Acre (Brazil)

Aerial view of a road in Acre.

Acre is one of the twenty-six states that, together with the federal district, make up the Federative Republic of Brazil. Its official capital is Rio Branco. It is located in the northwestern region of the country, and it has as limits; Amazonas, to the north, Rondonia, to the east, the Plurinational State of Bolivia, to the southeast, and the Republic of Peru, to the west. With 869,265 inhab. in 2018 it is the third least populated state —ahead of Amapá and Roraima, the least populated— and with 4.84 inhabitants/km², the fourth least densely populated, ahead of Mato Grosso, Amazonas and Roraima, the least densely populated. The state, which has 0.42% of the Brazilian population, generates 0.2% of the Brazilian GDP.

Apart from the capital, its most populated cities are: Cruzeiro do Sul, Tarauacá, Sena Madureira and Brasiléia. A plain with an average height of 200 m dominates a large part of the Acre. Juruá, Tarauacá, Muru, Embirá and Xapuri are its most important rivers.

Prior to 2008, Acre was the only state in Brazil that was entirely in the fifth time zone west of Greenwich Mean Time (UTC −5). As of 2008, Acre began to have one hour less in relation to Brasília (UTC −4); however, in November 2010 it reverted to its previous time zone: UTC −5.

History

The name of this territory derives from the Acre River, also called the Aquiry River in aboriginal languages. Its first currently known inhabitants were the Kulina and Kaxnawará (or Kashinawa) aborigines, and there are still populations of the Kashinawa, Jaminawa and Shamenawa ethnic groups, all belonging to The Pano linguistic family also includes the Madiha (from the kulina group), Ayine or Yine (Manchineri) and the Asahaninka (Kampa or Campa), the first two from the Arawá family being the other two from the group arawak. After the treaties of Madrid (1750), San Ildefonso - Barter Treaty (1777) and Badajoz (1801) the entire territory of Acre, with an area of approximately 355,242 km², was confirmed within Spanish sovereignty, its limits being then set with the Portuguese (and later Brazilian) possessions in the parallel that runs from the sources of the Yavarí River to the east until it meets the bed of the Madera River, that is, the parallel that served as the northern limit of the Acre was 7° or 7° 7& #39; S., such a limit was maintained for Brazil until at least 1839; In 1778, when the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata was created by the Spanish monarchy, its limits were not clearly defined with respect to those of the Viceroyalty of Peru, so that when Peru became independent and then Bolivian, both states disputed the territory., at the conclusion of the existence of the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation in 1839, most of the territory was ratified within Bolivian sovereignty,^{[citation required]} but already Brazil taking advantage of political weakness Both Peru and Bolivia had incorporated a large part of Acre into the province (later Brazilian state) of Amazonas, such first annexation remained a fait accompli (or "Fait accompli") internationally admitted and thus later accepted by Bolivia, being President Mariano Melgarejo by infrascribing the so-called Treaty of Friendship better known as the Treaty of Ayacucho of November 23, 1867. From 1867 to 1903 Bolivia maintained as a subdivision Poorly defined political ties from Acre to territories called Espino (in the north), Cocama (in the center) and Manetenery or Manetery in the south and east.

Acre War

Thus, until the beginning of the 20th century, what is currently the Brazilian state of Acre belonged to Bolivia at that time. In 1877, the Northeast of Brazil suffered a great and terrible drought. This natural disaster caused many Brazilians to begin little by little to emigrate to the Bolivian territory of Acre. Over the years, Brazilian immigration to that part of Bolivia intensified much more.

By 1899, a large part of the population of Acre was made up of Brazilians and very few Bolivians. The Brazilians of that time dedicated themselves to exploring the seringais, that is, fields where the rubber tree abounded, other Brazilians also dedicated themselves to extracting gold and silver from the garimpos (local deposits). Despite the fact that the Acre territory appeared on the maps as Bolivian, in reality, said territory was practically Brazilian. The Bolivian state at that time had little or no presence in the Acre.

In 1899, the Bolivians with new territorial concessions to Brazil tried to secure control of the area by founding Puerto Alonso (currently Porto Acre) as the administrative capital, but the Brazilians rose up in a first revolt called "Acrean Revolution": the adventurer Luis Gálvez Rodríguez de Arias proclaimed himself "president of the Republic of Acre", an attempt that lasted until March 1900 in remote areas of the territory since the Bolivians regained control of the region. In 1902, an expedition from the Amazon under the command of the Brazilian soldier José Plácido de Castro and other seringueiros supported by Brazil appropriated the area of Xapuri and declared a "State on January 27 of that year. Independent of the Acre" to request its annexation to Brazil.

Treaty of Petropolis

On November 17, 1903, with the signing of the Treaty of Petrópolis, Brazil received definitive possession of the region in exchange for the payment of two million pounds sterling and the commitment to build the Madeira-Mamoré railway, plus the gift the Bolivian president of a pair of white horses. Acre was then integrated into Brazil as a federal territory, divided into three departments.

Acre Contemporary

During World War II, rubber plantations in Asia were occupied by the Japanese, and extraction activity in Acre had a short period of resumption.

In 1920 it was unified and on June 15, 1962 elevated to the category of State.

Geography

A high plateau with an average elevation of 200 meters dominates much of the state. The main rivers of Acre are the following: Juruá River, Purus River, Acre River, Tarauacá River, Muru River, Envira River and Xapuri River. The highest point in the state is at an altitude of 609 meters, in the Sierra del Divisor.

Most of the State is still made up of equatorial forest, protected mainly by the establishment of integral protection forests, indigenous reserves and extraction reserves.

The economic development model is based primarily on plant extraction, with emphasis on wood extraction through sustainable extraction, which, theoretically, guarantees the permanent economic use of the forest.

Demographics

State Population

History of the demographic evolution of Acre State (According to population censuses and 2020 projection)

Population by municipalities

Historical population of the municipalities of the State of Acre
Position 2019	Municipality	1991 census	2000 census	2010 census	Estimate 2019
1o	Rio Branco	183 280	253 059	336 038	407 319
2nd	Cruzeiro do Sul	47 812	67 441	78 507	88 376
3o	Sena Madureira	24 197	29 420	38 029	45 848
4o	Tarauaca	23 449	26 037	35 590	42 567
5o	Feijó	17 769	26 722	32 412	34 780
6th	Brasiléia	13 992	17 013	21 398	26 278
7th	Senator Guiomard	15 174	19 761	20 179	23 024
8th	Plácido de Castro	12 383	15 172	17 209	19 761
9th	Xapuri	10 654	11 956	16 091	19 323
10th	Mancio Lima	7 842	11 095	15 206	18 977
Eleventh	Rodrigues Alves	6 643	8 093	14 389	18 930
Twelfth	Marechal Thaumaturgo	8 076	8 295	14 227	18 867
Thirteenth	Porto Acre	9 152	11 418	14 880	18 504
Fourteenth	Epitaciolândia	7 429	11 028	15 100	18 411
Fifteenth	Acreland	5 467	7 935	12 538	15 256
Sixteenth	Porto Walter	6 447	5 485	9 176	11 982
Seventeenth	Capixaba	2 316	5 206	8 798	11 733
18th	Bujari	3 182	5 826	8 471	10 266
Nineteenth	Manoel Urbano	4 650	6 374	7 981	9 459
20th	Jordão	4 210	4 454	6 577	8 317
Twenty-first	Assis Brazil	2 917	3 490	6 072	7 417
Twenty-second	Santa Rosa do Purus	677	2 246	4 691	6 540
Total	State of Acre	417 718	557 526	733 559	881 935
Total	BrazilBrazil	146 825 475	169 799 170	190 755 799	210 147 125

Boundary Change

El Acre had a territorial extension of 152,581.4 km ², but on April 3, 2008, a unanimous decision of the Federal Supreme Court ended the eight-year dispute between Acre and Amazonas, altering the limits of the Cunha Gomes Line and incorporating territory into the state, approximately 1.2 million hectares (part of municipalities in the Amazon such as Guajará Ipixuna, Eurunepé, Lábrea and Boca do Acre), so today it has a territory of 164,221.36 km ² (16,422. 136 ha). Its surface is 445 kilometers from north to south and 809 km to the east-west between its extremes. It represents 4% of the Amazon region of Brazil and 1.9% of the national territory of Brazil.

Indigenous lands

In the state of Acre, it has been the delimited indigenous lands, such as those of Mamoadate, Katukina, Cabeceira do Rio Acre, Caeté River, Iaco River and Purus River, where the Yaminawa or Yora, Yawanawa and Waninawa indigenous peoples live or Katukina, who speak Pano languages; and the Machineri, Piro or Yine, who speak Arawak languages. In addition, several uncontacted indigenous populations, known generically as Masko, but that are different ethnic groups that inhabit the state, both outside and within some of these demarcations in areas very distant from each other, such as the headwaters and tributaries of the Envira, Humaitá, Riozinho and Xinane rivers.

Economy

The economy of the State is based on the extraction of rubber and Brazil nut, on cattle raising and agriculture (soybean, as well as in other states of northern Brazil, is outstanding). In relation to extractivism, the great impulse in the economic life and in the colonization of this state was given with the exploration of rubber at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the century XX.

There are few industries in the state, which is far from the main consumer markets.

Historical evolution

Size of the economy of the state of Acre and Average watering per inhabitant (PIB per Capita)
Year	GDP (in dollars)	GDPper Capita de Estado (in dollars)
1999	US$ 858 million	US$ 1 579
2000	US$ 930 million	US$ 1 615
2001	US$ 817 million	US$ 1 379
2002	US$ 773 million	US$ 1 269
2003	US$ 1 097 million	US$ 1 715
2004	US$ 1 293 million	US$ 2 137
2005	US$ 1 766 million	US$ 2 750
2006	US$ 2 143 million	US$ 3,237
2007	US$ 2 803 million	US$ 4 514
2008	US$ 3 495 million	US$ 5 397
2009	US$ 3 709 million	US$ 5 352
2010	US$ 4 741 million	US$ 6 471
2011	US$ 5 345 million	US$ 7 162
2012	US$ 5 188 million	US$ 6 837
2013	US$ 5 319 million	US$ 6 851
2014	US$ 5 720 million	US$ 7 240
2015	US$ 4 089 million	US$ 5 090
2016	US$ 3 934 million	US$ 4 827
2017	US$ 4 502 million	US$ 5 471
2018	US$ 4 093 million	US$ 4 940
2019
2020
Note 1: The figures are expressed in US dollars. Note 2: Due to the immensity of Brazil, the IBGE takes 2 years to publish official data (last publication, 2016). Note 3: The figures for 2017, 2018 and 2019 are only IBGE estimates (subjects in return).

Economy by municipalities

Municipalities of the State of Acre according to the size of its economy GDP (gross domestic product) in 2016
Position	Municipality	Gross Domestic Product (in dollars)	Gross Domestic Product (in real)
1.o	Rio Branco	US$ 2 328 million	R$ 8 123 million
2.	Cruzeiro do Sul	US$ 312 million	R$ 1 088 million
3.o	Sena Madureira	US$ 136 million	R$ 474 million
4.o	Tarauacá	US$ 122 million	R$ 428 million
5.o	Brasiléia	US$ 116 million	R$ 406 million
6.o	Senator Guiomard	US$ 99 million	R$ 345 million
7.	Feijó	US$ 97 million	R$ 341 million
8.	Epitaciolândia	US$ 80 million	R$ 279 million
9.	Plácido de Castro	US$ 75 million	R$ 263 million
10.	Acrelândia	US$ 65 million	R$ 227 million
11.	Porto Acre	US$ 63 million	R$ 223 million
12.	Xapuri	US$ 61 million	R$ 215 million
13.	Mâncio Lima	US$ 54 million	R$ 189 million
14.o	Rodrigues Alves	US$ 52 million	R$ 183 million
15.	Marechal Thaumaturgo	US$ 50 million	R$ 175 million
16.	Capixaba	US$ 49 million	R$ 174 million
17.	Bujari	US$ 45 million	R$ 158 million
18.	Manoel Urbano	US$ 35 million	R$ 124 million
19.	Porto Walter	US$ 31 million	R$ 108 million
20.	Assis Brazil	US$ 23 million	R$ 83 million
21.	Jordão	US$ 21 million	R$ 74 million
22.	Santa Rosa do Purus	US$ 17 million	R$ 61 million
Total	State of Acre	US$ 3 934 million	R$ 13 751 million
Source: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics IBGE. The exchange rate (average year) during 2016 was $3.48 per dollar.
Municipalities of the State of Acre by average wealth of inhabitants (gross domestic product per cup) in 2016.
Position	Municipality	GDP per Capita (in dollars)	GDP per Capita (in Reales)
1.o	Rio Branco	US$ 6 173	R$ 21 543
2.	Brasileia	US$ 4 807	R$ 16 728
3.o	Bujari	US$ 4 800	R$ 16 704
4.o	Epitaciolândia	US$ 4 707	R$ 16 382
5.o	Senator Guiomard	US$ 4 644	R$ 16 162
6.o	Acrelândia	US$ 4 632	R$ 16 119
7.	Capixaba	US$ 4 632	R$ 16 085
8.	Plácido de Castro	US$ 4 136	R$ 14 392
9.	Manoel Urbano	US$ 4 075	R$ 14 182
10.	Cruzeiro do Sul	US$ 3 811	R$ 13 262
11.	Porto Acre	US$ 3 749	R$ 13 045
12.	Assis Brazil	US$ 3 487	R$ 12 134
13.	Xapuri	US$ 3 462	R$ 12 047
14.o	Sena Madureira	US$ 3 211	R$ 11 176
15.	Tarauacá	US$ 3 124	R$ 10 873
16.	Mancio Lima	$310	R$ 10 796
17.	Feijó	US$ 3,030	R$ 10 544
18.	Rodrigues Alves	US$ 3 020	R$ 10 508
19.	Santa Rosa do Purus	US$ 2 917	R$ 10 150
20.	Marechal Thaumaturgo	US$ 2 898	R$ 10 084
21.	Porto Walter	US$ 2 831	R$ 9 853
22.	Jordão	US$ 2 784	R$ 9 688
Average	State of Acre	US$ 4 827	R$ 16 837
Average	BrazilBrazil	US$ 8 727	R$ 30 411 Real
Source: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The exchange rate (average year) during 2016 was $3.48 per dollar.
Note 1: The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) not only measure GDP of all Brazilian States, but also measures the GDP of each of the municipalities of the country, to have a more accurate figure of economy, development and economic growth.
Note 2: GDP is expressed in nominal and current prices.

Acre's economy at the national level

States of Brazil according to the size of their economy GDP (gross domestic product) in 2016			Brazilian States by average wealth of inhabitants (gross domestic product per cup) in 2016
Position	State of	Gross Domestic Product	Position	State of	GDP per Capita
1.o	São Paulo	US$ 583 077 million	1.o	Federal District	US$ 22,677
2.	Rio de Janeiro	US$ 183 158 million	2.	São Paulo	US$ 13,056
3.o	Minas Gerais	US$ 155 821 million	3.o	Rio de Janeiro	US$ 11,032
4.o	Rio Grande do Sul	US$ 116 914 million	4.o	Mato Grosso	$10,740
5.o	Paraná	US$ 114 916 million	5.o	Santa Catarina	$10,648
6.o	Bahia	US$ 78 127 million	6.o	Rio Grande do Sul	$10,379
7.	Santa Catarina	US$ 73 431 million	7.	Paraná	US$ 10,242
8.	Federal District	US$ 67 376 million	8.	Mato Grosso do Sul	US$ 9,818
9.	Goiás	US$ 51 982 million	Average	BrazilBrazil	US$ 8 727
10.	Pernambuco	US$ 47 861 million	9.	Holy Spirit	US$ 7,880
11.	Ceará	US$ 39 590 million	10.	Goiás	US$ 7,779
12.	Stop.	US$ 39 501 million	11.	Minas Gerais	US$ 7,436
13.	Mato Grosso	US$ 35 429 million	12.	Amazon	US$ 6,377
14.o	Holy Spirit	US$ 31 250 million	13.	Rondonia	US$ 6,327
15.	Mato Grosso do Sul	US$ 26 286 million	14.o	Roraima	US$ 6,138
16.	Amazon	US$ 25 468 million	15.	Tocantins	US$ 5,905
17.	Maranhão	US$ 24 400 million	16.	Amapa	US$ 5,255
18.	Rio Grande do Norte	US$ 17 069 million	17.	Pernambuco	US$ 5,096
19.	Paraíba	US$ 16 905 million	18.	Rio Grande do Norte	US$ 4,922
20.	Alagoas	US$ 14 149 million	19.	Sergipe	US$ 4,918
21.	Piauí	US$ 11 846 million	20.	Bahia	US$ 4,854
22.	Rondonia	US$ 11 287 million	21.	Acre	US$ 4,827
23.	Sergipe	US$ 11 120 million	22.	Stop.	US$ 4,784
24.	Tocantins	US$ 9 033 million	23.	Ceará	US$ 4,426
25.	Amapa	US$ 4 102 million	24.	Paraíba	US$ 4,235
26.o	Acre	US$ 3 934 million	25.	Alagoas	US$ 4,221
27.	Roraima	US$ 3 150 million	26.o	Piauí	US$ 3,695
Total	BrazilBrazil	US$ 1 793 312 million	27.	Maranhão	US$ 3,515
Source: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics IBGE (2019)

Vexillology

A curious thing about the flag of the Brazilian state of Acre is that it preserves the colors of the Bolivian flag. Although there are those who maintain that it has the colors of the Brazilian flag to which the red star was added for the blood of those who fought to make El Acre independent of Bolivia.

Municipalities of the State of Acre

The State of Acre is made up of 22 municipalities. For statistical purposes, it is organized into two mesoregions and five microregions, as shown in the table below.

Mesorregion	Microregion	N.o	Municipality	Map
Acre Valley	Brasiléia	2	Assis Brazil (Acre)
		3	Brasiléia
		7	Epitaciolândia
		22	Xapuri
	Rio Branco	1	Acrelândia
		4	Bujari
		5	Capixaba
		13	Plácido de Castro
		14	Porto Acre
		16	Rio Branco
		20	Senator Guiomard
	Sena Madureira	11	Manoel Urbano
		18	Santa Rosa do Purus
		19	Sena Madureira
Jurua Valley	Cruzeiro do Sul	6	Cruzeiro do Sul
		10	Mâncio Lima
		12	Marechal Thaumaturgo
		15	Porto Walter
		17	Rodrigues Alves
	Tarauacá	8	Jordão
		9	Feijó
		21	Tarauacá