Annex: Lexical differences between Spanish-speaking countries

Spanish or Castilian, despite being one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, retains considerable homogeneity. However, there are perceptible linguistic differences between their dialects, and especially between Spain and Spanish America.

Hispanic America has the largest Spanish-speaking population, and most of the Spanish dialects are spoken there, arising mainly from contact between indigenous and African language-speaking populations with Spanish-speakers from southern Spain (especially in the modalities of Andalusia and Extremadura, and probably even more^{[citation required]} from the Canarian dialect).

While in Spain the differences between the Spanish dialects are very large —both lexically and phonetically—, in Latin America the homogeneity is greater^{[citation required]}, although clear distinctions can be found in the case of Argentine Castilian. Even so, the following features can be pointed out in Latin American Spanish:

Dichotomy

Most philologists and linguists ^{[citation needed]} have traditionally established two dialectal macrozones in America:

• Coastal land (radicals) of more similar characteristics to the southern half of Spain, especially Andalusia and the Canary Islands.
• El de las tierras interior (Conservatives), with some common points in phonetics with the dialects of the northern half of Spain.

The starting points for this division are the aspiration or not of /s/, or the consonantal or vowel reduction, respectively.

The varieties of Spanish in America are also classified by which were the peninsular dialects with the greatest influence as a result of their relationship with the metropolis during the colonial era^{[citation required]}:

• The most commercial contact with the Spanish noon. They were the ones who most received Andalusian and Canarian influences. These correspond to the Caribbean and Riolan dialects.
• The most median contact. They belong to the Central American, Colombian and Chilean dialects.
• Those that were the main recipients of a more normative Spanish, those that surrounded the virreinal capitals. These are the central Mexican, Colombian, Ecuadorian and Peruvian dialects.
• Interlectics: Those with greater contact with native languages. They are the southern Mexican dialects, the yucateco, the Andean, Amazonian and the Paraguayan.

Differences between American Spanish and Spanish

• In Spain and Equatorial Guinea there are two sounds /s/ and /θ/ (the first corresponding to the graph "s" and the second to the graphs "c" and "z") that in Hispanoamérica correspond to one, identified with /s/. This phenomenon is called seseo, which is also recorded in part of Andalusia (together with ceceo) and in the Canary Islands.
• The use of different forms of voseo characteristic of the Southern Cone, especially Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Chile, Central America and certain areas of Colombia and Venezuela. The same is currently non-existent in Spain, although in the Andalusian West it still had some vitality until the beginning of the centuryXX..
• Different use of diminutives. The finished in -illo, -ete e -ín are typical of Spain. Those finished in "-ico", are used in the regions of Eastern Andalusia, Murcia, Valencia, Navarra and Aragón in Spain. In the Canary Islands and in the countries bathed in the Caribbean (Venezuela, Colombia, Cuba and Costa Rica) this diminutive is used only in the words finished in -, -ta and - Okay..
• The pronominal system for the second person of the plural: In Spain and Equatorial Guinea it is differentiated between "vosotros" (confidence) and "ustedes" (respect) and their respective verbal and pronominal forms. In Hispanic America it is only used Youwithout distinguishing between trust and respect in the plural. (See Treatment formulas). In the Canary Islands, the "vosotros" has also been lost and only "usted" is used.
• In Hispanic America, the future periphrase is preferred to go to + infinitive, and in Spain the conjugation of the future is used comparatively.
• Different tempo-aspectual value of the simple preterite and the compound. In Hispanoamérica (together with Asturias, León and the Canary Islands in the Peninsula) it is said "today I got up at 6", "Last Tuesday I got up at 6" and in most of Spain "today I got up at 6" and "Last Tuesday I got up at 6:00". On the other hand, in much of Hispanic America, the composite preterito denotes an experience of the speaker, as in "I have risen at 6" to imply that at least once in life this has been done.
• In the Antilles, Panama, Colombia and Venezuela, there is an anteposition of the pronoun subject in infinitive. (before I arrived they had packed - instead of - before I arrived, they had packed)
• Different use of certain adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions.
• Difference in employment I do. and the when they have more than referenceal idiomatic use; in Spain it is said PassI do. Good., while in Hispanic America it is said Passthe Good..
• The use of terms fallen into disuse on one and the other, catalogued of arcaisms by the philologists on the opposite side of the Atlantic. For example, “to stand” in Hispanoamérica is considered an archaism in Spain, where it is said “to stand” or “to stand”.
• In Hispanoamerica many vocablos are used that were originally marinerismos (vine for Turn, turn or fold).
• In some parts of Hispanic America, more amerindismos, mainly lexicons of taíno, nahuatl and quechua and also of African languages, are used for the contribution of the black slave population.
• More frequent use of some vocablos than other quasisinonyms: get angry in Spanish and angry In the Peninsula.
• Difference when using grammatical gender to designate inanimate objects or things.
• Greater reception of anglicisms and extranjerismos in Hispanic America, with adaptation to its pronunciation.
  • In Spanish-American Spanish, direct English loans are relatively more frequent, without translating or adapting the graph to Spanish pronunciation (in Spanish).look instead of "image" or "spect"). Differences are accentuated in technical or recent terms. On some occasions it is the reverse, for example, in Spain the English word "autostop" is used, which in Hispanoamérica does not, or is created neologismos with roots or disinces of English, as footing to go out and run (foot, foot + -in English jogging) or "puenting" (of bridge + -ing, in English bungee jumping).
  • More notable are the Gallicisms, for example in Spain the word is sometimes used souvenir While much of Hispanic America is only used as a "remember". The exceptions are Argentina and Paraguay, where Gallicisms are very common and in some cases written as in French, contrary to European Spanish. For example in Argentina, Paraguay and Mexico one writes garage garage (pronouncing /garash/) and not "garage" as in Spain (the RAE dictionary only admits "garage"). In Argentina, the word is used ballottagewhich is not used in Spain.

Punctuation stylistics

• In Spain we preferably use the quotes «lais» or «spañolas», as in French (“”), while in Hispanoamérica we use the double “English” or “high” quotations ("”) or simple (’’’)^{[chuckles]required]}. However, there are no policy changes regarding their employment.
• In some countries of Hispanic America especially in Mexico, the point is used as a decimal separator (instead of a coma), just as in English. In Guatemala and El Salvador it is of general and academic use. In the rest of Hispanoamérica and in Spain the comma is preferred.