Annex: Chronology of the kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula

Geolinguistic areas that identify pre-Roman peoples.

Political spaces in the middle of the centuryVI. The Swedish Kingdom was subsequently annexed to the Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo by Leovigildo. The Cantabrian space (green, under the ambiguous name of "fish"—in reality, inhabited by astures, cantabris and vascons—) would maintain a very elastic relationship with the kingdom of Toledo, which needed to carry out military campaigns (the foundation of Victoriacum). See also Late Basqueization.

Political spaces towards 814. The emirate of Cordoba dominates the entire practice of the peninsula, except the realm of Asturias (protected by a wide border vacuum area in the Duero Plateau) and the pirenaic zone that the Carolingian Empire had formed as Hispanic Mark.

Political spaces towards 1030. Sancho III the Major exercised his preponderance on the Kingdom of Leon, not formally incorporated into his kingdom of Navarre, and on the multiple kingdoms of taifas in which the Muslim Spain has been divided, subject to the payment of "fathers". Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza belonged to the king of Pamplona (from 970, 1015 and 1018 respectively) and the rest of the old caroling brands, the so-called Catalan counties, were already in practice independent of the Frank kingdom, although they keep in theory the link of vassals.

Political spaces towards 1210. Since the end of the centuryXI until the battle of the Navas of Tolosa (1212), an unstable balance was maintained between the Christian and Muslim kingdoms, divided into taifas or unified by the northern African empires of Almoravides and Almohades.

Political spaces towards 1360. After the great conquests of the centuryXIIIGranada remained more than two centuries as the last Muslim territory; the "Spain of the five kingdoms" was set up.

Division in kingdoms during the Old Regime in Spain, From 1715 the division in kingdoms ceased to have political functions.

The crown of Castile maintained throughout the Ancient Regime certain functions in each of the kingdoms, notably the vow in Cortes: the kingdom of León (which belonged both the kingdom of Galicia and the principality of Asturias - were represented in the Courts by Zamora and Leon respectively- and Extremadura), the kingdom of Castile, the kingdom of Toledo, the kingdom of Cordoba, the kingdom of Seville, the kingdom of Murcia The Crown of Aragon maintained a strong territorial peculiarism, politically based on pactism and the maintenance of the bulls (uppressed at the beginning of the centuryXVIII with the New Plant Decrees, except civil, criminal and procedural law. It was composed of the principality of Catalonia, the kingdom of Aragon, the kingdom of Mallorca and the kingdom of Valencia. The kingdom of Portugal belonged to the Hispanic Monarchy between 1580 and 1640. The kingdom of Navarre was annexed to Castile in 1512, but it remained institutionally separated and with its existing jurisdictions until the Contemporary Age.

The chronology of the kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula lists the succession of ancient, medieval, modern and contemporary political entities that, being governed by monarchs, usually receive the name of «kingdom» in the historiography, although their specific denominations, and the titles of sovereignty that such rulers held were very different throughout the history of Spain. The identification of Spain with the Iberian Peninsula is a controversial issue. The terms Hispania and Iberia are also used in the bibliography.

Many of the pre-Roman peoples maintained state or proto-state forms, usually with the figure of a king, who may or may not be a hereditary monarch, a primum inter pares or a warrior leader chosen for the occasion ^{[citation required]}. The Greek sources give names to mythical kings of Tartessos and the Romans cite some of the peoples that they generically called Iberians, Celts or Celtiberians, and extensively collect their specific names.

The incorporation of the Iberian Peninsula into the Carthaginian Empire and immediately after into the Roman Empire (II Punic War, III century a C.) turned it into a politically subdued and administered space in Roman provinces.

The Germanic invasions of the V century destroyed the imperial link, which was replaced by the Germanic kingdoms (Swabian kingdom of Braga and the Visigothic kingdom of Toledo), while the Byzantine Empire of Justinian I recovered areas of the south and east of the peninsula (Recuperatio Imperii) for a certain period.

The Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the VIII century produced the division of the peninsula between Muslim Spain (al-Andalus, a term also equivalent to those of "Spain", "Hispania", "Iberia" or "iberian peninsula") and the medieval Christian peninsular kingdoms or Hispanic-Christians that emerged from the nuclei of Christian resistance in the north. These, after a secular process called Reconquista, ended up occupying the entire peninsular space in 1492. In eight centuries, the political conformations of both spaces were extraordinarily changing, both among Muslims (emirate and caliphate of Córdoba, kingdoms of taifas, integration in the Almoravid and Almohad empires, Nasrid kingdom of Granada) as well as among the Christians. The kingdom of Asturias became the kingdom of León, from which the counties of Portugal and Castile were separated; the kingdom of Pamplona became the kingdom of Navarre, which with Sancho III the Greater (first third of the 11th century) controlled Castile (including, briefly, León) and the Pyrenean counties of Aragón, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. The division of this entire group among his heirs (Jimena dynasty) gave rise to the kingdoms with the greatest later projection, Aragon and Castile, which were unified respectively with the county of Barcelona and with León. Its growth (agreed since the Treaty of Tudilén in 1151) left the kingdom of Navarre and the county of Urgel cornered (the former remained independent until 1512 and the latter until 1413).

The expression "Spain of the five kingdoms", coined by Ramón Menéndez Pidal, accurately describes the political situation during the Late Middle Ages: crowns of Castile and Aragon, kingdoms of Portugal and Navarre, and emirate from Granada.

The Spanish Monarchy was formed from the dynastic union of the Catholic Monarchs (1469), the conquest of Granada (1492) and Navarre (1512) and the imperial inheritance of Carlos V (also called Carlos I de España, 1516), which was transmitted from Felipe II (1556) to the so-called Habsburgs of Madrid. For a period of sixty years (1580-1640) the kingdom of Portugal was part of that monarchy or Spanish Empire. The conversion of the Habsburg model of an authoritarian monarchy into an absolute monarchy of the Bourbon model occurred with the dynastic change of 1700 and the War of Succession. With the cession of Gibraltar in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), the United Kingdom joined the other three monarchies with sovereignty in some part of the peninsula (Spain, Portugal and France - whose king exercised the co-principality of Andorra together with the bishop of Urgell–).

During most of the contemporary history of Spain, the Bourbons have reigned, except during the periods of the War of Independence (1808-1814), the democratic six-year term (1868-1874), the Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939) and the Franco regime (1939-1975). In Portugal, the Braganza dynasty held the throne from 1640 until the last king was deposed in 1910. The Portuguese Constitution of 1976 defines Portugal as a sovereign Republic (art. 1). The Spanish Constitution of 1978 establishes that The political form of the Spanish State is the parliamentary Monarchy (art. 2), defines the king as Head of State (art. 56.1) and Regarding their titles, article 56.2 indicates: His title is King of Spain and he may use the others that correspond to the Crown.

Sovereignty titles

The Germanic peoples adopted the Roman title of rex (which the Roman emperors avoided to maintain the legal fiction of the predominance of republican institutions), although the title of the position of their highest leadership was kuningaz (or king) in their languages. The rulers of al-Andalus used the titles of worth, emir, caliph and sultan, names that imply different shades of civil and religious meaning.

The use of one or another title of sovereignty by the rulers of the medieval Christian territories depended on the historical circumstances. Initially only the Asturians used the title of king. By basing their legitimacy on the Carolingian foundation, the rulers of the eastern nuclei initially used the title of count (Pamplona, Aragón, Sobrarbe, Ribagorza and the Catalans). That same title had the first independent rulers of the independent territories of the kingdom of León (Castilla and Portugal). The step to be titled "kings" it depended on one's own will, sometimes legitimized with papal intervention. Some kings claimed an imperial title: Alfonso VII of León (Imperator totius Hispaniae –some of his predecessors also used the title, but he was the one who achieved some external recognition and a coronation ceremony in 1135–) and Alfonso X the Wise (date of the Empire –unsuccessfully aspired to the Holy Roman Empire–). It is not clear if Sancho III the Greater also minted a coin with the title Imperator, although the most proven is that some documents call him Rex Ibericus and Rege Navarriae Hispaniarum .

The name "kings of Spain" it began to be given informally to the Catholic Monarchs and became common with the kings of the house of Austria, although without any political or legal value, since it only referred to the geographical concept inherited from Roman Hispania. That is why the official way of title was the accumulation of all their titles: I, Carlos (or Felipe), by the grace of God, King of Castile, of León, of Aragon, of the two Sicilies, of Jerusalem, Navarra, Granada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Mallorca, Menorca, Seville, Sardinia, Córdoba, Córcega, Murcia, Jaén, the Algarve, Algeciras, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, of the East and West Indies, of the Islands and Terrafirme of the Oceanic Continent, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, of Brabant, of Athens and Neopatria and of Milan, Count of Absburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol and of Barcelona, Lord of Vizcaya and Molina, etc.

The coat of arms of Spain has historically represented the multiplicity of these kingdoms.

The order of the numeral with which the kings who share the same name are distinguished was sequenced a posteriori starting from the Asturian-Leonese royalty (considered itself to be the legitimate heir of the Visigothic kingdom)., which from the 13th century was merged with the Castilian branch in the so-called Crown of Castile. The Crown of Aragon was made up of the union of the kingdom of Aragon with the county of Barcelona since 1137, a group that was later joined by various surrounding counties. When Martín I the Human left the house of Aragon without direct descendant, a branch of the Castilian dynasty of the Trastámara also came to reign in the eastern kingdoms of the peninsula (Caspe Compromise, 1412), but not always under the same person (different members of the royal family separated and reunited the kingdoms). The marriage of Isabel and Fernando did not immediately produce the union of the two crowns, since Fernando remained king in Aragon after the death of Isabel, and even after that of Felipe el Hermoso, husband of his daughter Juana la Loca, queen of Castile. (Only the fact that Ferdinand's second marriage –with Germana de Foix– was barren prevented the two crowns from separating definitively). Carlos de Habsburgo (son of Juana and Felipe) reigned during the life of his mother, who only died a year before Carlos abdicated the Hispanic kingdoms in his son Felipe. At the time they reigned, the numbering of the "Felipe" was always a minor in the kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon and in that of Portugal, where Felipe el Hermoso, I of Castile did not reign (Felipe II was called Felipe I in those kingdoms, Felipe III was called Felipe II there and Felipe IV was called there Felipe III). With the Carlos there was no such problem. As for Fernando el Católico, he was I in Navarre, II in Aragon, Valencia, Mallorca and Barcelona, III in Sicily and V in Castilla y León. The next Fernando, already in the 18th century, will be numbered as Fernando VI of Spain without distinguishing kingdoms.

In the beginning, the Asturian monarchy —like the Visigothic— was not hereditary, but elective, although the Crown used to fall to the sons or relatives of kings. The Leonese monarchy, which was hereditary, was closely linked to the culture and language of Galicia. The dynasty of the Crown of Aragon was also hereditary and at first it was culturally and linguistically Catalan, being descendants of Ramón Berenguer IV. The Castilian Trastámara dynasty, also hereditary, broke into the northwest of the peninsula, definitively uniting all its political entities with a centralizing strategy that caused the almost total disappearance of the Astur-Leonese language and the entry of Galicia into the so-called Séculos Escuros (Dark Centuries), for then also seize the throne of the Crown of Aragon, but in this case he respected its institutions, its courts and its privileges, and maintained it as a set of differentiated political and legal identities. So it continued to be with the foreign Habsburg dynasty of the House of Habsburg. But, after losing the War of the Spanish Succession, the French Bourbon dynasty was installed. It was at that time that the Kingdom of Spain was founded and it was established for the first time in a political and legal way with the elimination of the Catalan-Aragonese institutions, the imposition of Castilian in all areas of importance and the centralization of all powers in Madrid.

Mythological Kings of Tartessos

Iberian, Celtic and Celtiberian kings

There is historical evidence of regulos among pre-Roman peoples (that is, "kings", with the diminutive or derogatory term used by Roman sources with military leaders, leaders or characters powerful to whom they attributed greater rank or influence). Some names cited by classical sources (such as Corocotta) or later (such as Gausón) are unlikely to be identified. In this table they are listed by large ethno-geographical groups, ordered chronologically according to the dates they can identify, rather than a period of reign, some singular act or its relationship with any of the Roman campaigns.

Carthaginian and Roman rulers

• Amílcar Barca (in Turdetania and Bastetania), 238 a. C. – 228 a. C.
• Asdrúbal el Bello (in Turdetania and Bastetania), 228 a. C. – 221 a. C.
• Aníbal Barca (in Turdetania, Bastetania, Oretania, Edetania and Ilergetes), 221 a. C. – 201 a. C.
• Annex: Roman governors of Hispania, during the republican period (proconsuls, consuls, pretors and propretors)

Germanic kingdoms

Al-Andalus

Dependent Governors of Damascus

Independent emirate

Caliphate of Córdoba

Theoretical caliphs during fitna

Taifa kingdoms and North African empires

Sultanate, emirate or kingdom of Granada

Christian kingdoms during the Reconquest

The following table shows the kingdoms that emerged from the Christian nuclei of the north of the peninsula. It should be noted that as the Reconquest progressed southward, from the Tagus and Ebro valleys (in the northernmost territories no equivalent Muslim political entities had been formed), the Christian kingdoms were incorporated " kingdoms" Muslims, Christianized from then on (for example: the kingdom of Algarve -incorporated into Portugal-, the kingdom of Toledo -incorporated into Castile-, the kingdom of Valencia -incorporated into the Crown of Aragon-, etc.) until the conquest of the last of them (kingdom of Granada).

Modern and Contemporary Ages

Other "kings of Spain"

With the name of the third king of Spain, some historical figures from different eras have been known.

The so-called King of Patones or of the patones was a traditional local dignity in a small remote town in the Sierra de Guadarrama.