbs) with a limited increase.
1590	The oldest claimed date of the invention of the microscope composed by Hans Martens/Janssen Archaees (Neerland Showers) of the composite microscope (attribution made in 1655 in Vero telescopii inventore, work of Pierre Borel (1620-1671)).
post. 1609	Galileo Galilei develops a occhiolino (home telescope of 8 increases) laying the foundations for the further development of the compound microscope. It has been reported that Galileo was able to closely focus his telescope to see small objects nearby and/or look through the wrong end backwards to enlarge small objects. A telescope used that way is the same as a composite microscope, but historians debate whether Galileo was magnifying small objects or looking at nearby objects with its inverted (convex/ocular object).
1619	Earlier description of a composite microscope, given by the Dutch ambassador Willem Boreel who sees one in London in possession of the Dutch inventor Cornelis Drebbel, an instrument of about forty-eight inches long, two inches in diameter and supported by three bronze dolphins.
1619	Cornelius Drebbel (1572-1633) presents in London a composite microscope with a convex lens and a convex eyepiece (a "keplerian" microscope).
1622	Drebbel presents his invention in Rome.
1624	Galileo improves a composite microscope he had seen in Rome and presents his occhiolino to Prince Frederick Cesi, founder of the Accademia dei Lincei.
1625	Francesco Stelluti and Federico Cesi publican Apiarium, the first observations story using a composite microscope.
1625	Giovanni Faber de Bamberg (1574-1629) de los Linceanos coins the word microscope by analogy with telescope.
1655	In an investigation by Willem Boreel, the Dutch eyeglass manufacturer Johannes Zachariassen asserts that his father, Zacharias Janssen, invented the compound microscope in 1590. Zacharias' declared dates are so early that it is sometimes supposed to be true that his grandfather, Hans Martens, must have invented it. The findings are published by the writer Pierre Borel. The discrepancies in Boreel's investigation and the testimony of Zacharias (including the misrepresentation of his birth date and his role in the invention) have led some historians to consider this doubtful statement.
1661	Marcello Malpighi observes capillary structures in frog lungs.
1665	Robert Hooke publishes Micrographia, a collection of biological micrographs and coins the word cell (cell) for the structures you discover in a cork bark.
1674	Anton van Leeuwenhoek improves a simple microscope and invents the simple microscope to see biological specimens (see Van Leeuwenhoek Microscopes).
1825	Joseph Jackson Lister develops combined lenses that override spherical and chromatic aberration.
1846	Carl Zeiss founded Carl Zeiss AG to produce microscopes and other mass optical instruments.
1850	John Leonard Riddell, a chemistry professor at Tulane University, invents the first practical binocular microscope.
1863	Henry Clifton Sorby develops a metallurgical microscope to observe the meteorite structure.
1860	Ernst Abbe, a colleague of Carl Zeiss, discovers the relationship of Abbe breasts, an important advance in the design of the microscope, which until then was largely based on trial and error. The company of Carl Zeiss exploded that discovery and became the dominant microscope manufacturer of its time.
1928	Edward Hutchinson Synge publishes the underlying theory of the near field optic microscope (near-field optical microscope).
1931	Ernst Ruska starts building the first electronic microscope. This is an electronic transmission microscope (in English, Transmission electron microscope, TEM)
1936	Erwin Wilhelm Müller invents the field effect microscope.
1938	James Hillier builds another electronic transmission microscope.
1951	Erwin Wilhelm Müller invents the ion microscope in the field and is the first to see atoms.
1953	Frits Zernike, professor of theoretical physics, receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the phase contrast microscope.
1955	George Nomarski, professor of microscopy, publishes the theoretical bases of differential interference microscopy.
1957	Marvin Minsky, professor at MIT, invents the confocal microscope, an optical imaging technique to increase optical resolution and the contrast of a micrograph by using a space hole to block light out of focus in image formation. This technology is a predecessor of the confocal laser sweeping microscope widely used today.
1965	Manfred von Ardenne develops the first electronic sweeping microscope (SEM).
1967	Erwin Wilhelm Müller adds spectroscopy flight time to the field ion microscope, making the first atomic probe and allowing the chemical identification of each individual atom.
1981	Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer develop the tunnel effect microscope (Scanning Tunneling MicroscopeSTM.
1986	Binnig, Quate and Gerber develop the atomic force microscope (Atomic Force Microscope, AFM)
1988	Alfred Cerezo, Terence Godfrey and George D. W. Smith apply a position-sensitive detector to the atomic probe, so it is able to solve atoms in 3 dimensions with almost atomic resolution.
1988	Kingo Itaya invents the electrochemical tunnel effect microscope (Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope).
1991	Invented the Kelvin probe force microscope (Kevin probe force microscope).
2009	Dame Pratibha Gai invents the electronic microscope of in-situ atomic resolution environmental transmission ( environmental transmission electron microscopeETEM. He decided not to patent his invention to promote the advancement of science.

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