Annex: Chronology of Chile

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Pre-Columbian Chile

Year	Date	Development
c. 16500 a. C.	1	The Monteverdina culture makes the first known human settlement in America
c. 5050 a. C.		Chinchorro Culture begins its funeral rites with its deceased, being the first in the world to practice artificial mummification.
c. 1485		The Maule battle occurs between the forces of the Mapuche Nation and troops of the expansion army of the Inca Empire.

16th century

Year	Date	Development
1520	November	Hernando de Magallanes is the first European explorer to recognize the current Chilean territory by going through the strait that today bears its name in the Nao Victoria. On November 11, the friar Pedro de Valderrama, who was on board the shipment, offered the first mass in Chilean territory, beginning evangelization in the current national territory.
1536		The Spanish conqueror Diego de Almagro arrives in Chile in his expedition begun in the Cuzco, crossing the Andes to the valley of Copiapó, exploring part of the current Central area of Chile. An expedition sent by Almagro to the south ends with the battle of Reinohuelén against Mapuche warriors; this conflict is regarded as the beginning of the Arauco War. Juan de Saavedra discovers the bay of Valparaiso.
1541	12 February	The conqueror Pedro de Valdivia founded several settlements. The first, and most important Santiago de Nueva Extremadura..
1544		La Serena Foundation.
1550		Concepción Foundation.
1552		Fundación de Valdivia, Villarrica and La Imperial. The Mapuche leader Lautaro escapes after six years in prison by the Spaniards, teaching his people tactics and military strategy that he learned from the conquerors, including horseback riding. The earthquake occurred in Santiago de Nueva Extremadura, leaving 12 dead and several destroyed settlements.
1553		Mapuche uprising. Death of Pedro de Valdivia during the battle of Tucapel. Angol Foundation.
1558	20 January - 5 February	The battle of the Fort of Cañete happens, after the battle of Cayucupil.
1567	February	Spain takes possession of the Chiloé archipelago, Castro is founded on the Grande Island, being the southernmost European settlement of the time.
1569		Publication La Araucana of the Spanish Alonso de Ercilla where he relates the conflict between the Spanish conquerors and the Mapuche people.
1574		The marine Juan Fernández discovers the archipelago that bears his name.
1575		Valdivia Earthquake and tsunami, which affects the cities of Valdivia, Santiago, Concepción and the strong and cities south of the Biobío River.
1578		The English corsair Francis Drake attacks the Chilean coast during its circumnavigation of the world, plunders La Serena and Valparaiso.
1580		First labour crisis of the Kingdom of Chile will enable the massive entry of African slaves.
1584		Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founded the City of King Philip, the first attempt did not aborigrate the northern edge of the Strait of Magellan.
1587		The settlement becomes ruins.
1599		King Philip III decrees the payment of the Real Located, annual shipment from the real boxes of Potosi to the Kingdom of Chile.

17th century

Year	Date	Acontecimineto
1598	23 December	Battle of Curalaba, beginning of the large Mapuche general uprising that culminates in 1602, with the destruction of Spanish cities south of the Biobío River
1601		Alonso de Ribera is appointed governor of the Kingdom of Chile, undertaking the policy of fortifying the border and creating a professional army.
1602		General revolt of the Mapuches, directed by Pelantaro. The seven cities between the Biobío River and the Chacao Canal are destroyed.
1612		Beginning of the so-called defensive war, driven by Father Luis de Valdivia and confirmed by King Philip IV in 1616.
1629		Batalla de Las Cangrejeras, where Francisco Núñez de Pineda and Bascuñán prisoner falls, who based on this experience writes Happy captive.
1641		Quilin's parliament is being held.
1643		Dutch Expedition of Hendrick Brouwer to the Chilean coasts.
1647		Earthquake in Santiago and subsequent plagues lead the country to the second labor crisis.
1650		Beginning of Lucrative War
1655		Mapuche general uprising. Governor Antonio de Acuña and Cabrera falls in the middle of a popular revolt, is spared by the audience of Santiago and finally dismissed by the viceroy of Peru.
1667		Governor Francisco de Meneses is dismissed on charges of immorality.
1680		The English corsair Bartolomé Sharp attacks and plunders La Serena.
1681		Through a Royal Clause it is stated that the Capitanía General de Chile and the Virreinato of Peru limit the "Despoblado de Atacama".
1692		The governor of Chile Tomás Marín de Poveda pre-funda Talca where the Maule commune is located today. Subsequently, the population was moved to the north.
1693		Indigenous rebellion; Real Cédula puts an end to indigenous slavery.

18th century

Year	Date	Development
1712		Huilliche rebellion against Chiloé's contenders.
1740		José Manso de Velasco founded the city of San Felipe de Aconcagua (now San Felipe).
1742		José Manso de Velasco founded the cities of Villa de San Agustín de Talca, Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes de Tutubén, San Fernando de Tinguiririca, San José de Logroño and Santa María de los Angeles (currents Talca, Cauquenes, San Fernando, Melipilla and Los Angeles respectively).
1743		José Manso de Velasco founded the cities of San José de Buena Vista and Santa Cruz de Triana (currents Curicó and Rancagua respectively).
1744		José Manso de Velasco founded the city of San Francisco de la Selva de Copiapó (currently Copiapó).
1767		Expulsion of the Jesuits.
1768		Carlos de Beranger and Renaud founded the villa and royal fortress of San Carlos de Chiloé (now Ancud).
1776		The territories of Tucumán, until then controlled by the Government of Chile, go to the hands of the recently formed Virreinato de la Plata.
1782		Santiago del Estero and Tucumán are separated from the Government of Chile.

19th century

Main article: Cronology of the Independence of Chile

Year	Date	Development
1810	18 September	An open lobby is held in Santiago, where Mateo de Toro and Zambrano are appointed as governor, becoming the first step of the Independence of Chile.
1811		State coup by José Miguel Carrera. Creation of the Vientres Act, which promulgated that no Chilean will be born as a slave.
1812		Hostilities begin between moderate patriots (leadered by O’Higgins), and the exalted (leadered by Carrera). At the same time, Carrera institutes the first national symbols (bandera, coat of arms and paternal hymn), while the priest Camilo Henríquez begins to publish the Aurora de Chile.
1813		Patriot victory at the Battle of the Oak. The National Institute is established.
1814	1 - 2 October	Patriots are defeated in Rancagua's disaster, a confrontation that puts an end to the so-called Oldland and which gives rise to the Reconquest.
1815		He is appointed governor Casimiro Marcó del Pont who offers a high sum of money for the patriotic guerrilla Manuel Javier Rodríguez Erdoíza.
1816		Chilean troops are reorganized in Mendoza (Argentina) under the command of José de San Martín.
1817	12 February	One of the divisions of the Andes Army, in command of Bernard O'Higgins defeats the realistic in the battle of Chacabuco. The realistic captain Vicente San Bruno, commander of the feared Talaveras de la Reina, is arrested and shot. The O’Higgins government begins.
1818	12 February	In the city of Talca, supreme director Bernardo O’Higgins signs the Independence Recordwritten by Juan Egaña, Manuel de Salas and Miguel Zañartu.
	19 March	Realists defeat the patriots in the Rayada Cancha Surprise.
	5 April	In the battle of Maipu the patriots finally overcome the Spanish forces, which are relegated to Chiloé and Valdivia.
	8 April	The brothers Juan José and Luis Carrera are shot in Mendoza for a coup attempt.
	26 May	Manuel Rodriguez is killed in Tiltil.
1819		With the realistic defeat the Brothers Pincheira and Vicente Benavides begin the War to the death, desolating by means of guerrillas and piles in southern Chile.
1820		Thomas Cochrane takes Valdivia Square for assault. Zarpa de Valparaíso la Expedición Libertadora del Perú, financed mainly by Chilean capitals.
1821		José Miguel Carrera is shot in Mendoza, due to the piles he made in Argentina.
1822		The protests against the O’Higgins government, a product of Santiago’s centralism over the provinces of Concepción and Coquimbo, are accentuated.
1823	28 January	General Ramón Freire leads the revolt against the government of the capital, forcing O’Higgins to resign.
	19 July	Part of Peru where he will die in exile.
	23 July	The Senate approves the abolition of slavery and the Moralist Constitution of Juan Egaña.
1826		The Chiloé Archipelago is incorporated into the Republic by an expedition of General Freire, which ends with the signing of the Tantauco Treaty. The Federal Laws endorsed by the pipiolo side are passed. Freire renounces the pressures of the peluche and commercial sectors of Santiago. It begins the period known as the Anarchy.Manuel Blanco Encalada assumes as the first president of Chile.
1827		Francisco Antonio Pinto assumes the presidency of the Republic. It is founded The Mercury of Valparaiso.
1828		The Liberal Constitution of José Joaquín de Mora was promulgated.
1829		It is the 1829 Revolution that ends with the triumph of Joaquín Prieto and the conservative side over General Freire and the liberal party. Venezuelan Andrés Bello arrives in Chile.
1829-1830		Civil War in Chile provokes an economic crisis which does not allow to govern in a good way.
1830		The Battle of Lircay begins the Conservative Republic that lasts until 1861. Diego Portales increases its influence on the government, from different ministries.
1831		José Joaquín Prieto is elected president.
1832		The mineral of Chañarcillo is discovered, which begins the boom of silver mining in the North Chico. The mining bourgeoisie will become an important centre of power in the following decades.
1833		The dictation of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile of 1833 under the auspices of Diego Portales establishes the state centralism of Santiaguino and the preponderance of the executive branch on the National Congress of Chile.
1834		Prieto faces repeated rebellions of the liberal sectors against his government. General Freire makes attempts to overthrow the authoritarian government but is defeated.
1835		Portales occupies the ministries of Interior, Foreign Affairs and War and Marina.
1836		Under the instigations of Portales, war is declared to the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation. José Joaquín Prieto is re-elected president, beginning the period of the decades.
1837		During an inspection visit to the armies, Diego Portales is killed by a group of dissatisfied soldiers with the government. The first Chilean expedition in Peru ends in defeat of Manuel Blanco Encalada. It was founded in Valparaíso the Sacred Hearts College, the first private school in the country. José Joaquín Prieto, promulgated Supreme Decree No. 109 authorizing the construction of the Punta Angeles lighthouse in Valparaíso, the first in Chile.
1838		New expedition against the Confederation led by General Manuel Bulnes.
1839		The decisive Chilean victory in the battle of Yungay puts an end to the war and the dissolution of the Confederation.
1841		Manuel Bulnes, marshal winner of the battle of Yungay, is elected President of Chile.
1842		The first Chilean Normal School is created.
1843		Foundation of the University of Chile to replace the former Royal University of San Felipe, under the rectory of Bello. Fort Bulnes is established in the Strait of Magellan in order to incorporate the territory into the Republic.
1844		Spain recognizes the independence of Chile.
1848		Carbon deposits are discovered in Colonel. Punta Arenas Foundation.
1849		It is founded Punta Arenas in Magellan.
1850		The Society of Equality is created under the leadership of Santiago Arcos.
1851		The election of Manuel Montt as the third 10-year president unleashes the civil war of 1851, between the provinces of the south and the north against the centralism of Santiago. The revolts, supported by Lastarria, Bilbao and other members of the Society of Equality are defeated by General Bulnes at the Battle of Loncomilla. The railway between Caldera and Copiapó opened. The country's first fire department is created in Valparaiso.
1852		The telegraph between Valparaiso and Santiago is opened.
1853		Vicente Pérez Rosales founded the port of Melipulli, current Port Montt.
1856	30 January	Shipwreck of steam Cazador, in the vicinity of the Constitution, where more than 400 people died, being this fact the greatest naval tragedy in Chile. - The question of the sacristan begins a conflict between the State and the Catholic Church, which would end up provoking the division of the Conservative Party into a secularist and other Catholic faction, which will enable its defeat in the future elections of 1861. The first 700 gas luminaires are installed in Valparaiso.
1857		It enters into force the Civil Code of Chile, written by Andrés Bello and inspired by the Napoleonic Code, which will be transformed into a model of Latin American codes.
1858		The political alliance called Fusión Liberal-Conservadora was established, which would last until 1873.
1861		José Joaquín Pérez is elected president with the support of the Liberal Party, who will remain in power until the Civil War of 1891.
1863		The French adventurer Orélie Antoine de Tounens proclaims himself King of Araucanía and Patagonia, until he is apprehended and deported by the State of Chile. This event begins the first stage of the Occupation of Araucanía.
1865		Chile declares war on Spain during the so-called Spanish-American War.
1866	31 March	The Spanish Navy bombs the port of Valparaiso. The Treaty on the Limits with Bolivia on Salitary Exploitation was signed.
1868		Colonel Cornelio Saavedra begins the Occupation of Araucania with the reduction of Mapuche lof.
1871		A constitutional reform prohibits re-election. It ends the decades. The five-year governments will continue until 1925, except for Pedro Montt's premature death in 1910. Federico Errázuriz Zañartu is elected president.
1876		Hannibal Pinto is elected president.
1877		The "Amunautegui Decree" is issued that allows women to enter higher education.
1879		Occupation of Antofagasta and beginning of the Pacific War between Peru and Bolivia against Chile. The naval campaign begins.
1879	21 May	Iquique Naval Combat occurs.
1880		General uprising of the Mapuches against the occupation of their territories that would last until 1881. Communities are massacred and reduced survivors. English capitals begin to explode the salitre. The country's first phones are installed in Valparaiso.
1881		Chilean troops occupy Lima. Argentina and Chile subscribe to the Treaty of 1881. The Sierra Campaign begins. Domingo Santa Maria is elected president.
1883		Lay laws are passed in order to secularize the state, a policy resisted by the Catholic Church in Chile. The Battle of Huamachuco is delivered. The Treaty of Ancon puts an end to the War with Peru; Chile achieves “perpetuously and unconditionally” the dominion over the department of Tarapacá and the occupation “during the end of ten years” of the provinces of Tacna and Arica. SOFOFA Foundation
1884		The Tregua Pact is signed with Bolivia. The Civil Registry is created.
1885		With the arrival of Emilio Körner, the Prussianization of the Army begins.
1886		José Manuel Balmaceda is elected in the presidential election. It begins to channel the Mapocho River.
1888		Policarpo Toro heads a naval expedition that annexes Easter Island to Chile. The Archbishop of Santiago creates the Catholic University of Chile. The Radical Party is organized.
1890		Powerful between President Balmaceda and Congress, which ends with the refusal of parliament to approve the periodic laws. The Malleco Viaduct is opened.
1891		Civil War began in 1891. President Balmaceda with the support of the Army is defeated in the battles of Concon and Placilla for the Navy, favorable to the cause of Congress. Admiral Jorge Montt, whose government began the period known as the Parliamentary Republic, is the president.
1892		The first stock exchange and the first football association of the country, both in Valparaiso, were opened.
1893		Punta Arenas Earthquake of 1893 collapses the recent buildings of Punta Arenas.
1894		First political activities of Luis Emilio Recabarren.
1896		Federico Errázuriz Echaurren is elected president supported by conservatives, liberals and nationals.
1900		Created in Santiago the newspaper Mercuryconservatively.

20th century

Year	Date	Acontecimineto
1901		President Federico Errázuriz Echaurren dies before his term expires. In the elections of the same year Germán Riesco is elected
1902		King Edward VIII's arbitral award puts an end to the dispute with Argentina.
1903		General strike in Valparaíso, which is succeeded by workers' movements throughout Chile.
1904		A peace treaty was signed between Chile and Bolivia, re-establishing diplomatic relations. According to this, Chile acquires in perpetuity the province of Antofagasta, in exchange for compensations such as the Arica-La Paz Railway and the free transit of goods from and to Boliva through the Chilean territory.
1905		A significant arrival of Croatian immigrants began, mainly to Antofagasta, Punta Arenas and Santiago.
1906		A workers' strike in Antofagasta is strongly suppressed by the government, leaving more than 50 dead. He is elected president Pedro Montt, candidate of the Liberal Alliance. FECh is created. A violent earthquake affects Valparaiso.
1907	21 December	A massive strike on the salt plants is severely suppressed by the government in the episode known as "Matanza de la Escuela Santa María de Iquique", where about 1500 workers are killed.
1909		The Transandino Railway between Los Andes (Chile) and Mendoza (Argentina) is opened.
1910	16 August	President Pedro Montt is dead.
	6 September	He died the replacement of President Pedro Montt, Vice President Elías Fernández Albano.
		The commemoration of the Centennial of Independence is presided by Vice President Emiliano Figueroa Larraín.
1911		The National Historical Museum of Santiago is inaugurated.
1912		Luis Emilio Recabarren founded the Socialist Workers Party of Chile, which would become the Communist Party of Chile.
1913		American capitals begin the exploitation of the Chuquicamata deposit.
1914		At the beginning of World War I the Republic of Chile declares its neutrality.
1914	1 November	a fleet of the German Empire are faced with ships from the British Navy in front of the Chilean port of Colonel. The State Railway Company is created.
1915		He is elected President Juan Luis Sanfuentes of the Conservative Coalition. In the Senate elections, Arturo Alessandri Palma is elected, who wins the nickname of "Leon de Tarapacá".
1918		The pilot Dagoberto Godoy crosses the Cordillera de Los Andes for the first time.
1919		With the support of Enrique Molina Garmendia, the University of Concepción is created. The Carabineros Corps is organized.
1920		The Primary Instruction Act is passed. The "War of Don Ladislao" is produced. In a tight presidential election, Arturo Alessandri Palma is elected.
1921		There is a Massacre of workers in the San Gregorio salitary office.
1922		Gabriela Mistral publishes her book Desolation. At the Central House of the University of Chile, the first radio broadcast of the country is made.
1923		The first radio station starts its functions.
1924		The incident known as Sables' noise triggers strong military pressure against the National Congress to pass labour laws. President Alessandri is self-examined and a coup d'etat is produced, and Congress is closed. An Income Tax is established.
1925		A new Board of Government allows the return of Alessandri, who governs through decrees-laws. The Central Bank is founded. The Constitution of 1925, which establishes a presidential system and the separation of the Church-State, is drafted and promulgated. A new struggle with the Army, led by Colonel Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, ends in a second resignation of Alessandri and the election of Emiliano Figueroa as president and with Ibáñez as a strong man of the government.
1926		Economic crisis for the invention of synthetic salt. Federico Santa Maria University begins its functions in Valparaiso.
1927		In the midst of great political instability, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo becomes power, establishing a puppet congress known as "Thermal Congress". It will rule in authoritarian form until 1931 - Carabineros de Chile y la Contraloría General de la República.
1928		The Catholic University of Valparaiso is created.
1929		The Lima Treaty is signed with Peru, which puts an end to the border struggle, establishing the border on the Line of Concord and with the return of the Province of Tacna to Peru. The 1929 Crack beats Chile stronger than any other nation in the world.
1930		The Chilean Air Force and the National Air Line are created. They feel the first effects in Chile of the Great Depression.
1931	1 May	Worker's Day is set. The deep economic crisis forces Ibáñez del Campo to resign. The "Squad uprising" causes serious incidents in the country. He is elected President Juan Esteban Montero. Women have the right to vote in municipal elections.
1932	4 June	A coup de overthrows President Montero and a board proclaims the Socialist Republic of Chile, which would last only a few months. After several short-term boards and military governments, the president of the Supreme Court, Abraham Oyanedel, takes over the country, who calls for elections in which he is elected, for the second time, Arturo Alessandri.
1933		The Socialist Party of Chile is founded.
1934		Carabineros massacred in Ránquil to sublead indigenous people.
1935		Women vote for the first time in municipal elections. Elena Caffarena leads the creation of the Movimiento Pro Emancipación de la Mujer Chilena.
1936		The communist, socialist and radical parties create the Popular Front.
1938		During the presidential campaign, the Chilean National-Socialist Movement tries to carry out a coup de Estado that ends in the Workers Insurance Matanza. The radical Pedro Aguirre Cerda beats Gustavo Ross in the presidential election, initiating the Radical governments. A division of the Conservative Party gives rise to the birth of the Falange.
1939		A great earthquake destroys Chillán and the central area of Chile. CORFO is created, whose first work will be the electrification of the country.
1940		The limits of the Chilean Antarctic Territory are established.
1941		President Aguirre died of tuberculosis.
1942		In the presidential election, the radical Juan Antonio Ríos is elected. The National Prizes of Chile begin.
1943		Chile breaks relations with Japan and Germany. CORFO creates the Chilean National Electricity Company.
1944		Diplomatic relations are established with the Soviet Union. Jesuit Alberto Hurtado creates the House of Christ to welcome the street children.
1945		The government declares war on Japan at the end of World War II. Gabriela Mistral receives the Nobel Prize in Literature, being the first Latin American to receive it. Pablo Neruda is elected senator and receives the National Literature Prize.
1946		President Rios is dead. Gabriel González Videla with the support of the radicals, socialists and communists is elected president. The Archbishop of Santiago José María Caro is appointed Cardinal of the Catholic Church.
1947		The Technical University of the State is established. González Videla breaks his relations with the Communist Party.
1948		The Law on the Permanent Defense of Democracy or "Devil Law" is passed that declares the Communist Party out of the law. Senator Pablo Neruda is disastrous and goes underground. Hundreds of Communist Party members are removed from the electoral records and a concentration camp is established in Pisagua. The poet Vicente Huidobro died in Cartagena.
1949		Women obtain the fullness of the right to suffrage. Captain Alberto Larraguibel bats the world record high jump next to his horse Huaso. Earthquake in the Tierra del Fuego with a magnitude of 7.7 in the Richter scale, is recorded as one of the most important in the southern end of Chile and the most powerful earthquake in southern Argentina.
1950		The ENAP is created. The Pacific Steel Company establishes a usine in Huachipato.
1951		Gabriela Mistral receives the National Literature Award.
1952		Chile, together with Peru and Ecuador, proclaim the thesis of the Territorial Sea of 200 nautical miles. In the presidential election, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo is elected, supported by the Liberal and Conservative parties. In this election women participate for the first time.
1953		The Unique Workers Central (CUT) is created, led by the trade unionist Clotario Blest. Violeta Parra debuts on the radios of Chile. María de la Cruz is the first woman elected senator. The State Bank and the Ministry of Housing are created.
1954		The CUT conducts a general strike in order to demand the repeal of the Law on the Permanent Defense of Democracy. The University of Valdivia and the Universidad Austral de Chile are created.
1956		The Popular Action Front is organized. The Chilean State Defense Council is established.
1957		The Christian Democratic Party is born. People occupy the land of La Victoria, one of the first takes of land in Chile. He died in New York Gabriela Mistral. Chile's first television broadcast from the Catholic University of Valparaiso.
1958		The National Identity Cell is created to prevent electoral fraud. In a tight presidential election Jorge Alessandri gets the first majority (31%). His victory is ratified by the National Congress, which designates him as president. The "Damn Law" is repealed.
1959		Chile signs the Antarctic Treaty regulating the administration of the white continent.
1960	28 April	Muere Carlos Ibáñez. del Campo
1960	22 May	The great Earthquake of Valdivia, of 9.5 degrees in the seismic scale of magnitude of the moment. This earthquake leaves more than two thousand victims and completely destroys the south of the country.
1961		Raúl Silva Henríquez is appointed Archbishop of Santiago, allowing and supporting the renewal of the Catholic Church in Chile, under the auspices of the Second Vatican Council.
1962		The first law on agrarian reform was enacted. It is held in Arica, Viña del Mar, Santiago and Rancagua the VII World Cup of Football where Chile gets third place. The rodeo is declared a national sport.
1963		The first outlines of a major educational reform will be implemented in 1968.
1964		"Naranjazo" occurs when a leftist candidate FRAP wins in a traditional conservative deputation. Eduardo Frei Montalva, of the Christian Democracy, is elected president, with broad support from the right.
1965		At the University of Concepción, the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) of a guevarist tendency is created.
1966		Congress approves the chilenization of copper mining. Liberal and Conservative parties merge in the National Party.
1967		University reform begins at the Catholic University. The Academic Aptitude Test is first given. A new and more radical Agrarian Reform Law was enacted.
1969		Carabineros de Chile, by orders of Interior Minister Edmundo Pérez Zújovic, carry out an eviction that would end up becoming the Massacre of Puerto Montt. The Unitarian People's Action Movement (MAPU) is born, of splits within Christian Democrats and radicals.
1970		In a climate of greater political turmoil, the socialist and Marxist Salvador Allende is elected president with 36% of the votes. In order to avoid the rise of Allende, a command led by Roberto Viaux tries to kidnap the Commander-in-Chief of the Army René Schneider, who is killed.
1971	March	In the municipal elections, the Popular Unity government alliance gets 49.7% of the votes. The former minister of the interior Edmundo Pérez Zújovic is killed by a leftist command. The National Congress, by unanimous vote, approved to nationalize the Great Mining of the Copper. The poet Pablo Neruda receives the Nobel Prize in Literature.
1972		Political-social polarization is sharpened. The October strike of the truckers only ends when the military enters the cabinet. The Christian Democracy and the Right join the Confederation of Democracy (CODE).
1973		Economic collapse of 1973 in Chile.
	March	In the parliamentary elections of the same month, the government gets 43% of the votes. A long series of strikes began, such as that of the mine The Lieutenant who managed to immobilize the country.
	11 September	The Armed Forces and the Corps of Carabineros, headed by General Augusto Pinochet, give a coup d'etat and overthrow the government of the Popular Unity. Salvador Allende committed suicide at the Palacio de la Moneda, while a military dictatorship began in Chile.
	23 September	The poet Pablo Neruda dies.
1974		The DINA, the secret police of the military dictatorship, led by General Manuel Contreras and charged with repressing the leftist opponents, is created. Pinochet is appointed President of the Republic. The Committee for Peace was born, predecessor of the Vicar of Solidarity.
1975		The economic policy of neoliberalism, led by the so-called Chicago boys.
1975	15 September	The Santiago Metro is opened between the San Pablo and La Moneda stations (corresponding to the first section of the Line 1), and the construction of other lines is projected.
1976		Chile abandons the Andean Pact. The construction of the Austral Road, the main road of land transport of Chilean Patagonia, began.
1978		Conflict with Argentina by the Pictón, Nueva and Lennox islands located in the Beagle Channel in South Chile, resolved by Papal mediation. The government calls for a questioned National Consultation in support of its policy and against the criticisms of various international agencies for human rights violations. The member of the Board of Government by FACh Gustavo Leigh is dismissed from his command, along with several aviation generals. The Amnesty Act was enacted to acquit and prevent human rights violations from being investigated. The first Teleton is performed.
1979		A major political and administrative reorganization of the territory, called "regionalization".
1980		The 1980 Constitution was enacted after it was adopted in a fraudulent plebiscite. At the same time, a strong institutional shift begins, influenced by the ideas of the Chicago School of Economics and neoliberalism.
1981		The government makes strong changes in Chilean universities, reorganizing them administratively. It begins to operate a new forecast system, the Pension Fund Administrators.
1982		Economic crisis. Muere Eduardo Frei Montalva, former president and leader of the political opposition.
1983		The National Days of Protest against the Government begin to take place. The right-wing movement Independent Democratic Union is created under the leadership of Jaime Guzmán. Musical group The Prisoners is born. The Communist Party of Chile announces the formation of the Patriotic Front Manuel Rodríguez in order to carry out the armed struggle against the dictatorship.
1985		Three communist professionals are killed in the Degollados Case, whose judicial escalation ends up causing the resignation of the Director of Carabineros César Mendoza. 8.0 Earthquake on the Richter scale in Algarrobo.
1986	7 September	FPMR members perform a frustrated attack on Augusto Pinochet, with the result of five dead escorts. In retaliation the CNI (DINA's successor) murders five opponents.
1987		After 14 years of validity, the government ends with the curfew. A new law of political parties has been passed that has brought an end to the recess since 1973.
	1 - 6 April	Pope John Paul II visits the country in the midst of great manifestations.
	27 May	Cecilia Bolocco wins the Miss Universe beauty contest.
1988		The Party Concertation for No, formed by the Christian Democratic Party, the Party for Democracy, the Socialist Party, the Radical Party and other smaller groups, is born. The state of emergency is suspended and exile is ended. Pinochet is appointed as the sole presidential candidate for the national plebiscite, which loses on October 5.
1989		The first reforms to the 1980 Constitution were made, approved by a plebiscite.
1989	14 December	Democratic Christian leader Patricio Aylwin won the first presidential elections since 1970, supported by the Concertación.
1990	11 March	Patricio Aylwin takes office as president. The transition to democracy begins. Pinochet, who continues as commander of the Army, performs the "Link Exercise". The remains of Salvador Allende are transferred to the General Cemetery of Santiago.
1991		Patricio Aylwin announced the results of the Rettig Report on human rights violations during the dictatorship.
	1 April	Senator UDI Jaime Guzmán was killed by a FPMR command.
	5 June	Colo-Colo wins the Copa Libertadores.
	8 - 15 August	The 1991 Hudson Volcano eruption occurred, one of the most violent in the history of Chile with the volcano remaining in activity until December 29 of the same year.
1992	28 June	After 16 years of Augusto Pinochet's mandate, municipal elections are held.
1993		Indigenous Peoples Act.
1994		The Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle is elected president. Chile enters the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC).
1995		The Supreme Court condemns the DINA leadership for the murder of former Chancellor Orlando Letelier.
1995	August	8.0-degree richter Earthquake in Antofagasta. White Earthquake hits the southern regions.
1996	30 December	The Operation Flight of Justice is carried out in which the frentists responsible for the murder of Senator Jaime Guzmán escape from the high-security prison. Chile enters MERCOSUR. Free Trade Agreement with Canada.
1998		The global economic crisis hit Chile vigorously, ending with sustained growth to date. Free Trade Agreement with Mexico.
	10 March	Ricardo Izurieta is commander-in-chief of the Army until 2002.
	29 March	Marcelo Rios becomes tenist number 1 of the world.
	16 October	During a medical visit in London, Augusto Pinochet is arrested on the orders of the Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón, initiating an international odyssey among his supporters and detractors.
1999		The government creates the dialogue table to solve the problem of missing detainees. Pinochet can return to Chile, after his arrest in London, for health reasons.
2000	16 January	In second round and in close vote with the Alliance candidate for Chile Joaquín Lavín Infante, Ricardo Lagos Escobar is elected president.

21st century

Year	Date	Acontecimineto

2002		The Supreme Court oversees Pinochet for moderate subcortical dementia.
2003		Free trade agreements are signed with the European Union, the United States and South Korea.
2004		At the Athens Olympic Games, tennis players Fernando González and Nicolás Massú win the first gold medal for Chile.
2005		Tragedy of Antuco, in the mountain range of the Bío-Bío Region, 45 soldiers of the Reinforced Regiment n.o 17 "Los Angeles" die frozen after a walk made under a difficult climate situation. Free Trade Agreement with China. The 58 constitutional reforms are carried out in the period of Ricardo Lagos. Great North Great earthquake covers the regions of Arica and Parinacota, Tarapacá and Antofagasta.
2006	11 March	Michelle Bachelet assumes as president of Chile.
	April - June	There is a wave of student protests known as the Penguin Revolution.
	10 December	Augusto Pinochet died.
2007		In October the regions of Los Ríos and Arica and Parinacota are created.
2008		Eruptions of the Llaima and Chaitén volcanoes.
2010	27 February	In the early morning there is an 8.8-degree earthquake on the Richter scale.
	11 March	Sebastián Piñera assumes as president of Chile.
	5 August	33 miners are trapped in the San José mine in the Atacama Region, being rescued on October 13. Chile enters the OECD.
2011		The conflict for education is re-erupted, with the student mobilizations that extend to the present.
2011	2 September	An accident occurred in the Juan Fernández archipelago.
	27 December 2011 - 8 March 2012	A forest fire occurs in the Torres del Paine.
2012		The Aysén protests take place, due to the lack of communication and services from the Aysén Region with the rest of the country and the central government.
2012	6 June	is formally constituted the Pacific Alliance in the Paranal Mount, Atacama Desert. The Great Santiago Tower becomes the highest skyscraper in Latin America.
2013		The judgement of The Hague is made as a result of the maritime conflict between Chile and Peru by the delimitation of 200 nautical miles between the two countries.
2014		It assumes the second mandate of President Michelle Bachelet, leader of the political conglomerate of the New Majority.
2014	1 April	an earthquake of 8.2 degrees occurs on the Richter scale in the north of the country, followed by the Great Fire of Valparaiso.
2015		The law of civil union agreement that recognizes same-sex unions is enacted.
	4 July	Chile wins its first title at the Copa América.
	16 September	An 8.4° earthquake occurs Mw in the Coquimbo Region, producing a tsunami that destroyed part of the coastal sector in the area.
		Appearance of four scandals, two of them political, one economic and one sporting: Penta-SQM and Caval Cases, the CMPC Company collusion together with SCA known as the Comfort Cartel and possible bribery to Sergio Jadue in the FIFA case. A season affects the whole country, even causing the snowfall in the Atacama Desert, the most arid in the world.
2016		Free education is partially restored, both technical and university. The result of a crisis caused, first by a proliferation of algae that affected the salmon industry and then the natural phenomenon of the red tide, caused a serious crisis in the Lakes Region, especially in the Chiloé area, which has triggered great protests, which led the authorities to declare a zone of catastrophe. Chile conquers its second international football title, to the champion in the Centennial American Cup. The CMPC Company collusion is blown again, but this time, together with Kimberly-Clark in the baby diaper market.
2017	15 January	The largest chili forest fire occurs, affecting more than 50,000 hectares.
2017		The Act on the Decriminalization of Abortion is enacted under three grounds: rape, fetal inability and vital risk of the mother. Chile participated in the Confederations Cup and got a second place. Teleton 2017 was held for the first time in full year of presidential elections. A flood occurred in the town of Villa Santa Lucia, in the municipality of Chaitén and made it the worst natural disaster.
2018	January	Visit of Pope Francis to Chile.
		Assume the second mandate of President Sebastián Piñera, leader of the political conglomerate of Chile Come.
	3 February	The Santiago ePrix of Formula E was performed.
	6 September	The Ñuble region is created. Three scandals broke out, two of them police and one of pollution: several bishops, including 34, were dismissed by Pope Francis because of sexual abuse, cases of contamination in areas of Quintero and Puchuncaví.
2019	5 February	Forest fires in Chile from 2019.
	17 September	The biggest drought in Chile's history. Six particularly affected regions: Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana, O’Higgins and Maule.
	18 October	Social explosion, protests resulting from inequality and the high cost of life.
2020	3 March	The first case of Coronavirus in Chile is recorded, which begins the pandemic in the country
2020	25 October	Chilean National Plebiscite 2020.
2021		This year there were general elections divided into six parts: the municipalities, regional governors and conventional constituents and later the parliamentarians, regional and presidential advisers.
	24 June	The Delta variant in Chile exploded after the appearance of its first case in the country.
	3 October	The Pandora Papers scandal broke out.
2022	11 March	Gabriel Boric assumes his functions as president of Chile.
	4 July	The Constitutional Convention is closed, the body responsible for drafting a new Constitution of the Republic
	4 September	Chile's constitutional plebiscite of 2022.
	16 December	Due to high temperatures, a wave of forest fires occurs at several points in the Valparaiso Region and the Metropolitan Region, which led to the decretion of a state of emergency after the fire clouds covered several communes of Santiago, the fires reported the death of a firefighter and the arrest of a person for causing similar forest fires in the Biobío Region.

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Annex: Chronology of Chile

Pre-Columbian Chile

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

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