Annex: American interplanetary probes
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The first American interplanetary probe was a Pioneer mission that had no official name but is generally known as Pioneer 0. At first, the sending of these probes was not only intended to satisfy the need to explore new worlds and expand knowledge, but also constituted an important element of competition between the United States and the then Soviet Union in what is known Like the space race. The first missions, for the most part, were failures on both sides, but the rapid advance of the United States reinforced by manned flights in Earth orbit allowed the arrival of man on the Moon and thus the United States would become the leading power in space flights.
Throughout time, interplanetary probes have been directed to different regions denoting the changing desires for exploration and conquest.
In the future, more probes will explore those moons sighted by the Galileo missions and Voyager 1 and 2 missions. Within the planets, Mercury and Venus will be visited by new probes and thus complete their cartography.
List of interplanetary missions by program order
United States
Pioneer
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pioneer 0 | Able 1 | 38kg | 17-08-1958 / 12:18 | ETR / 17A | Thor-Able I | AFBMD | Lunar orbit | Fall |
| Pioneer 1 | Able 2 | 38.3 kg | 11-10-1958 / 08:42:13 | ETR / 17A | Thor-Able I / 130 | NASA / AFBMD | Lunar orbit | Fall |
| Pioneer 2 | Able 3 | 39.6 kg | 08-11-1958 / 07:30 | ETR / 17A | Thor-Able I /129 | NASA / AFBMD | Lunar orbit | Fall |
| Pioneer 3 | - | 5,87 kg | 06-12-1958 / 05:44:52 | ETR / 5 | Juno II / AM-11 | NASA / ABMA | Moon fly | Fall |
| Pioneer 4 | - | 6.1 kg | 03-mar-1959 / 05:10:45 | ETR / 5 | Juno II / AM-14 | NASA / ABMA | Lunar flying | Partial |
| Pioneer (A) | P-3 / Able IVB | 169 kg | 26-nov-1959 / 07:26 | ETR / 14 | Atlas-Able / 1 | NASA / AFBMD | Lunar orbit | Partial |
| Pioneer 5 | P-2 /Able 6 | 43.2 kg | 03-nov-1960 / 13:00:07 | ETR / 17A | Thor-Able IV / 4 | NASA / GSFC | Solar orbit | Successful |
| Pioneer (B) | P-30 / Able VA | 175.5 kg | 25-sep-1960 / 15:13 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-Able / 2 | NASA / AFBMD | lunar orbit | Fall |
| Pioneer (C) | P-31 / Able VB | 176 kg | 15-dic-1960 / 09:10 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-Able / 3 | NASA / AFBMD | Lunar orbit | Fall |
| Pioneer 6 | Pioneer-A | 62.14 kg | 16-dic-1965 / 07:31:21 | ETR / 17A | Thor-Delta E / 35 | NASA / ARC | Solar orbit | Successful |
| Pioneer 7 | Pioneer-B | 62.75 kg | 17-August-1966 / 15:20:17 | ETR / 17A | Thor-Delta E1 / 40 | NASA / ARC | Solar orbit | Successful |
| Pioneer 8 | Pioneer-C | 65.36 kg | 13-dic-1967 / 14:08 | ETR / 17B | Thor-Delta E-1 / 55 | NASA / ARC | Solar orbit | Successful |
| Pioneer 9 | Pioneer-D | 65.36 kg | 08-nov-1968 / 09:46:29 | ETR / 17B | Thor-Delta E1 / 60 | NASA / ARC | Solar orbit | Successful |
| Pioneer E | Pioneer-E | 65.4 kg | 27-August-1969 / 21:59 | ETR / 17A | Thor-Delta L / 73 | NASA / ARC | Solar orbit | Fall |
| Pioneer 10 | Pioneer-F | 258 kg | 02-mar-1972 / 01:49:04 | ETR / 36A | Atlas-Centaur / 27 | NASA / ARC | Jupiter overflight | Successful |
| Pioneer 11 | Pioneer-G | 258.5 kg | 05-abr-1973 / 02:11 | ETR / 36B | Atlas-Centaur / 30 | NASA / ARC | Jupiter overflight and Saturn | Successful |
| Pioneer Venus 1 | Pioneer Venus Orbiter | 582 kg | 20-may-1978 / 13:13:00 | ETR / 36A | Atlas-Centaur / 50 | NASA / ARC | Venus orbit | Successful |
| Pioneer Venus 2 | Pioneer Venus Multiprobe | 904 kg | 08-August-1978 / 07:33 | ETR / 36A | Atlas-Centaur / 51 | NASA / ARC | Landings in Venus | Successful |
Rangers
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ranger 1 | P-32 | 306.18 kg | 23-August-1961 / 10:04 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-AgenaB / 1 | NASA JPL | Deep space orbit | Fall |
| Ranger 2 | P-33 | 306.18 kg | 18-nov-1961 / 08:12 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-AgenaB / 2 | NASA JPL | Deep space orbit | Fall |
| Ranger 3 | P-34 | 330 kg | 26-ene-1962 / 20:30 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-AgenaB / 3 | NASA JPL | Lunar impact | Fall |
| Ranger 4 | P-35 | 331.12 kg | 23-abr-1962 / 20:50 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-AgenaB / 4 | NASA JPL | Lunar impact | Partial |
| Ranger 5 | P-36 | 342.46 kg | 18-oct-1962 / 16:59:00 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-AgenaB / 7 | NASA JPL | Lunar impact | Partial |
| Ranger 6 | Ranger-A/P-53 | 364,69 kg | 30-ene-1964 / 15:49:09 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-AgenaB / 8 | NASA JPL | Lunar impact | Partial |
| Ranger 7 | Ranger-B / P-54 | 365.6 kg | 28-jul-1964 / 16:50:07 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-AgenaB / 9 | NASA JPL | Lunar impact | Successful |
| Ranger 8 | Ranger-C | 366.87 kg | 17-feb-1965 / 17:05:00 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-AgenaB / 13 | NASA JPL | Lunar impact | Successful |
| Ranger 9 | Ranger-D | 366.87 kg | 21-mar-1965 / 21:37:02 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-AgenaB / 14 | NASA JPL | Lunar impact | Successful |
Mariner
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mariner 1 | P-37 | 202.8 kg | 22-jul-1962 / 09:21:23 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-Agena B / 5 | NASA JPL | Overflight of Venus | Fall |
| Mariner 2 | P-38 | 203.6 kg | 27-August-1962 / 06:53:14 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-Agena B / 6 | NASA JPL | Overflight of Venus | Successful |
| Mariner 3 | Mariner-64C | 260.8 kg | 05-nov-1964 / 19:22:05 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-Agena D / 11 | NASA JPL | Overflight of Mars | Fall |
| Mariner 4 | Mariner-64D | 260.8 kg | 28-nov-1964 / 14:22:01 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-Agena D / 12 | NASA JPL | Overflight of Mars | Successful |
| Mariner 5 | Mariner-67E | 244.9 kg | 14-jun-1967 / 06:01:00 | ETR / 12 | Atlas-Agena D / 23 | NASA JPL | Overflight of Venus | Successful |
| Mariner 6 | Mariner-69F | 381 kg | 25-feb-1969 / 01:29:02 | ETR / 36B | Atlas-Centaur / 20 | NASA JPL | Overflight of Mars | Successful |
| Mariner 7 | Mariner-69G | 381 kg | 27-mar-1969 / 22:22:01 | ETR / 36A | Atlas-Centaur / 19 | NASA JPL | Overflight of Mars | Successful |
| Mariner 8 | Mariner-71H | 997.9 kg | 09-may-1971 / 01:11:02 | ETR / 36A | Atlas-Centaur / 24 | NASA JPL | Orbita en Mars | Fall |
| Mariner 9 | Mariner-71I | 997.9 kg | 30-may-1971 / 22:23:04 | ETR / 36B | Atlas-Centaur / 23 | NASA JPL | Orbita en Mars | Successful |
| Mariner 10 | Mariner-73J | 502.9 kg | 03-nov-1973 / 05:45:00 | ETR / 36B | Atlas-Centaur / 34 | NASA JPL | Mercury flight and Venus | Successful |
Surveyor
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atlas-Centaur 5 | SD-1 | 951 kg | 02-mar-1965 / 13:25 | ETR / 36A | Atlas-Centaur / 5 | NASA JPL | Deep space orbit | Fall |
| Surveyor Model 1 | SD-2 | 950 kg | 11-August-1965 / 14:31:04 | ETR / 36B | Atlas-Centaur / 6 | NASA JPL | Deep space orbit | Successful |
| Surveyor Model 2 | SD-3 | 784 kg | 08-abr-1966 / 01:00:02 | ETR / 36B | Atlas-Centaur / 8 | NASA JPL | Deep space orbit | Fall |
| Surveyor 1 | Surveyor-A | 995,2 kg | 30-may-1966 / 14:41:01 | ETR / 36A | Atlas-Centaur / 10 | NASA JPL | Landmark | Successful |
| Surveyor 2 | Surveyor-B | 995,2 kg | 20-sep-1966 / 12:32:00 | ETR / 36A | Atlas-Centaur / 7 | NASA JPL | Landmark | Fall |
| Surveyor 3 | Surveyor-C | 997.9 kg | 17-abr-1967 / 07:05:01 | ETR / 36B | Atlas-Centaur / 12 | NASA JPL | Moon landing | Successful |
| Surveyor 4 | Surveyor-D | 1,037.4 kg | 34-jul-1967 / 11:53:29 | ETR / 36A | Atlas-Centaur / 11 | NASA JPL | Moon landing | Fall |
| Surveyor 5 | Surveyor-E | 1006 kg | 08-sep-1967 / 07:57:01 | ETR / 36A | Atlas-Centaur / 13 | NASA JPL | Moon landing | Successful |
| Surveyor 6 | Surveyor-F | 1008.3 kg | 07-nov-1967 / 07:39:01 | ETR / 36B | Atlas-Centaur / 14 | NASA JPL | Moon landing | Successful |
| Surveyor 7 | Surveyor-G | 1.0040.1 kg | 07-ene-1968 / 06:30 | ETR / 36A | Atlas-Centaur / 15 | NASA JPL | Moon landing | Successful |
Explorer
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explorer 35 | IMP-E | 104.3 kg | 19-jul-1967 / 14:19:02 | ETR / 17B | Thor-Delta E1 / 50 | NASA GSFC | Lunar orbit | Successful |
| Explorer 49 | RAE-B | 330.2 kg | 10-jun-1973 / 14:13.00 | ETR / 17B | Delta 1913 / 95 | NASA GSFC | Lunar orbit | Successful |
Lunar Orbiter
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lunar Orbiter 1 | LO-A | 385.6 kg | 10-August-1966 / 19:26:00 | ETR / 13 | Atlas-Agena D / 17 | NASA | Lunar orbit | Successful |
| Lunar Orbiter 2 | LO-B | 385.6 kg | 06-nov-1966 / 23:21:00 | ETR / 13 | Atlas-Agena D / 18 | NASA | Lunar orbit | Successful |
| Lunar Orbiter 3 | LO-C | 385.6 kg | 05-feb-1967 / 01:17:01 | ETR / 13 | Atlas-Agena D / 20 | NASA | Lunar orbit | Successful |
| Lunar Orbiter 4 | LO-D | 385.6 kg | 04-may-1967 / 22:25:00 | ETR / 13 | Atlas-Agena D/22 | NASA | Lunar orbit | Successful |
| Lunar Orbiter 5 | LO-E | 390 kg | 01-August-1967 / 22:33:00 | ETR / 13 | Atlas-Agena D / 24 | NASA | Lunar orbit | Successful |
Apollo Particle and fields subsatellite
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apollo 15 Particle " Fields Sat | 35.6 kg | 04-August-1971 / 20:13:19 | Apollo 15 CSM 112 | Saturn V / 510 | NASA MSC | Lunar orbit | Successful | |
| Apollo 16 Particle " Fields Sat | 42 kg | 06-nov-1966 / 23:21:00 | Apollo 16 CSM 113 | Saturn V / 511 | NASA MSC | Lunar orbit | Successful |
Viking
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Viking 1 | Viking-B | 3.527 kg | 20-August-1975 / 21:22:00 | ETR / 41 | Titan IIIE-Centaur / 4 | NASA JPL | Martian orbit and landing | Successful |
| Viking 2 | Viking-A | 3.527 kg | 09-sep-1975 / 18:39:00 | ETR / 41 | Titan IIIE-Centaur / 4 | NASA JPL | Martian orbit and landing | Successful |
Voyager
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voyager 2 | Voyager-2 | 2.020 kg | 20-August-1977 / 14:29:44 | ETR / 41 | Titan IIIE-Centaur / 7 | NASA JPL | Overflight in Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune | Successful |
| Voyager 1 | Voyager-1 | 2.080 kg | 05-sep-1977 / 12:56:01 | ETR / 41 | Titan IIIE-Centaur / 6 | NASA JPL | Jupiter overflight and Saturn | Successful |
ISEE
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISEE | ISEE-3 | 479 kg | 12-August-1978 / 15:12 | ETR / 17B | Delta 2914 / 144 | NASA GSFC | L1 | Successful |
Magellan
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magellan | Magellan | 3,445 kg | 04-may-1989 / 18:47:00 | KSC / 39B | STS-30R / IUS | NASA JPL | Orbit on Venus | Successful |
Galileo
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galileo | Galileo | 2.561 kg | 18-oct-1989 / 16:53:40 | KSC / 39B | STS-34R / IUS | NASA JPL | Orbit in Jupiter and entrance | Successful |
Mars Observer
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mars Observer | Mars Observer | 2.573 kg | 25-sep-1992 / 17:05:01 | ESMC / 40 | Titan III / 4 | NASA JPL | Martian orbit | Fall |
Clementine
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clementine | Clementine | 424 kg | 25-ene-1994 / 16:34 | WSMC / SLC-4W | Titan IIG / 11 | BMDO | Lunar orbit | Successful |
Wind
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind | Wind | 1,250 kg | 01-nov-1994 / 17:05:01 | ESMC / 17B | Delta 7925-10 / 227 | NASA GSFC | L1 | Successful |
NEAR
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NEAR | NEAR | 805 kg | 17-feb-1996 / 20:43:27 | ESMC / 17B | Delta 7925-8 / 232 | NASA GSFC | asteroid orbit | Successful |
Mars Global Surveyor
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mars Global Surveyor | MGS | 1,062 kg | 07-nov-1996 / 17:00:49 | ESMC / 17A | Delta 7925 / 239 | NASA JPL | Martian orbit | Successful |
Mars Pathfinder
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mars Pathfinder | Mars Pathfinder | 870 kg | 04-dic-1996 / 06:58:07 | ESMC / 17B | Delta 7925 / 240 | NASA JPL | Landing in Mars | Successful |
ACE
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACE | ACE | 752 kg | 25-August-1997 / 14:39 | ESMC / 17A | Delta 7920-8 / 247 | NASA GSFC | L1 | Successful |
Lunar Prospector
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lunar Prospector | Lunar Prospector | 300 kg | 07-ene-1998 / 02:28:44 | WSMC / SLC-46 | Athena 2 / LM-004 | NASA ARC | Lunar orbit | Successful |
Deep Space
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deep Space 1 | DS-1 | 489 kg | 24-oct-1998 / 12:08:00 | ESMC / 17A | Delta 7326-9.5 / 261 | NASA JPL | Solar orbit | Successful |
Mars Climate Orbiter
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mars Climate Orbiter | MCO | 629 kg | 11-dic-1998 / 18:45:51 | ESMC / 17A | Delta 7425-9.5 / 264 | NASA JPL | Martian orbit | Fall |
Mars Polar Lander
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mars Polar Lander | MPL / DS-2 | 583 kg | 03-ene-1999 / 20:21:10 | ESMC / 17B | Delta 7425-9.5 / 265 | NASA JPL | Landing in Mars (planet) | Fall |
Stardust
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stardust | Stardust | 385 kg | 07-feb-1999 / 21:04:15 | ESMC / 17A | Delta 7426-9.5 / 266 | NASA JPL | Sample shipment who | Progress Successful (to date) |
Mars Odyssey
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mars Odyssey | ? | ? | ? | ?? ?????td | ? | NASA JPL | Martian orbit | Successful |
Mars Exploration Rovers
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mars Exploration Rover 1 | MER 1 | 1,063 kg | 10-jun-2003 / ??? | ESMC? | Delta II 7925 / ??? | NASA JPL | Landing in Mars | Successful (in progress) |
| Mars Exploration Rover 2 | MER 2 | 1,063 kg | 07-jul-2003 / ??? | ESMC? | Delta II 7925 / ??? | NASA JPL | Landing in Mars | Successful (in progress) |
NOTE: The expected duration of both missions is more than three months.
International cooperation
Ulysses
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Nation / organization | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ulysses | Ulysses | 371 kg | 06-oct-1990 / 17:05:01 | KSC / 39B | STS-41 / IUS | ESA / EE. U.S. | ESA / NASA | Solar orbit | Successful |
SOHO
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Nation / organization | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOHO | SOHO | 1,864 kg | 02-dic-1995 / 08:08:01 | ESMC / 36B | Atlas-Centaur IIAS / 121 | ESA / EE. U.S. | ESA / NASA | L1 | Successful |
Cassini/Huygens
| Name Officer | Ship / Number | Masa | Release date / (UTC) | Place of launch / platform | Launch vehicle / Number | Nation / organization | Design and operation | Objective(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cassini/Huygens | Cassini/Huygens | 5,655 kg | 15-oct-1997 / 08:43 | ESMC / 40 | Titan 401B-Centaur / 21 | USA. United States / ESA | NASA JPL / ESA | Saturn, landing probe in Titan | Successful |
NOTE: To be completed. The last missions are missing.
Related Topics
United States
- Mercury Project
- Gemini Project
- Apollo Program
- Space Shuttle Programme
Soviet Union / Russia
- List of interplanetary probes of the Soviet Union / Russia
THAT
- List of ESA interplanetary probes
Japan
- List of Japanese interplanetary probes
International missions
- List of international space missions
External links for space agencies
- NASA
- ESA
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [DLR] - (German Aerospace Center)
- NASDA
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