Aguascalientes (Aguascalientes)

Aguascalientes (/aŭska'ljen/t/es/) is a Mexican city, capital of the state of the same name and municipal head of the municipality of the same name. According to data from the last Census of the INEGI in 2020, with a population of 863,893 inhabitants being in this way the 15th most populous city of Mexico while the Metropolitan Area of Aguascalientes is the 13th most populous metropolitan area in Mexico with a population of 1,140,916 inhabitants.

The historic complex of the city of Aguascalientes is a World Heritage Site by UNESCO as part of the heritage of the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. The city is located in the center-south area of the state, in the valley that bears the same name. It is part of the Bajío macro-region.

It is known for its textiles, its thriving electronics and automotive industry, its San Marcos National Fair, as well as for having a deep-rooted bullfighting and bullfighting culture. Due to its tourist attractions and because it is an important pole of regional development, it receives a considerable number of international visitors, mainly from the United States, Spain, Japan, France and Argentina.

Toponymy

The name of the city is due to the abundance of hot springs, for which it was named Villa de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de las Aguas Calientes. The existence of these hot springs gave rise to baths for general use by the population, such as the Old Baths of Ojo Caliente (still in use) and Los Arquitos, the latter adapted as a cultural center. The city of Aguascalientes is located in the Southern Highlands together with the states of Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacán, and Zacatecas, precisely to the north of the Neovolcanic Axis, and in the valley of the same name, in the Aguascalientes valley are (now to a lesser amount) hot springs to which the state and the capital owe their name. Since the end of the 20th century, water has been pumped from reservoirs more than 400 meters deep. However, it retains its characteristic temperature. It is so hot in some areas that the local water concessionaire needs to deposit it in huge tanks to cool it down, as its high temperatures would damage the pipes and make it dangerous for users.

Gentilic

The name for residents of the capital, by extension, is the same as for the inhabitants of the state: aguascalentense or hidrocálido (a).

Physical geography

Climate

Because it is located south of the Tropic of Cancer and with an altitude of 1,880 ms. no. m., its average annual temperature is 18 °C. The warmest month is June; and the coldest, January. The temperature oscillation is not more than 10 °C. The climate in the city (as in the entire Valley of Aguascalientes) is steppe or slightly continental. The average annual precipitation is 500 mm, and the rainy season is summer (starting at the end of June and ending at the end of September).

The highest temperature recorded in the city occurred on June 3, 2018 when the city reached 41 °C. On the other hand, the lowest temperature recorded in the city was on January 11, 1964 when the thermometer dropped to -8 °C after a great snowstorm that covered the entire city.

On December 12, 1997, after more than 20 years without registering this phenomenon, Aguascalientes recorded a snowfall that surprised the population, the snow reached 8 cm thick and the thermometer dropped to -7.5 °C.

However, on December 8, 2017, the city registered a temperature of -7 °C, with a thermal sensation of -10 °C, this after the passage of a winter storm, however only in the upper areas of the city there was a slight fall of sleet.

Average climatic parameters of Aguascalientes
Month	Ene.	Feb.	Mar.	Open up.	May.	Jun.	Jul.	Ago.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Annual
Average temperature (°C)	21.2	23.8	26.7	28.7	31.8	32.9	27.5	27.1	26	25	23	21.8	25.5
Average temperature (°C)	13.4	15	17.5	20.3	22.4	22.5	20.9	20.8	20.1	18.5	16.0	14.0	18.5
Temp. medium (°C)	3	4	6.5	11	14.5	16	15	14.5	13.9	10	6.2	4	10.6
Temp. min. abs. (°C)	-7	-7	-2.7	0	4	6	6.5	9	4	0	-5.5	-8	-7.5
Total precipitation (mm)	19.1	4.7	1.2	6.4	19.7	69.9	115.5	115.5	76.9	31.8	8.2	18.9	480.9
Source: National Meteorological Service: Climate Standards Aguascalientes Ags 8 January 2012

Situation of the municipality of Aguascalientes

Hydrography and orography

As the city of Aguascalientes and the state are located in the Mexican Highlands, together with the states of Guanajuato, Querétaro and parts of Zacatecas, Jalisco and Michoacán; the precipitations are little and they become abundant towards the south. The riverbeds are scarce. The San Pedro River or Aguascalientes River borders the city entering from the north, then surrounds it from the west to move away to the south-west, to which it joins from the east (now all of them intubated) the Cedazo and Pirules streams. This first runs under Adolfo López Mateos avenue until it meets the San Pedro river, which is in turn a tributary of the Santiago river. It is without large flow river currents.

History

Historical center of Aguascalientes.

La exedra, Plaza de la Patria.

After the arrival of Cortés and the fall of Tenochtitlán in 1521, the conquest led many adventurous Spaniards to move north in search of their fortune. These lands, in addition to being more arid than those they had found in Veracruz and in the Valley of Mexico, they were inhabited by indigenous people who were mostly nomads and who soon became the terror of the still poorly traced roads that connected New Spain with this other part of the territory, to which the name was given. of New Galicia. Its territory, being the nucleus of the formation of its homonymous entity, was always linked to Zacatecas, first being this province of the Kingdom of Nueva Galicia between 1575 and 1786; and later as an Intendancy (1786-1821), and finally as a State or Department (1821-1857), until its separation from it and establishment as a federal entity in 1857. At the end of 2012, the metropolis reached more than 1 million inhabitants.

The audience of Nueva Galicia – the institution in charge of the government and administration of the new territories – settled in Guadalajara, at the same time that deposits of silver were discovered on the Cerro de la Bufa, where the silver mines would soon appear. Zacatecas. These mines became the economic engine of Nueva Galicia and their exploitation made it necessary to open roads not only between Guadalajara and Zacatecas, but also between the mines and Mexico City, Querétaro and Michoacán, where a good part of the silver was taken. extracted.

From the beginning the roads were assaulted by groups of Chichimecas (as the Indians of the northern border of New Spain were called) and due to the constant attacks, a war began that lasted throughout the entire second half of the 16th century. For this reason the Spanish established villas along the roads. These were both fortified posts and resting places for travelers. This is how Santa María de los Lagos was born in 1563 and a few years later the settlers who would found the city of Aguascalientes left there. These settlers were people of rather humble origin, who left the town of Lagos (today Lagos de Moreno) due to the abuses of the local authorities and also because of the desire they had to obtain new land grants.

Aguascalientes as part of the Province of Nueva Galicia

Aguascalientes dentro de la Provincia de Nueva Galicia o Xalisco.

It was part of the Province of Nueva Galicia, present-day Nayarit and Jalisco, in the Kingdom of Nueva Galicia between its foundation and 1786, and of the Municipality of Guadalajara from 1786 to 1821.

Altos de Jalisco as part of Aguascalientes

Department of Aguascalientes.

During the Second Mexican Empire of the Austrian Archduke Maximilian, the Altos de Jalisco formed part of the Department of Aguascalientes, as a natural continuation, taking cultural and geographical aspects into account.

The territorial divisions throughout the history of Mexico have generally been linked to political changes and not to a spatial distribution tending to improve the administrative, economic and social development of the national territory. On March 3, 1865, one of the most important decrees of the Maximilian government appeared for the first division of the territory of the new Empire and it was published in the Diario del Imperio on March 13 of the same year. This mission was entrusted to Don Manuel Orozco y Berra (1816-1881) and this division was carried out according to the following bases:

Economy and services

It is a city with extraordinary growth potential. Agencies like Deloitte, Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings, among others, have highlighted the city's financial performance and strong liquidity position, highlighting economic activity in the manufacturing sector, a satisfactory local revenue structure, and the availability of financial information.

According to the World Bank, in its Doing Business 2012 study, the Metropolitan Area of Aguascalientes ranks second in the best business climate in Latin America, reaching levels comparable to those of cities in Switzerland and Taiwan.

There are a large number of manufacturing companies, from the electronic sector and national and foreign services; Nissan, Jatco, Pont Aurel and Armengol, Unipres, San-s Mexicana, Beyonz Mexicana, COMPAS (Coperation Manufacturing Plant Aguascalientes), Mabuchi Motor, Continental, Suncall, Gestamp, WW Logistics, Softtek, Teleperformance, Hotel Marriott, Texas Instruments, FLEX, K&S Harness Systems, Sakaiya, Diseko, Kurota, Teklas, Yokohama, Sumitomo, Isewan, Gohsyu, Calsonic Kansei, Cooper Standard, Advanced Composites, Donaldson, KTmex, ITW Automotive, Maruichimex, Tachi-s, Bosh, Maindsteel, J.M. Romo, Linea Italia, Proditek, MMPM, Molitec, NTN, Kitagawa, Riken, Excedy Dynax, Howa, Posco, TF-Metal, Prodomex, Doiter Castings, Plásticos Gueber, Tacoma Industrial, Fincsa, Coca-Cola, Sanoh Industrial, Kurota, DAIMLER (Mercedes Benz), Decasa, Tenneco, Federal Mogul, Nicometal, Frialsa, Lala, ZF Chasis, Plastic Omnium, Riken, MALE, American Standard, Voestalpine, Cartograf, Metalistik, Sacred, Oxxo, BANCO MONEX SA Specialized, Cementera Cruz Azul which is near the municipality of Tepezala, etc.

The city has 2 important industrial parks: "Industrial City" in the south of the city on Federal Highway 45. "Industrial Park of the Valley of Aguascalientes (PIVA)" which is located between the municipalities of Aguascalientes and San Francisco de los Romo.

There is a broad culture of the textile industry, although it is somewhat diminished at the moment, there are still important national groups established in the city and many facilities of local businessmen who manufacture clothing and whites for the home.

In terms of gastronomy, there are international cuisine restaurants, mainly Uruguayan, Argentine, Brazilian, Italian, Spanish, Chinese and Japanese, as well as a wide variety of Mexican food restaurants, among which " diners" and "picnic areas".

Public transport and connections

Bike lanes

In 2020, due to citizen demand, plans began for a network of cycle lanes to improve mobility

Routes

There are 47 urban bus routes in the city, which are numbered from one to fifty except for numbers 17, 43 and 49.

Airport

Aguascalientes International Airport "Jesús Terán Peredo" (IATA code: AGS, ICAO code: MMAS), is an international airport located 24 kilometers south of the capital city of Aguascalientes, Mexico, it handles national and international air traffic in the area offering daily direct flights to Mexico City By the airlines Aeromar, Aeroméxico and Volaris, there are also international flights to the cities of Los Angeles, Dallas and Houston in the United States. Other air destinations from Aguascalientes are Cancún and Tijuana. The airport's commercial facilities consist of a terminal, which has 4 contact positions plus 3 remote ones used by secondary lines.

Roads

Land road: There are many companies that connect the city with other parts of the country, every half hour during the day buses leave for different foreign transportation lines to the cities of Mexico City, Guadalajara, Jal., Zacatecas, Zac., Leon Guanajuato, San Juan de los Lagos, Jal., Villa Hidalgo, Jal. and Encarnacion de Diaz, Jal.; every hour during the day to San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. Queretaro, Qro. and Lagos de Moreno, Jal. and with two or three departures during the day to the cities of Puerto Vallarta, Jal., Tampico, Tam., Ciudad Juárez, Chih., Nuevo Laredo, Tam., Monterrey, N.L., Tijuana, B.C., Morelia, Mich., Zamora, Mich., Durango, Dgo., Toluca, Edomex., Colima, Col., Manzanillo, Col., and Guanajuato, Gto. Also by land road through public service wagons (although concessionaires provide it) the city communicates with the remaining 10 municipal capitals of the State in services that vary depending on the influx in departures of up to every 10 minutes at least every hour. crowded, people call them "combis" and they are a very economical and above all fast service, the headwaters that are connected through these concessionaires are Calvillo to the west, Palo Alto (Head of El Llano) to the east, and to the north San Francisco de los Romo, Pabellón de Arteaga, Rincón de Romos, Asientos, Tepezalá, Cosío and San José de Gracia. As the head of Jesús María is conurbated to the city, it has an urban bus route service and does not require this service, which would be considered foreign.

• By rail, only for cargo transport, the Mexico-Ciudad Juárez railway passes through the city and the Station is located in the village of Chicalote 25 minutes from the city in the municipality of San Francisco de los Romo. The railroad has a connection with that of San Luis Potosí.

The highways that connect the city with the rest of the country are Federal 45 that connects Aguascalientes to the north with Zacatecas, if you continue along it you will reach Ciudad Juárez and the latter to the south to Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco and Leon Guanajuato. If we continue to the South we will find Querétaro Qro. and Mexico, D. F. Federal Highway 70 connects Aguascalientes with San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. and if you continue to the east with Tampico, Tam. On the west side, take Federal 70 until you reach the city of Calvillo, Ags. and in this stop on Federal 54 (which connects Zacatecas, Zac. with Guadalajara, Jal.). Although most people take the Federal 45 south, they leave it towards San Juan de los Lagos and then take the free or toll road 80 that connects Guadalajara, Jalisco with Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco.

Passenger Buses

Several bus lines arrive in Aguascalientes and they are the following:

Public services

Hygiene

Received the "Escoba de Platino 2012" for being one of the cleanest cities in Latin America.

Urbanism

In the Cities of the Future section of the UN World Urban Forum, it was projected as a model city in terms of sustainable development, with projects such as "Green Line", which recovers green spaces with a strategy of recomposition of the social fabric, including a free Internet system for the east of the city.

Urban outline

Centro de Aguascalientes overlooking Cerro del Muerto.

The urban development of Aguascalientes, and in particular the metropolitan area, was one of the best in the country.

In the city of Aguascalientes two urban layouts can be distinguished, the old one usually found in Spanish colonial cities of the XVI century and XVII; and the second, more modern and better planned, trying to take care of its viability, with alternate avenues as far as possible. In addition, since the city is located in the valley, it does not have significant elevations that make it difficult to trace. The old line is located inside the ring that forms the 1914 Convention Avenue and the second outside of this ring.

Aguascalientes has three more or less concentric rings. The first of these was once the outskirts of the city, named in memory of the 1914 Revolutionary Convention, "Avenida Convención de 1914" Now it is a relatively central avenue, by car it takes 10 minutes from any point of it to the Plaza de Armas in the center of the city. The second ring named in honor of the city "avenida Aguascalientes" It also served as a peripheral and the growth of the city meant that this avenue was in the middle of many neighborhoods and subdivisions, from any point of this road it takes approximately twenty minutes to the Plaza de Armas. And finally the third ring, named in allusion to progress and our contemporaneity that we had to live through the turn of the century "avenida Siglo XXI" It is not finished in its entirety (it does not make a ring) because this would imply crossing and perhaps destroying important, very fertile crop fields to the west of the city; a small part of this avenue is in the municipality of Jesús María (in the suburban part with Aguascalientes) and there it changes its name in honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe, "avenida Guadalupe".

Andador J. Pani.

Main roads

The city of Aguascalientes, in addition to its three avenues in the form of concentric rings, is crossed by Héroe de Nacozari avenue from north to south, and by Adolfo López Mateos avenue from east to west, although neither of them reaches the third ring at one of its ends (Nacozari to the north is truncated into the 2nd ring, and López Mateos to the east is almost truncated to the 2nd ring). Héroe de Nacozari avenue owes his name in honor of Jesús García Corona, hero of his town Nacozari, Sonora, for which he sacrificed his life.

• Central Zone: The main streets are Francisco I. Madero which runs from the district of the Station to the Cathedral-Basilica where it changes its name for the Moctezuma in honor of the Aztec emperor in it installed the National Union of National Railways, the CEN of the Labour Party (PT) and Sanborn's of the hotel France, is a commercial street and where all the parades of the city, marches and pilgrimages take place; the street General Miguel Barragán which runs from north to south from av. Convention of 1914 north to Francisco I. Madero street, with more than forty years of existence where the Barragán street can be seen a spectacular "Coca-Cola" with its old image, now has its molten spotlights but in the 1980s it still illuminated the cruise. Surround this area the avenue Convention of 1914 where they are located in their northern phase: the baccalaureate of the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, the CDM of the National Action Party (PAN), the StarMédica clinic; in its western stage, the facilities of the National Fair of San Marcos, in its southern stage, the state DIF, the Bus Terminal of the city (known by the community as Central Camionera), the Clinic No. IMSS 1; at its eastern stage, the State Government Finance Secretariat and the Ministry of Administration and the federal preparatory school for Benito Juárez. On the avenue Adolfo López Mateos from east to west we can find the Technological Institute of Aguascalientes, the normal school Guadalupe Victoria, the Olympic Pool, the 4th Centenario sports complex, The Victoria Stadium, the Commercial Center Plaza Krystal, the Palace of Justice and Civil Registry, the CDE of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), The installations of the Feria (Hotel Fiesta Americana, Plaza Monumental de Toros, Adolfo Ruiz Cortinez, this avenue will become the road that unites the city with Calvillo, Ags. and which also leads to the city of Guadalajara, Jal. (although most prefer to take the road to San Juan de los Lagos to go to Guadalajara); the Morelos-Díaz de León viality crosses the city center and the Barrio del Señor del Encino, in it is located the CEN of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) and the Company and mechanical playground JMRomo (manufactur of industrial and commercial furniture); the av. Paseo de la Cruz communicates to the Cerrito de la Cruz to the east with the av. José Ma. Chávez (which is the Federal 45 Mexico-Ciudad Juárez); Juan de Montoro Street (in honor of the Founder of Aguasclientes), was born in Palacio Municipal and became av. Alamdeda, the delegation of the National Immigration Institute.
• North Zone: the most important road in this area is Blvd. Zacatecas that will become the Federal 45 (Mexico-Ciudad Juárez) in it are located the Agropecuario shopping center (which is a central food and commodities swab), the Hotel las Trojes, the Futurama Aguascalientes Sports Club, the most important cattle ranching group in the town (with its corporate offices and its pasteurizing plant), the Altaria Aguascalientes shopping center (With San Liverpool, fashionl Avenues) Aguascalientes In its northern phase it is important since it is located the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes on both sidewalks of the avenue, the Torreplaza Bosques building (main and unique for the moment in its category), the Sports Club Pulgas Pandas; the av. Luis Donaldo Colosio where you will find restaurants of international and national cuisine, bars and cafes; avenues University, Ignacio Zaragoza e Independence They communicate the north zone with the center, in the first of these is the General Hospital ISSSTE (one of the best equipped of the state), in the No. 940 is housed the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes (to whom the avenue owes its name), in it is also located Agencies of the prestigious brands BMW, Audi and Mercedes Benz, in its intersection with the avenue Colosio becomes bulevar Miguel de la Madrid; the avenue Solidarity communicates to the north with the east, the same does of course the av. Aguascalientes.
• South Zone: the blvd. José Ma. Chávez is undoubtedly the most important, it is the Federal 45 road (Mexico-Ciudad Juárez) in it is established the shipowner of Nissan Mexicana, S.A. de C.V., Jatco Mexico, S.A. de C.V., Ciudad Industrial, La Universidad Panamericana Campus Bonaterra Aguascalientes, the Rodolfo Landeros Gallegos Park, the Teatro de la Ciudad, the Clínica No. 1 of the IMSS; the avenues Convention of 1914 and Aguascalientes have established in addition to the above mentioned several restaurants and taquerías, in the latter at its southern stage we can find the local headquarters of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, the interactive museum Discover; the avenue Héroe of Nacozari South is important because it communicates the center with the industrial city complex, also on this av. Chavez is Mahatma Gandhi and in it is located the Polytechnic University of Aguascalientes (UPA); the av. The Americas is a avenue with many established local offices, merenderos and bars communicate to the south-east with the facilities of the San Marcos National Fair; Avenue of The Masters communicates the south-east zone with the facilities of the Fair, in it is the Regional Centre for Normal Education of Aguascalientes.
• Eastern Zone: The Av. Technological is one of the most important ones it becomes the Federal 70 road that communicates to Aguascalientes with San Luis Potosí and Tampico, Tamaulipas. The Institute of Aguascalientes Education (IEA), the Technological Institute of Aguascalientes (ITA), the National Union of Education Workers Section 1 (SNTE), the International Campus of the La Concordia University of Aguascalientes and the Ojo Caliente Sports Center (with hot springs) and the former baths of Ojo Caliente; La av. Alameda communicates to the Center with the western end of the city, it is the same viality of Juan de Montoro that runs from the Municipal Palace to touch with the third ring, in it are established the railway complex Three Centuries, The federal delegation of the IMSS, The hotel Andrea Alameda, the Parque la Pona, the Mezquital of the Pona, and the Association of Professors and Researchers of the Autonomous University of Aguascal Hot Eye that mail the east almost parallel to the av. Aguascalientes communicates to the housing complex of the same name (one of the largest), in it is a baseball stadium built during the Ing Administration. Miguel Angel Barberena Vega, we must add that in the Eastern stage of the av. Aguascalientes we can find the Ecological Park the Cedazo, the City Firehouse, the Clinic No. 2 of the IMSS with its specialty area of Labour and Traumatology Medicine (the most equipped clinic in the state between public and private); the headquarters of the 14th Military Zone (in charge of the Defense of the Plaza); and the second park in size, "Parque Mexico". In this area there is also the ISSSTE Ojocaliente Family Medicine Clinic planned for more than 40,000 beneficiaries and commissioned on 26 April 2010 is located on the Blvd. CenturyXXI in the fracc. Solidarity 1.
• West Zone, Blvd. Juan Pablo II, located in the western end of the city, offers one of the best views of the valley, being located in a parlour in it are installed the University of the Valley of Mexico (UVM) and the Technological University of Aguascalientes (UTA) of Higher Technical Training University, the Neuropsychiatric Center; the Blvd. San Marcos travels almost entirely to the facilities of the San Marcos National Fair and its importance lies in connecting the Mega Velaria with San Marcos Island (island that forms the San Pedro River by forging in two branches and then rejoining); on the av. Aguascalientes in its western phase we can find the monument to the Foundry (an old furnace of a German investment in the period of porphyriate).

Civic squares

There are 3 civic squares in the City that are described below:

Plaza de la Patria (Plaza de Armas), main square of the city

• Plaza de Armas (Plaza Principal), located in the heart of the city, is so called because in the time of the viceroy the realistic army carried out military demonstrations in the mornings, Governor Rodolfo Landeros Gallegos, changed his name to the square and baptized it as Main Square, there are those who call it Plaza de la Patria. Its tradition is to the Spanish usanza where the house of the notables and the Main Church were built and from which the main vialities are born, in it the palace of government is currently located on the south side (Casona of quarry and covered its outer walls of tezontle stone, and in whose windows are located in a quarry shields of the Rincón Gallardo Family, in its interior beautiful murals that narrate the history The Plaza de Armas as its hierarchy deserves to be counted in the center with an Asta Bandera the Mexican Army rises every day, the Flag is sheltered in the Palacio de Gobierno, on the west side of the square is a garden divided into 4 barracks with a small fountain in pink quarry and continuous benches in pink quarry also, in the center of the Garden and looking towards the west is the "Exedra" A monument that symbolically represents the Center of the Mexican Republic and that in its center there is an Ionian column in a pink quarry and on its top it has a beautiful Royal Eagle of Iron extending the wings lends to undertake the flight and devours a snake (as in the National Shield), at the base of the column are the remains of the Liberal and former governor of the State Don José Ma. Chávez who fought the French intervention and gave life for the Sovereignty of the Nation; on the east side of the exedra is a fountain and bust in honor of the composer of classical music Aguascalentense Manuel M. Ponce.

• Plaza de la Revolución, located to the west of the Plaza de Armas was the street of Revolution that was a block in its south side is the Teatro Morelos, on its south side the Cathedral-Basilica, on its east side limits with the Plaza de Armas and on its west side the Temple of the Ave Maria headquarters of the confraternity of the Most Holy.
• Plaza del Codo is a walker that is located north one block from the cathedral, where there is a library and the House of Culture of Aguascalientes.

City gardens and parks

The San Marcos Garden, one of the most important.

The city authorities over the years have been creating different gardens and parks, within which we will highlight as gardens:

• The Encino Garden (in the neighborhood of the same name), the trees that can be found are strawberries, jacarandas and thunders.
• The San Marcos Garden (in the neighborhood of the same name) where you can find jacarandas and fresnos mainly, in addition to squirrels that are so accustomed to people that can be fed with various seeds or sweet bread, especially those of pumpkin.
• The Guadalupe Garden (in the neighborhood of the same name).
• The Cholula Garden (in the Guadalupe district).
• The Student's Garden (in the center of the city) is certainly at the entrance of the central building of the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, the trees that can be found there are fresnos and jacarandas.
• The Garden of San Jose, with a fountain in volcanic stone in front of the temple of San Jose, although it is small has robust trees such as the bay of India.

• The Station Garden (in the neighborhood of the same name), is currently located within the facilities of the railway complex "Tres Centurias".
• The Douglas Chalet Garden on the av. Alejandro Vázquez del Mercado, is on a small square that makes the quoted avenue with Avenida Morelos (with less than 10 m long) and Pedro Parga Street, where there is a bust of the first mayor that had the city Doña Carmelita Martín del Campo. In this small garden there are ancient datile palms, and one of the lanterns relocated from the Plaza de la Revolución.
• The Zaragoza Garden, located on Avenida 5 de mayo in the center of the city, is surrounded by a pink quarry archery with the same design that the Terán Market had formerly, in this garden professional groups of Mariachis meet, and for this reason it is known as the "Jardín de los Mariachis" or "Plaza de los Mariachis".
• The Carpio Garden (Manuel Carpio), is located in the center of the city where Independence Avenue converges and 5 May, in it there is a small monument to the Gral. Luis Ghilardi, with the following reference: "In this place was shot on March 16, 1864, Gral. Luis Ghilardi, died for defending Mexico's Freedom." In this garden you can find, strawberries, thunders, jacarandas and pines. On the eve of Christmas in the garden are installed semi-fixed posts that sell all the elements of Mexican births, realistic clay figurines with the people of the Holy Family and the Magi, shepherds, borregos and all kinds of animalites, as well as bridges, wells, trees, hay, and even nopals with tunas of an intense red almost carmesi (even though there were not in the time of Mexico).
• The Spring Garden, is one of the smallest in the city and that next to it in the form of a small complex is a preschool, a merchant and a public library, originally the set was a pond where people used to walk in the boat and from which there are some photographs left, is currently deforested because their trees have not been replaced, it counts within their gardeners with large red volcanic rocks (appeared to the pubic stone)
• The Garden of the Palaces, located behind the municipal and state palaces, is currently under it a parking lot for state government vehicles, so it no longer has trees, but it had poplars in another time.
• Plaza Foundadores, occupies the place of an old cinema one block from Plaza de Armas. On the side where it borders on a wall are written with golden letters the names of the founders of the city beginning from top to bottom with Don Juan de Montoro founder of Aguascalientes, has many tropical palms (scientific name) Syagrus romanzoffiana or Arecastrum romanzoffianum) and its branches look like bird feathers, was built at the initiative of the Ing municipal administration. Luis Armando Reynoso Femat.
• The Jardin de las Flores is located between the hotel Fiesta Americana and the Plaza de Toros Monumental de Aguascalientes, opposite the Expo-plaza complex at the facilities of the Fair, is large and is located where a pond was formerly formed by the creek of the Cedazo that was flowing into the San Pedro River, currently the main population of trees are poplars.
• The Garden of the College of Architects, is located west of the city on the corner that form the street Nieto and the Avenida Adolfo López Mateos and is full of jacarandas of Purple Flor and in spring you can see the floor stained of purple by the effect of the flower of this tree, in an incomparable spectacle.
• The Mezquital de la Pona, is actually an area of the non-populated city, which is behind the park of the same name (Pona) bordered by Alameda avenues to the South and to the East by Aguascalientes Avenida Oriente, is a tupidated area of vegetation in which the predominant tree is the mezquite (Prosopis). Voices have been raised for conservation as an ecological zone of the city.
• The Chuleta del Campestre Garden is located on the av. University right where the av ends. Luis Donaldo Colosio, is known with that name by the concrete slipper that at one time was painted red and that resembled a chop of res. In it is a statue in honor of the Lic. Manuel Gómez Morín and a kiosk.
• Plaza de las Generaciones, located on the south side of Ciudad Universitaria in the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes to the north of the city, is behind the rectory and is divided into terraces where the highest level is located east of the square and the lower terrace on the west side of the square, is covered by a thick layer of grass, and in it you can find a roundabout formed by cypresses on the terrace, this willow On the west terraces you can find squeals and willows; in this square every time a generation of university graduates plant a tree in its memory so it has both old trees and many young. This square offers one of the best views of the sunset behind the Mount del Muerto (small serranía with 2,300 meters of altitude over the sea level on average located to the west of the city and that its figure resembles a woman deeply asleep for that they call the Dead), the time when the sunsets are best appreciated is at the entrance of the autumn.
• Garden of the Dorado, is located south of the city in the corner that forms the av. Aguascalientes Sur y av. The Americas, is populated of pure jacarandas and in it was erected a statue of John Paul II.

It is worth mentioning that some medians in the city have been fixed by the municipal administration of Lic. Fernando Gómez Esparza, continued by Eng. Alfredo Reyes Velázquez, Eng. Luis Armando Reynoso Femat and Eng. Ricardo Magdaleno. The first one reforested the center of the city with lemon and orange trees and fixed the ridge of Av. Luis Donaldo Colosio, which is relatively wide (two meters) and has quite robust cypresses, nopales and maguey trees, some of which have reached a large size and flower at the end of summer and beginning of autumn. The second fully completed the central ridge of Av. Convention of 1914, it is partially covered with flowers and large rocks as an ornament, in the center are planted ash trees, and thunder and some poplars and in the narrowest part of the avenue cypress trees, the central ridges of av were also arranged. University where small hills covered with grass were built, the ridge is populated with pines, Chinese elms, poplars, pirules and ash trees, in the afternoons after work you can see workers from nearby companies resting or sleeping in the middle of the ridge on the grass in the shade of the trees; the median of the av. Independencia, a garden was also installed during the administration of Eng. Alfredo Reyes Velázquez and is full of flowering shrubs, eucalyptus and jacaranda trees; Zacatecas Blvd was restored to its central ridge during the administration of Engineer Ricardo Magdaleno and has large and leafy eucalyptus trees that produce beautiful shade in the afternoon. This avenue is the one that connects the City with Zacatecas.

• Nevada of 1997, 11 and 12 December 1997 on the city of Aguascalientes fell a snowfall that covered the city and destroyed many of the trees that had been planted even decades ago with approx. 15 cm snow, especially the ficus (of these none survived outside), and the streets of the city center, the central camellones of the avenues Héroe de Nacozari, Adolfo López Mateos, Ojo Caliente, Las Américas had hundreds of these trees. The Ing administration. Alfredo Reyes Velázquez faced deforestation by replacing the ficus (fast growth and very hard) with thunders and cypress trees. The Ficus had been popularized among the population because of its rapid growth and drought resistance, despite being a tropical tree.

The most important parks in the city are detailed below:

• Parque Rodolfo Landeros Gallegos (Parque Heroes Mexicanos) located in the place that occupied until the beginning of the 1980s the airport of the city, is the largest and is located on the av. José Ma. Chávez to the south of the city, is populated of poplars and eucalyptus, has an artificial lake with fauna installed of tents and ducks, also has thematic areas for children as it is "The area of Cri-Cri" with recordings of the main songs of Francisco Gabilondo Soler, the Cabaña of Juan Chávez, where children learn about perspective and relativity, the miniature city with recreations of the main civil buildings The park has a nursery for reforestation. His name was changed during the state administration of Mr. Felipe González in honor of former governor Rodolfo Landeros Gallegos. The administration of this park is in charge of the Government of the State. There is a widely reported legend about this park and it goes like this: "When the place worked as an airport of the city (and this is a real fact) a terrible accident occurred where a plane threw a girl away from her life, carried a doll at the time of the accident and now it should not leave the meteorological site that is installed inside the park, so that it does not happen again in the place another accident that takes the life of a child,"
• Parque Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (Parque Hidalgo), is located in the corners that form the Legislative Power Street and the Av. Adolfo López Mateos, is one of the oldest and most densely tree-lined, has a royal train (on rails), a small artificial lake, is populated with large fresnos, also has a small area with rehab animals, white taileds, hawks and eagles, an outdoor theater, games like swings, slippers and mechanical games. Its name is due in honor of Mexican liberator Don Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla. The administration of this park is in charge of the Municipal Presidency.
• Parque Independencia, located north of the city in the corner that form the av. Convention 1914 nte. and av. Independence, has two slippers of concrete one in the form of a cone and another of a chuleta de res, its trees are fresnos, eucalyptus and poplars; the eucalyptus that are on the side of the av. Convention of 1914 nte. already reached an altitude of 20 meters and the width of its trunks is close to the metro and a half, so they look spectacular when it is on the semi-forced cruise or in the center of the park. The administration is in charge of the Municipal Presidency.

The five old quarters

There are four old neighborhoods that at the stage of the founding of the city were hamlets separated from each other, these are "El Barrio del Encino (Barrio de Triana)" the most Spanish of all, "El Barrio de Guadalupe" where the Temple of Guadalupe is located, an important historical jewel of the city, "El Barrio de la Salud" place of orchards and Spanish houses and "El Barrio de San Marcos" where the San Marcos National Fair takes place and where the "Temple and Garden of San Marcos" is located. We could add in this mention a fifth neighborhood that although it is not from the colonial era but from the Porfiriato has a beauty and historical importance in the development of the city is "El Barrio de la Estación" with wide and wide streets and where the "Tres Centurias" railway complex is located; And it is precisely in this neighborhood where Madero street begins and right on the first block you can see in the distance the towers of the city's Cathedral-Basilica to the west and to the east the monumental National Flag waving over the Tres Centurias railway complex.

Barrio del Encino

Barrio del Encino (Barrio de Triana): It is located in the center-south of Adolfo López Mateos avenue, a five-minute walk from the city's Plaza de Armas. The neighborhood limits to the north with Adolfo López Mateos avenue, to the south with Paseo de la Cruz, to the east with José María Chávez avenue and to the east with Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez avenue. In the center of the neighborhood stands the Temple of Encino whose invocation is the Black Christ of Encino and whose celebration takes place in the month of November in the streets of the neighborhood, next to the temple is the José Guadalupe Posada museum dedicated to this important character from Aguascalientes and cartoonist famous for the creation of "La Catrina", in front of the temple is the Encino garden with a simple fountain in the center, on the sidewalk opposite the Temple there are 3 famous and typical restaurants of the city, and the parish house, as well as a beautiful walkway; On the sidewalks to the temple is one of the preparatory schools with the longest tradition in the city and a restaurant that offers dinner in the purest Aguascaliente style. It is notable to note that one of the most renowned companies in the town that manufactures industrial and commercial furniture and an amusement park with mechanical and electrical games for the children of the workers of this company is established in the neighborhood. The main streets of the neighborhood are Díaz de León, Abasolo, Leona Vicario, Colón, Vicenta Trujillo, Niños Héroes and Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez street.

Guadalupe Temple.

Guadalupe neighborhood: This neighborhood is located to the west of the city center, a ten-minute walk from the Plaza de Armas. It limits to the north with Benjamín de la Mora street, to the south with Emiliano Zapata street, to the west with La Cruz cemetery and Doctor Pedro de Alba street and to the east with Guadalupe Victoria street. The attractions of this neighborhood are the temple of Guadalupe, baroque on the outside and with one of the oldest wooden altarpieces in the region. It is curious to note that the main façade of the temple does not face any esplanade or garden, but the street, although in the section that passes in front of it it is wider, in front of the temple there is one of the typical lampposts of the architecture of Aguascalientes, formerly located in the Plaza de la Revolución (the square between the cathedral and the Morelos theater), the garden of Guadalupe, is a beautiful esplanade full of ash and poplar trees with a kiosk in the center. At the west end of this neighborhood are two of the most traditional cemeteries in the city "Los Ángeles" and "De la Cruz", the last three weeks of October and until November 2 in the streets of Larreategui, Guadalupe and Doctor Pedro de Alba, dozens of stalls are installed that sell sweets in the shape of skulls and skulls sweet, the traditional thing is to buy some of these for family and friends and put their name on the forehead of the skull with sugar, there are also clay ones, both skulls and skeletons, which are also painted with the name of to whom it will be given, roasted peanuts and fried foods are also sold, although in recent years they can also be found from the typical costumes and masks for children and adults of the Werewolf, Count Dracula and Frankenstein, toys and trinkets are also sold Poor quality, made in Asia. On Larreategui street and next to the "Los Ángeles" there is the temple of the "Lord of the Rays" modern construction that offers us an interesting façade. Three of the oldest and most traditional public primary schools in the city are located in this neighborhood, which are the Álvaro Obregón federal primary school, in front of the Cholula garden, the Valentín Gómez Farías federal primary school, on the same street, and the Gámez Orozco school on one side and behind the Temple of Guadalupe, this school is located on the eastern side of the Jardín de Guadalupe. For breakfast and lunch in this neighborhood there are the most traditional lamb birria establishments in the city. The main streets are Guadalupe (with circulation from east to west), Valentín Gómez Farías with circulation contrary to Guadalupe and which are the two streets that delimit the Guadalupe garden; Where Valentín Gómez Farías street begins, there is a small Cholula Garden with narrow walkways and flower boxes with large ash and thunder trees; there is a small street that joins Guadalupe and Valentín Gómez Farías called Juan Diego.

Aerial view of the garden of San Marcos.

Temple of St. Mark.

San Marcos neighborhood: perhaps because of its importance in the life of Aguascalientes, it is one of the best-known neighborhoods in the city and undoubtedly the most visited by tourists, about a five-minute walk away west of the Plaza de Armas. It limits to the north with Emiliano Zapata street (the street that separates it from the Guadalupe neighborhood), to the south with the Expoplaza shopping and services complex (formerly with Adolfo López Mateos avenue) and with Rayón street, to the west with Doctor street Pedro de Alba and to the east with Matamoros street. The "National Fair of San Marcos" the most important fair in Mexico, although the activity both around the temple and the garden of San Marcos is now almost negligible. In the neighborhood is the temple of San Marcos and the garden of the same name, which was formerly part of the property of the temple, the garden of San Marcos is a block surrounded by a beautiful pink stone balustrade with 4 doors in the center of each side, the four corners are topped with a rose window, around the garden there are different historical buildings, in the northeast corner the old "Plaza de Toros San Marcos" current headquarters of the Bullfighting School of Aguascalientes, the old Balloon Hall, famous for its events during the San Marcos National Fair in the 50s, 60s and 70s, CECATIS No., to the west of the garden and behind the temple, the temple of San Marcos (where on the south side of it a small chapel dedicated to the Virgen del Pueblito or del Carmen was built), and to the south Los Merenderos San Marcos and Kikos, the beginning of what was Eduardo J. Pani (an adversary of Jesús Reyes Rivas) now a walker at the fair, the casino and palenque of the fair, as well as the Colegio Portugal, one of the most deeply rooted private schools and Catholic schools in the city. At the southern limit of the neighborhood we can find the Expo-plaza shopping and services complex, which is a shopping center where an important chain of national movie theaters and a restaurant belonging to an important international group, the Fiesta Americana hotel, have been established. and the monumental bullring of Aguascalientes, also in this same area is the dance school of the Cultural Institute of Aguascalientes and the Víctor Sandoval theater (or Teatro del Parque). Above the entrance to the underground overpass that makes Adolfo López Mateos avenue with its meeting with the fair facilities there is a beautiful monument called "El Encierro".

The walkway of the fair is a cobbled pedestrian walkway with facades all painted white and a place where bars, canteens and restaurants are set up during the celebration of San Marcos. Throughout the year you can see spontaneous exhibitions by young people such as batucada, and hip hop. On the northwestern edge of the neighborhood is an immense block where a public kindergarten (preschool) is located, an elementary school whose architecture is typical of the federal governments of the late 1940s and early 1940s. 1950, and the general federal secondary school No. 1 "Licenciado Benito Juárez", the oldest public secondary school in the city and cradle of what years later will be the federal preparatory school for cooperation "Licenciate Benito Juárez"; In the eastern part of the neighborhood is Venustiano Carranza street, a cobbled street with colonial-style houses that leads to the San Marcos garden and where one of the most traditional musical schools in the city and the old Alcalá boys school.

The typical food that can be found in the neighborhood is very diverse and includes the traditional chiquiadas in the morning (which is a round piece of corn dough fried in vegetable oil or lard and filled with some stew), at night the tripe tacos from the San Marcos garden, or the various dishes served by the snack bars for drinks from noon until late at night. The main streets of the neighborhood are: Andador de la feria, Nieto, Venustiano Carranza, Manuel M. Ponce, doctor Pedro de Alba, Rincón and Talamantes.

Temple of the Virgin of Health.

Barrio de la Salud: to the southeast of the city center is this neighborhood, about a 20-minute walk from the city's Plaza de Armas, near Cerrito de la Cruz. It limits to the north with Paseo de la Cruz, to the south with av. Convención 1914 Sur and with Avenida Ayuntamiento, to the west with Avenida Ayuntamiento and to the east with Avenida Héroe de Nacozari.

In this neighborhood the devotion to the Lord of Health began, the temple has more than 150 years of history and inside there are beautiful murals, in this neighborhood the Holy Cross is also venerated on May 3, it was popular for its fruit orchards of figs, quinces, pomegranates, and apricots. It was the famous neighborhood at one time for the pulque that was sold there and that was brought from the magueyeras by what was the private road of the Madrazo family that crossed this neighborhood. Here is one of the oldest cemeteries in the city of Aguascalientes the "Panteón de la Salud". There is also one of the highest category hotels "La Noria" in the city, with 2 meeting rooms and a haute cuisine restaurant. In front of the Temple of Health you can find the garden of the same name. The best street to walk within the neighborhood is La Luna, a street that is not straight and on the contrary is full of curves and becomes wide and narrow on a whim, and incredible as it may seem, even though the neighborhood is not large and is surrounded by avenues busy there is no noise inside. The main streets, Héroe de Nacozari and La Luna avenues.

Temple of the Purest Conception.

Railroad Complex "Tres Centurias".

Hotel Alameda (Antigua Mansion Escobedo).

Barrio de la Estación: It is located to the east of the city center, a 20-minute walk from the Plaza de Armas. It limits to the north with Decree 27 de Septiembre street, to the south with Adolfo López Mateos avenue, to the west with General Miguel Barragán and Ignacio T. Chávez streets and to the east with Gómez Morín avenue. In it is the railway complex "Tres Centurias" which houses what were the old railway workshops of Aguascalientes, machine room, dining room, the old railway station (beautiful building both on its façade and inside, it is decorated as it was at the time it was inaugurated with its original ticket office lamps and benches), the building that was the headquarters of the secondary school of the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, the Radio and Television Facilities of Aguascalientes, and the garden of the Station, the latter with beautiful and robust poplars and pines in different varieties, with a fountain in the center and various benches covered with tiles donated by different companies at the beginning of the 20th century and a flowerpot that finishes off the garden fountain donated by the City Hall of the City of Guadalajara, Jalisco; In an esplanade that the complex has, a large flagpole stands; Currently this complex also has an events room, which has retained its industrial roof and can accommodate large events due to its space. Also in this neighborhood we can find the cultural center "Los Arquitos" home to the theater arts school and violin classes, it has a cinema projection room, a cafe, and an open-air theater; Los Arquitos formerly functioned as public baths and were supplied with hot springs from the spring of the Ojo Caliente hacienda; The Alameda avenue crosses this neighborhood, which in another time in its central and lateral ridge poplars were planted, and although it is no longer the tree that abounds in the avenue it is still the most wooded in the city now they are ash trees, jacarandas and eucalyptus the main existing trees, but you can also see poplars and pines. On the eastern edge of this neighborhood is the "Ferronales" a neighborhood of a few blocks, barely eight, although of a good size, rectangular, with wooden houses; They were built to be inhabited by the American engineers who collaborated in the construction and start-up of the railway station and workshops, their houses are made of wood in the pure American style and are large, in these properties the house is located in the center surrounded by a garden and Fenced in turn with a wooden railing, this neighborhood is currently a protected area by the authorities, some of its streets are cobbled and it has beautiful and huge eucalyptus trees that create an atmosphere of tranquility, and do not let in the noise of the surrounding avenues, within this neighborhood there is an adobe federal primary school with very large windows of those built during the Government of General Lázaro Cárdenas. Also on the eastern edge of the neighborhood is the Complejo Deportivo Ferrocarrilero where there is a set of sports facilities, including basketball courts, soccer, fast soccer, volleyball, racquetball, as well as a small baseball stadium. On Alameda avenue you can find the typical lampposts of Aguascalientes that are raised on a pink quarry column and with 4 black-painted iron lanterns, like the ones that were removed from the Plaza de la Revolución, (mentioned in the article of the Guadalupe neighborhood). Near this neighborhood but in other neighboring neighborhoods is the Secretary of Finance and Administration of the state of Aguascalientes, a poultry feed packing complex, the state delegation of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, the 5-star hotel "Andrea Alameda& #34;, the Victoria stadium home to the Liga MX Necaxa team, the "Plaza Krystal" shopping center, the Palace of Justice and the Civil Registry, the "Miguel Hidalgo" and the Purísima neighborhood with the temple of the same name. Main streets, August 28, Alameda avenue, Héroe de Nacozari avenue, Francisco I. Madero street, Manuel Gómez Morín avenue.

In Aguascalientes it was common for houses to have a small orchard in the back with pomegranate trees, olive trees, guava, apricots, lemon trees, sour orange and peach trees, some colonias and neighborhoods still have houses that have a small orchard such as the Gremial neighborhood, the neighborhood of Señor del Encino, La Salud and the downtown area of the city.

Mexico-Ciudad Juárez Railway

The city of Aguascalientes is crossed by the center from north to south by the Mexico-Ciudad Juárez railway, this was established during the Porfiriato, due to its geographical location it was chosen for the establishment of repair shops and construction of parts of the railway cars. At the beginning of the 20th century, both the track and the workshops did not represent any problem since the city was very small and its eastern limit was precisely the railway station and workshops, but as the city spread to the 4 cardinal points by In the same way, the roads began to be a road problem (since there are areas in which up to 5 railway tracks crossed avenues, in the case of Av. Convención Norte), which created the need for the avenues to save the tracks and the different administrations (whether from the Federal, State or Municipal Government) worked to build overpasses. They cross the Mexico-Ciudad Juárez Railway below and from north to south av. Convention of 1914 (first ring), Par Vial Gabriela Mistral, av. Alameda, Av. Adolfo López Mateos and av. 21st century South (third ring); and above from north to south av. XXI century North, av. Aguascalientes North (second ring), Convention of 1914 South, av. South Aguascalientes.

Places of interest

In the city you can visit different civic, cultural and religious buildings, which are:

Civic buildings

• Palacio de Gobierno, ubicado en el centro de la ciudad en el lado sur de la Plaza de Armas (Plaza Principal), es la oficina del Sr. Governor and inside there are some government offices of the state still (although apparently the tendency is to turn it into historical memory of the state rather than in government offices). There are tourist guides that explain the architecture and the beautiful murals that are inside, that tell the history and culture of the Entity, the most famous of the murals is the title "The National Fair of San Marcos", all the murals of Palacio de Gobierno are the work of the Chilean artist Osvaldo Barra Cunningham, who came to benefit from the Mexican government to perfect the technique of muralism, Osvaldo Barra was a disciple of Diego Rivera, of whom he assimited his teachings directly in the scaffoldings in the study of San Angel in Mexico City. Its facade is of baroque style the frames of the windows and doors are in pink quarry and on each window a shield of arms of the Rincón Gallardo family and branches, its outer walls north and west are covered by a red volcanic stone very used in the Mexican Republic called tezontle.
• Municipal Palace, a house located on the south side of the Plaza de Armas and which limits to the Poniente with Palacio de Gobierno, its facade is neoclassical style, the central columns have a jonic capital, has on the floor a smooth mosaic of an intense red that seems to be carmesi, in it is located the office of the Municipal President, has as well as Palacio de Gobierno two patios, also built a basement as a parking lot in its back
• Legislative Palace, located on the north side of the Plaza de Armas, was built by Don J Refugio Reyes, was the Hotel Paris for many years and in 1986 became a branch of the Legislative Power, its neoclassical-style facade is made in a pink quarry.
• Palace of Justice
• Morelos Theatre, located a few meters to the west of the Plaza de Armas, in the Plaza de la Revolución is a civic place of great importance when it was the headquarters of the Revolutionary Convention (Convention of Aguascalientes in 1914, its facade is of neoclassical style with three arches of half point, was finished in 1883 and is a building built during the Porfiriato period, theaters built in other cities by the same

Cultural centres

• The House of Culture, located on Venustiano Carranza Street, behind the Cathedral, is a small house with pink quarry frames on the door and windows. There is a theatre and a plastic gallery with exhibitions. It hosts a music school and the Cultural Institute of Aguascalientes.
• Centro de Artes Visuales, located on the street Venustiano Carranza a few steps from Cathedral, is the headquarters of the plastic arts school of the Cultural Institute of Aguascalientes, has a gallery with constant exhibitions of national artists whose main characteristic is its youth.
• Casa Terán, a former case where the reformist and liberal politician Jesus Terán Peredeo was born, who fought alongside the Lic. Benito Juárez, both in the Reform War and in the face of the French intervention, is now a cultural centre, with video library, with selected films, hosts a literary school by the Cultural Institute of Aguascalientes, has a small outdoor theater, and has one of the most popular cafés of the Aguascalientes intellectuality, on Saturday mornings a bazaar of music and books takes place.
• The Arquitos, once thermal baths adapted for the exhibition of plastic art such as sculptures, paintings and others. It has an auditorium where in turn theatre classes are given, in its main access you can rest in the cafeteria or enjoy the seventh art, in a room conditioned to exhibit short films and foreign and national films. On its second level are the plastic art workshops.

Churches

• 

  Temple of San Antonio
  The Cathedral-Basilica of the city is a beautiful building with baroque facade in pink quarry where you can find in niches the founding fathers of the Catholic church, its towers that are twins are of neoclassical style and the south was finished with government funds of the state at the beginning of the 50s, in this cathedral are the remains of Don Juan de Montoro founder of the city. The interior is very beautiful the ceiling is covered with beautiful gold-coloured ornaments, the image of the Virgin of the Assumption was brought from Spain, and the tubular wooden organ brought from the Congo. The cathedral is the destination of all the pilgrimages that take place on the occasion of the Assumption of Mary from the different points of the diocese, the Cathedral of Aguascalientes is the metropolitan headquarters of the diocese of Aguascalientes suffragan of the Archdiocese of Guadalajara, Jalisco.
• Temple of San Antonio, beautiful building in the center of the city, in yellow, green and pink quarry mixed, give it a unique visual effect, has three towers the center is the main one with a dome of Russian style, its plant is a Latin cross, it is dedicated to San Antonio de Padua and in its interior they painted murals on the miracles of this saint; it is the work of Don Refugio Reyes Rivas; it is the pred temple
• Guadalupe Temple, The work of the master Felipe de Ureña began to be built in 1767, concluding 20 years later. It is a building that has undergone multiple transformations in its structure. The facade is of an exuberant baroque, characteristic of the Bajío consecrated by its filigree in stone. The huge dome is covered on its exterior with tile of Talavera, also called a handkerchief. The interior of the sanctuary has a very recharged decoration; the sculptural and pictorial decoration is of great quality. The beautiful pulpit made in tecali, volcanic stone similar to marble and the four paintings of the pechinas with the four apparitions of the Virgin, is worthy of admiration. The painting of the Virgin was made by José de Alcíbar in the second half of the eighteenth century. The chapel of the Most Holy, located at the bottom of the temple and built at the beginning of this century is neo-gothic style. In the court of the temple is a plazuela dedicated to His Holiness John Paul II counting on a stone figure of the Holy Father. The painting of the Virgin of Guadalupe was held in 1777. Master Refugio Reyes Rivas, builds the lateral naves with their respective chapels, using reinforcement arches. The towers of two bodies were built during the left tower in the 20s and the right in the 70s of the centuryXX. adhering to the suggestion of Master Refugio Reyes. In the Plazuela Juan Pablo II, three large murals are located, made from tiles of Talavera by José Ma Pérez R. in 1944 with the three of the four apparitions of the Virgin of Guadalupe to the Indian Juan Diego in Tepeyac.
• Temple of the Lord of Encino, located on the north side of the garden of the same name, the neighborhood where it is located owes it its name, is baroque style and contains beautiful paintings on the inner walls of the temple nave. It borders on the east with the José Guadalupe Posada museum.
• Temple of Merced or of the Rosary, the current enclosure began to be built by the Mercedaries in 1702 and was completed on December 28, 1773. It has the cover of the triglobulated arc atrium with mixed and stone vase. The facade, with two-body tower, presents a combination of architectural styles. The cover is made of two bodies carved in stone and its access is by a half-point arch on whose sides are stypit pilasters and niches.

In 1906 it passed into the hands of the Order of Dominican Fathers, changing its name to Señora del Rosario.

• Temple of San Marcos, located in the San Marcos district, is also called the Temple of Our Lady of the Virgin of Carmen. Its construction dates from 1655 at the initiative of Dr. Manuel Colón de Larreátegui. He remained unfinished for more than 100 years and was finally concluded in 1765. The facade is of baroque style very poor churrigueresco of 3 bodies. In the second body, a window of the image of the Virgin of Carmen. The sumptuous tower-campanario is of two bodies and takes advantage to emphasize baroque height. To the sides, the walls are supported by solid counters and boots. The interior is of a single nave with a Latin cross plant. In the presbytery is the main altar of neoclassical style, in the center the Virgin of Carmen and at the top, the sculpture of Saint Mark. In the sacristy you can appreciate the work The Adoration of the Kings of Joseph of Alcíbar painted in the year of 1775, is a great work, covering the entire wall. Next to the Temple of St. Mark, you will find the Chapel of Our Lady of the Pueblito, a simple and austere chapel, where the peace and the refuge that the visitor seeks.

Cerro del Muerto

Cerro del Muerto.

The hill of the dead is a branch of the Sierra del Laurel and is located to the west of the city, from it being on its peaks (the feet "Picacho", the knees, the chest or the nose) one of the most beautiful views of the city and a large part of the Aguascalientes Valley can be appreciated. It is called like this because the silhouette resembles a dead person.

Main City Buildings

Plaza Bosques Tower Building

It is located in the north of the city on the corner formed by Universidad and Aguascalientes Norte avenues. It has 14 levels, the 3 basements and a thirteenth floor that is omitted from the elevators and from the numbering of the floors.^{[citation required]} It is covered on the outside with crystals and red granite, inside the floors of the central corridors of each floor are made of gray marble.

It also has a small esplanade on Av. Aguascalientes with 4 grassy terraces and a green stone fountain in the center with a slow stream.

Terzetto Buildings It will be a complex of three luxury apartment buildings located northwest of the city. Built by the company Grupo Lomelí. The first of the three was built in 2004, with a height of 86 meters high and 19 floors, currently being the tallest building in the city. It is contemplated that by the beginning of 2013 the construction of the second tower will begin, which will have a height of 92 meters. The project for the third tower does not yet have a date, but its builders say that the height will exceed one hundred meters.

Facilities of the San Marcos National Fair

San Marcos National Fair.

They are located in the center and west of the city, in the Barrio de San Marcos: The Temple and Garden of San Marcos, the lake forum, the offices of the Board of the Fair, the Palenque Sol and the casino, the J. Pani walkway, an area of bars and clubs, and the Monumental Bullring of Aguascalientes. On one side of the bullring is the candle house and the Forum of the Stars, formerly the town's theater, where artists of the moment perform. Behind the Teatro del Pueblo is Villa Charra, where several national and international events have been organized. Continuing to the west is the area of mechanical games occupied by the company "Atraciones García" where there are entertainment for young and old. In 2007, the Government of Luis Armando Reynoso Femat built the Isla San Marcos theme park, located on Av. San Marcos, where one of the largest velarias in Latin America is located. During the six-year term of Governor Carlos Lozano de la Torre, the San Marcos Island Convention Center was completed, a space where high-class ice shows are presented, and the Expoplaza overpass was widened to have a larger space Wide in the area of clubs for more security of the fairgrounds. The last remodeling that the Fair area has had was during the six-year term of Martin Orozco, his important work was the creation of the San Marcos Arena, a space where great shows have been presented to the delight of the hydrocalides.

Tres Centurias railway complex

It is a city entertainment and tourism complex located in what were the old workshops and railway station (Av. Alameda esq. Calle 28 de Agosto). It had a now modernized fountain and lighting in such a way that with music the fountain seems to dance.

The old station building was rehabilitated as it was originally with furniture, it is a very beautiful building, with a beautiful wooden staircase, chandeliers, large windows and wooden benches where passengers waited for the arrival of the train, it seems when you are inside you are transported to that time of the first half of the s. xx. It has a fast food area and on weekend afternoons there are representations of what the railway workers did. On August 28 street, just where Francisco I. Madero street begins, a flag of monumental size is raised, it is beautiful to contemplate the monumental tricolor flag when it is raised on windy days.

Recently, the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes closed the Secondary School under its charge, however the building that this Secondary School will occupy serves to carry out the artistic and cultural activities of the Baccalaureate of said university, currently the State Government is carrying out negotiations so that said facilities become part of the complex.

Main attractions within Plaza Tres Centurias

Station building.

La Hidrocálida: A beautiful steam locomotive is assigned to welcome you to this important theme park, historical, cultural and tourist heritage of the State of Aguascalientes.

Dancing Water Fountain: The dancing fountains, a show full of light and sound, with technology brought from Europe, a show like no other framed by that beautiful and old garden of the station, a traditional and magical place that takes us back in time, with its benches that allude to old merchants and businesses from the golden age of the railway.

Monumental Clock: In the Plaza de las Tres Centurias you can admire the Monumental Clock which was built in honor of the old Round House that was located in the old railway workshops where the first Mexican locomotive named La Número was also built. Forty, in the year 1913.

Monumental flagpole and flag: In this wonderful place we can appreciate the largest flagpole in the State with 60 meters high and one of the largest monumental flags in the entire country measuring 30 meters long by 17.5 meters Wide. This flag can be admired from Madero street in the Historic Center.

Traditional markets

There are several traditional markets established in the city and in charge of their administration is the City Council. Are detailed below:

• Terán Market (Mercado Grande), located in the center of the city 2 minutes north of the Plaza de Armas walking, is an apple bordered by the streets to the north Union, to the south Valentin Gomez Farías (in its walking stage), to the east Benito Juárez and to the west 5th of May. It has two levels and an underground parking, on the commercial level of ground floor is offered mainly food for breakfast and eating, at the entrance of Benito Juárez street there are fixed flower stalls, at the entrance of 5 May are sold seeds of all kinds, and utensils of hardware (both of henequén and tools); on the second level there are traditional handicrafts, clay utensils and wood, ces His name was given to him in honor of the politician of The Reformation Jesús Terán Peredo.
• Morelos Market (Mercado de la comida), located in the center of the city 3 minutes south of the Plaza de Armas walking and a few steps west of the Terán Market, on José María Morelos Street and Pavón, behind the central building of the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, is on one level and on it offer breakfasts, (eggs to taste, often, tacos de carne de res, tortas,). His name is in honor of the liberator of Mexico Presbyter Don José María Morelos and Pavón.
• Mercado Juárez (Mercado de la Birria y de los huaraches) located on Pdente Street. Guadalupe Victoria in the center of the city 5 minutes southwest of the Plaza de Armas walking, is famous because it sells leather huaraches (even huaraches with leather ropes and tyre sole of tractor or trailer), in the morning and noon it sells birria in more than a dozen locals. It is common for people from all parts of the city to have breakfast and it is the market that offers this type of dish par excellence. The market owes its name to the reformist politician and president of Mexico Lic. Benito Juárez García.
• Mercado Rivera, located in the Barrio de Guadalupe on Arias Bernal Street about 10 minutes walking from the Plaza de Armas, it offers items for the cuisine jarciería; and fruits, vegetables, fish and meats, does not sell prepared food and is a place where you can make the errand.
• Mercado Reforma, located in the Barrio de la Purísima in front of the glorieta of the same name (whose peculiarity is its garden with oranges, lemons and limes), limited by the streets Legislative and av. Alameda, in it are sold meats, fish, fruits and vegetables, also in less variety can be found yerberos, is famous the often sold out of the market, which is prepared in the pure style of Aguascalentense and can be consumed from 6:30 in the morning to noon, it is common that the evenings do not arrive to sleep at their homes and go first to breakfast a lot from 6:30 in the early hours. It owes its name to the War of Reform in Mexico.
• Mercadito Primavera, one of the oldest in the city, is almost disused, in it they sold products for the command; located in the Jardincito Primavera in the fractionation of the same name about 20 minutes walking from the Plaza de Armas in the northeast direction.

Demographics

In 2020, the capital city had a population of 863,893 inhabitants according to INEGI Population and Housing Census Data. In total there are 948,990 inhabitants in the municipality of Aguascalientes.

Population of the city of Aguascalientes 1921-2020

Graphic of demographic evolution of Aguascalientes between 1921 and 2020

Population of censuses and counts of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) from 1900 to 2020.

Metropolitan Area

The metropolitan area of Aguascalientes is made up of the municipalities of Aguascalientes, Jesús María and San Francisco de los Romo. It is home to 1,140,916 inhabitants, which makes it the 13th most populous Metropolitan Area in the country. The population of the city constitutes about 61% of the total population of the state.

The municipalities that have shown the greatest growth in recent years are Jesús María and San Francisco de los Romo, both in the process of integration into the municipality of the capital by metropolitan aggregation. Observing these 3 municipalities as a single geographical unit, their average demographic growth rate is close to 5% per year. There is a Territorial Planning program for the Metropolitan Zone 2011-2035.

Foreign residents

The largest community of foreigners in Aguascalientes is Japanese, followed by Americans and Spanish. The phenomenon of Japanese immigration has to do with the arrival of the Nissan company in the state in the eighties, this city being the one with the largest Japanese population in the country, close to 3,000 residents. There are also groups of Russians, Cubans, Venezuelans, Colombians, Guatemalans and Argentines. In an opening, the state government in conjunction with the Japanese company Nissan Mexicana, S.A. de C.V. it has placed informative plaques in all the historical buildings of the city and in the interior of the state in three languages: Spanish, English and Japanese.

Culture

Theatres

Morelos Theatre.

There are four theaters which are "Aguascalientes", "Víctor Sandoval (Teatro del Parque)", "Leal y Romero" and "Morelos".

• Aguascalientes: It is located south of the city in the corner that form the avenues Aguascalientes Sur and José Ma. Chávez is the seat of the Aguascalientes Symphony Orchestra (OSA) and has two Christmas seasons featuring the Cascanueces and in the spring in which they present El Lago de los Cisnes.
• Víctor Sandoval or Teatro del Parque, located at the facilities of the fair in the explanada that is above the avenue Adolfo López Mateos, in it is produced a night program of Aguascalientes TV led by Mexican singer Mario Pintor.
• Teatro Antonio Leal and Romero, which is located inside the house of culture; in Venustiano Carranza 101, Zona Centro.
• Morelos Theatre, located in the Plaza de la Revolución in the center of the city, is a theater built during the Porfiriato, was the headquarters the revolutionary convention of Aguascalientes in 1914, in this they participated among other Venustiano Carranza, Álvaro Obregón, Eulalio Gutiérrez Ortiz, Francisco Villa and Pánfilo Natera.

Museums

Regional Museum of Anthropology and History of Aguascalientes.

Museum of Aguascalientes.

Museum Discover.

The city has several museums such as:

• National Museum of Death, located on Rivero Street and Gutierrez in front of the Parián on its northern side; most of them exhibit works related to death in Mexico.
• The Museum of Aguascalientes, located in the center on Calle Ignacio Zaragoza (on the side of the Temple of San Antonio de Padua), in it you can appreciate the work of Saturnino Herrán.
• The José Guadalupe Posada Museum, located in the Garden of the Lord of Encino in the neighborhood of the same name, in it you can know the work of this Mexican engraver famous for the creation of La Catrina.
• The Regional Museum of Anthropology and History, on Venustiano Carranza street a few steps from the Cathedral-Basilica where fossils of prehistoric animals are displayed in the State of Aguascalientes, utensils and clothes of the time of the Spanish Colony, of the War of Independence and of the Mexican Revolution, in addition this museum is in a beautiful case that another was a convent.
• The Museum of Contemporary Art (MAC) Number 8, where contemporary art is displayed located in the center of the city on the corner of the streets Francisco Primo de Verdad and José Ma. Morelos.
• The Interactive Museum of Science and Technology Discover, place where you can know science located south of the city on the av. Aguascalientes Sur between the Teatro Aguascalientes and the hotel Quintal Real Aguascalientes. It has a dome-like IMAX screen.
• Cultural Institute of Aguascalientes through the House of Culture maintains one or two galleries with temporary exhibitions of different artists throughout the year. One at the House of Culture and one at the Centre of Visual Arts of the House of Culture, both located on the Venustiano Carranza Street in the center of the city a few steps from the Cathedral-Basilica.
• The Scottish Museum.
• The Autonomous University of Aguascalientes also offers in the High 1B Building of University City, plastic and sculptural exhibitions regularly of contemporary artists.
• Macro Space for Culture and Arts (MECA), museum that houses works of contemporary art, conceptual art and povera art. Located in the railway corridor (av. Gómez Morin), on the side of the University of Arts. In his inauguration was the presence of the artist Jannis Kounellis, who was the author who inaugurated the museum with his work "Relamps on Mexico".

Music

The composer Federico Méndez Tejeda was born on Valentín Gómez Farías street, in the Guadalupe neighborhood, in the city of Aguascalientes, on November 22, 1933.

Bullfighting

Plaza de Toros Monumental de Aguascalientes

Aguascalientes is considered one of the states with the longest tradition regarding this activity. This city is home to the oldest bullring in Mexico, and possibly in the Americas, the Plaza de Toros San Marcos, dating from the century. XIX. With a construction record of only forty-eight days. It also has the Monumental Plaza de Toros, which was built to satisfy the needs, since it has capacity for more than ten thousand people.

The bullfighting series in Aguascalientes during the San Marcos National Fair is one of the most important in America and the world. With thirteen bullfights and one bullfight. In its Monumental personalities such as José Tomás, Enrique Ponce, Sebastián Castella, Pablo Hermoso de Mendoza, Eulalio López Zotoluco and the Armillta. have appeared.

In addition, Aguascalientes has been the birthplace of renowned bullfighters such as Fermín Espinosa Menéndez, Miguel Espinosa Menéndez (both from the Armillita dynasty), Joselito Adame, Arturo Macías El cebjas, Juan Pablo Sánchez, Arturo Saldívar, José María Napoleón, among many others.

In Aguascalientes is the Barrio del Encino (Barrio de Triana), with a great bullfighting tradition dedicated to the Cristo Negro del Encino, patron saint of bullfighters. In addition, the Municipal Bullfighting Academy of Aguascalientes is located in the city.

Literature

Since 1966, the city has held the National Meeting of Young Art.

Sports

Victoria Stadium.

Los Gallos de Aguascalientes was a professional soccer team from Mexico. Founded in the city of Aguascalientes, it participated in the Second Division of Mexico and in the First Division "A".

The city is home to the Rayos del Necaxa soccer team that plays in Liga MX, a club that originally played in Mexico City, the Panteras basketball team that plays in the LNBP, the Cuervos del Pavilion of CIBANE and the Rieleros de Aguascalientes team that participates in the Mexican Baseball League.

The city has several stadiums, including the Alberto Romo Chávez Baseball Park (home of the Rieleros), the Hermanos Carreón Gymnasium, the IV Centenario Sports Unit (home of the Panthers), the Victoria Stadium (home del Necaxa), the Aguascalientes International Autodrome, among others.

The Victoria Stadium is located just one block from Alameda Avenue; It has a capacity for 25,000 spectators, a restaurant, a box area and has illuminated fountains that light up every time the home team scores a goal.

The name of the stadium was sold in a 50-year concession to Grupo Modelo, which assigned it the name "Victoria" for the brand of one of their beers.

This stadium is also the home of the Halcones de Aguascalientes American football team. This stadium has witnessed a match of the Mexican soccer team and an Aztec cup. It is also the setting chosen by renowned artists to hold their concerts.

In the city of Aguascalientes, three sports clubs have been established: Club Campestre de Aguascalientes, which has a complete golf course with 18 holes (it also has a swimming pool, tennis courts, frontennis, squash, soccer, spinning and has a weight gym and disciplines can be practiced professionally or as an amateur, different clinics are given in this club, one of the most prestigious clinics in the city is the children's male soccer, weight routine, yoga, pilates, swimming, spinning, etc.). The Futurama Sports Club, the second most complete after Campestre, does not have a golf course but has the largest complex of tennis courts, there are indoor and outdoor ones and also with sunny and shady stands, making it practically It is impossible to wait your turn to use them, it also has a frontenis area, squash, a soccer field, a swimming pool, outdoor basketball courts and a basketball court, a spinning area and a weight gym, and you can practice the disciplines in a professional or as an amateur, (one of the most modern and complete in the entity), different clinics are taught in this club, one of the most prestigious clinics in the city is the children's basketball clinic (tennis, weight training, yoga, Pilates, swimming, bodypump, spinning, etc.) The Pulgas Pandas Sports Club has an 18-hole golf course and was the second to be established in the city. It is located north of the city in a gated community, also around from the golf course there are residential houses, it has a swimming pool, tennis courts and a weight gym, in this club there are also clinics of various disciplines.

In April 2009, the Aguascalientes International Autodrome was inaugurated, a 1400 meter (7/8 mile) oval for NASCAR-type car competitions. The NASCAR Corona Series, the most important championship in the country, played its opening date in 2009 at this property, an event that attracted more than 20,000 fans.

In May 2010, the "Bicentenario" Sports Dome was inaugurated, where the velodrome is located, which is considered by COPACI as the best in America and the fastest in the world.

Education

Several Higher Education institutions are established in the city that offer a true range of undergraduate and postgraduate studies, some of them state and may have study units in other municipalities of the State of Aguascalientes, which we will not touch on in this section. These upper level schools are:

Autonomous University of Aguascalientes.

Universidad Tecnológica el Retoño.

• Autonomous University of Aguascalientes (UAA) it is a state university, and offers more than 50 degrees in 8 science centers, more than 10 masters and five PhDs, it is in av. University 940, fracc, Ciudad Universitaria, has several facilities although the main one is Ciudad Universitaria in the above address, the central building is located in the city center in the Garden of the Student. Ciudad Universitaria has the two largest libraries in the State, which is the Central Library and the Library of the Teaching Medical Unit. It is called in the state the Maximum House of Studies. The UAA offers the community the best outreach course program ranging from exact science to pastry courses. The Medical-Didactical Unit of the university offers optometry, dentistry and psychological advice to the community at recovery costs. And its sports facilities include the university sports unit "Enrique Olivares Santana", the Olympic pool of university city, basketball and volleyball courts, baseball diamond, plus the Morelos Auditorium south of the city on the av. Convention of 1914 South, where it has basketball duel and the gym of weights that students, teachers and university workers can access.
• Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes (ITA), older than the UAA, is at the eastern end of the av. Adolfo López Mateos in the so-called Cerrito de la Cruz offers 10 bachelor's and several graduates. It has Olympic pool and basketball team, its war band has the highest prestige in the entity, between middle- and upper-level institutions, the commander of the war band is responsible for the upbringing and care of the royal eagle that has the war band in its charge.
• Technological University of Aguascalientes (UTA), founded in September 1991, being one of the first three Technological Universities in the country. It had as its main objective the implementation and innovation of educational models in higher education. The first cycle of academic activities began with the careers of Industrial Maintenance, Processes of Production and Administration, whose definition was influenced by the needs identified by the productive sector, as well as by the preferences and interest of graduates of baccalaureate. Since 1992, the first expansion of the educational offer of the Technological University of Aguascalientes is carried out, increasing the educational offer with the courses of Computer Science (Information and Communication Technologies at present) in 1992, Marketing in 1994, Office in 1994, Corporate Accounting (Country) in 1997, Electronics and Automation in 2002 and Paramedical in 2003, the same year in which the career of Paramedics disappears. By 2006 he opened the career of Mecatrónica. Currently, with the administration of 7 rectors, the Technological University of Aguascalientes offers nine careers of Senior University Technician and eight Engineerings.
• Universidad Tecnológica el Retoño (UTR) is a public institution based in the City of Aguascalientes that provides educational services of TSU and Engineering. It was created in 2012 by the General Coordination of Technological and Polytechnic Universities as part of a new project that launched the Ministry of Public Education, whose objective is to implement a higher education model called Bilingual Technological University, International and Sustainable (UT-BIS), becoming the first bilingual university in the country.
• Normal School of Aguascalientes, located in the corner that form the avenues Héroe de Nacozari and Paseo de la Cruz, is a school with more than 100 years old, offers two bachelor's, one in Primary Education and one in Preescolar, all in female mode. (Although only women are accepted as female students, there are male teachers.) It is a public school, with much regional prestige. Formerly, the Normal School occupied the building that now houses the City Museum in Ignacio Zaragoza Street.
• University of Arts, Cultural Institute of Aguascalientes.- Located in av. Gomez Morín.

Academic Offer: Master in Contemporary Art, Bachelor of Visual Arts, Bachelor of Theatre, Bachelor of Contemporary Dance in the Modality of Intérprete, Bachelor of the Teaching of Mexican Folk Dance, Bachelor of Classical Dance in the Modality of Intérprete, University Technique Instrumentist Execuante, University Technique Senior University Technician in Classical Dance in the Modality of Executing, Technical Executing Instrumentalist. Technician in Canto, Diplomas, Extension Courses, Summer Courses, Instrument Workshops, Musical Initiation Workshops, Song Workshops, Dance Workshops: Classic, Mexican Folk, Jazz, Spanish, Arabic, Contemporary.

• Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) It is not located precisely in the city of Aguascalientes, but in the municipality of Jesús María in its part conurbada to the city on the av. Garza Sada. With modern facilities, it offers more than 15 studies at the bachelor's level and several graduates, it also offers a very complete program of diplomas and conferences and has one of the best language schools in the State of Aguascalientes.
• Center for Economic Research and Teaching (CIDE)After more than 35 years and a long career in social science, he is exploring new institutional strengthening routes. Based on the experience and working philosophy of the CIDE, the headquarters Region Centro (located in the city of Aguascalientes) seeks to be an academic space of excellence focused on the multidisciplinary study of “the regional”.
• Cuauhtémoc University. Located at the north end of the av. Independence offers 20 bachelor's and several postgraduate studies, is one of the universities with best sports facilities (with a football field, a weight gym with full-time instructor and a beach volleyball court) and one of the most complete dentistry laboratories in the entity, its dentistry school has a lot of prestige in the state and offers services to the general public with recovery costs in the av. 5 May in the city center. It also has two of the best radio and TV laboratories. The Aguascalientes campus of this university has professional football team in 2.a division.
• Universidad del Valle de México (UVM)located on the Blvd. Juan Pablo II, west of the city, is a university with modern facilities (their classrooms and audiovisuals are all equipped and the classrooms are heated), offers a different educational offer to other universities, since there are careers that this university offers and no other in the state offer, such as the bachelor's degree in gastronomy.
• Centro Regional de Educación Normal de Aguascalientes (CRENA) It is a normal school that offers bachelor's degree in education and preschool, the first generation that graduated did so in 1977, is a mixed normal school and many of the male teachers who practice in the Bajío region have left this institution.
• Universidad Panamericana Campus Bonaterra Aguascalientes, located south of the city on the av. José Ma. Escrivá de Balaguer offers more than 15 bachelor ' s and several postgraduate studies, one of the best business schools and is the Aguascalentese headquarters of IPADE. The University City has a central building in the form of the typical Y. It's a very prestigious school in the region. Several of his e-students have won major competitions worldwide on several occasions.
• University of León (Guanajuato), recently established in the city, is located on the av. José Ma. Chávez to the south of the city in front of the IMSS Clinic No. 1, is a Leon university and in that entity is deeply rooted. It offers 10 different studies at a bachelor level.
• Escuela Normal Superior Professor José Santos Valdés, located on the av. Nazario Ortiz Garza, east of the city, is a public institution with almost 30 years of age (e.g. one of the oldest institutions at the higher level in the entity), offers bachelor's degree in mid-level teachings, Spanish, mathematics, natural science, social science, English, psychology and pedagogy. One of the great advantages of this school is that in addition to being public (lower costs) it has a sabatin modality, so many people who work can perform their bachelor's degree comfortably as there is a non-schooled modality.
• University of the Atemajac Valley (UNIVA) recently established, it is located on the av. Luis Donaldo Colosio, a private and Catholic institution, is a university widely rooted in the city of Guadalajara, Jalisco, where it was founded.
• Polytechnic University of Aguascalientes (UPA) is an institution in charge of the Government of the State, it is a university with academic offer at an innovative level (only UVM offers similar careers in the entity), located in the av. Mahatma Gandhi to the south, his discipline is exemplary in the city, is extremely strict with academic staff and students in terms of attendance and punctuality there is no tolerance in any sense, there is also a course that the newly registered have to approve, in this course called propedéutico o cuatrimestre 0 there are no opportunities for the approval of the subjects, there is no approval of a matter and is cause of expulsion.
• Diocesan Seminar of Aguascalientes, located on the av. Walk of the Cross within the av ring. Convention of 1914, is a school of Catholic formation, which prepares young people for Catholic service, is also obtained the bachelor's degree in Philosophy (i.e., educating people may not go ahead and finish this bachelor's degree).
• University of Professional Development (UNIDEP)
• University of Concordia, of recent creation, is a humanist university with 2 campuses of higher studies and 3 high school curricula.
• University of Advanced Studies (UNEA), located in the Plaza Cristal shopping center, has high school and university.

Primary and secondary education

The Japanese School of Aguascalientes (アグアスカリエンテス日本人学校 Aguasukarientesu Nihonjin Gakkō), an international Japanese school, is located in Aguascalientes. In 2013 it had 59 elementary school students and 13 high school students. middle school.

Because the largest foreign community in the city is the Japanese, and the need for services was such that it was generated that the school was created to the south of the city where children and young people receive formal education in their mother tongue, (elementary, secondary and high school). The school is supported by funds provided by Japanese companies. With this institution, Japanese families can settle in the city without their children losing years of study in Japan.

For the same reason as the Japanese school, an American school was created, located in the suburban area of the municipality of Jesús María. It is known by some as the American College.

Festivities

In the city, two official-type parades are held: one, on the occasion of Independence Day, on the morning of September 16, and another on the occasion of the celebration of the start of the Mexican Revolution on the morning of September 20. November as in any other square in the country, but it also has two other local parades: one for the celebration of the San Marcos National Fair, on the morning of April 25 (San Marcos Day), called the spring parade, and another on November 1 at night, on the occasion of the Cultural Festival of Calaveras.

A special mention for the city's Catholic community is due to the festivities for the Virgin of the Assumption, which culminate on August 15, the day on which a pilgrimage is held with floats and in which religious congregations, seminarians and seminarians participate and with a special participation of workers from different companies. The day before, on the occasion of the Virgin of the Assumption, the so-called Pilgrimage of the Drivers takes place, who meet from Héroe de Nacozari avenue and enter Francisco I. Madero street until they reach the Cathedral-Basilica, making noise with their horns (which at times becomes deafening) and giving sweets to the parishioners who are in the street, they decorate their cars with white and soft blue motifs and many times with a large image of the Virgin that they place in the trunk. The vehicles that participate are from trailer tractors, tortons, pickup trucks, pipes, taxis, etc. As large vehicles participate, this pilgrimage usually begins at 6 in the afternoon and does not end before 11:30 at night, and every year more people join the celebration.

Aguascalientes as a city of El Bajío

Aguascalientes can be considered according to some criteria as the fourth most important city, in industrial and commercial aspects of the Bajío, after León de Los Aldama, Santiago de Querétaro and San Luis Potosí since these last three are larger and have more established industry. Although no municipality in the León Metropolitan Area is the capital of the state of Guanajuato, it is considered the economic and commercial capital of Bajío.

Religion

In recent years, Aguascalientes has become a mosaic of cultures, races, mentalities and especially religions. Although the vast majority of the state's inhabitants declare themselves Catholic, there are Mormons, Buddhist believers, Islamists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Jews, and a wide variety of believers in the various branches of Protestantism such as Lutherans and Calvinists.

Health

The state of Aguascalientes has 11 family medicine units of the Mexican Institute of Social Security and 3 second-level general hospitals. With its main specialties such as internal medicine, cardiology, pediatrics, psychiatry, urology, traumatology and gynecology. The general hospitals in the area have adult emergency services, pediatric emergencies and gynecology and obstetrics emergencies.

INEGI

INEGI headquarters building in Aguascalientes.

The headquarters of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography is located south of the city of Aguascalientes. This location was chosen in the eighties of the XX century, due to the low probability and incidence of natural disasters (earthquakes, hurricanes, etc.), as well as the estimation of a low level of danger in the event of an armed attack on the country, which could protect the population, geography and economic information that it safeguards.

Distances

In the state:

• Seats 59 km
• Calvillo 52 km
• Cosío 57 km
• El Llano 33 km
• Jesus Mary 11 km
• Arteaga Pavilion 30 km
• Rincón de Romos 40 km
• Tepezalá 47 km
• San José de Gracia 43.7 km
• San Francisco de los Romo 22.4 km

In the country:

• Guadalajara 246 km
• Mexico City 507 km
• San Luis Potosí 205 km
• Puebla 636 km
• Tijuana 2.556 km
• León 127 km
• Zacatecas 118 km
• Monterrey 574 km

International relations

Consulates

Currently the city is the headquarters of the following consulates

• Consulate of Spain, located west of the city in the corner that form the Av. Aguascalientes Poniente and Río Volga.
• Consulate of France, within the facilities of the French Alliance of Aguascalientes on the street of the Dominican Republic of the Fracc. The Americas.

Twin cities

The city of Aguascalientes maintains twinning relationships with cities around the world: