1923

1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year beginning on a Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January

• 1 January: a group of ladies founded the Brotherhood of Ntra. Sra. del Consuelo, Patrona de Alcolea del Río
• January 1-7: In Florida, six black and two white people are killed during the Rosewood Massacre, a racial conflict. Black majority residents would leave the village.
• January 2: England and France do not agree at the Paris Reparations Conference.
• 4 January: in the Soviet Union, in a post scriptum to his will, Lenin recommends the dismissal of Leon Trotski.
• January 11: After the failure of the negotiations, France began the Ruhr Occupation in Germany.
• 15 January: After several revolts in the territory, Lithuania occupies the Territory of Memel, given the inefficient recommendations of the League of Nations.
• January 17: In Spain, the first successful flight of Autogiro Cierva C.4 is given.
• January 27: Spanish entrepreneur Horacio Echevarrieta, on behalf of Spain, agreed with Abd el-Krim to rescue prisoners captives from the Annual Disaster
• 30 January: under the Treaty of Lausanne, Greece and Turkey sign the Agreement for the Exchange of Population.

February

• 1 February:
  • They return to Spain, after 18 months of negotiations, the Spanish prisoners held by Abd-el-Krim.
  • From the Vatican City, Pope Pius XI recommends public prayers to avoid a new war.
  • In Germany, inflation does not seem to stop: a dollar is changed by 47 500 frameworks.
• February 3: Great Britain recognizes that the United States is owed $4.6 billion.
• 4 February: On the Kamchatka peninsula there is a strong earthquake of 8.4 that triggers a tsunami with waves of up to 8 meters that reach Hawaii.
• 5 February:
  • In Italy, the Mussolini Government ordered the arrest of hundreds of socialist militants.
  • In the Sarre (Germany) there is a general strike caused by wage cuts.
• 10 February:
  • In Sofia (Bulgaria) a fire completely destroys the National Theatre.
• 13 February: The Universidad Libre (Colombia) was founded in Colombia in Bogotá, Colombia.
  • In Egypt the tomb of Tutankhamon is discovered.
• February 23: The German parliament approves a decree-law against speculators.
• February 28: Albert Einstein, as part of his visit to Spain, arrives in Barcelona, invited by the scientist Esteban Terradas i Illa.

March

• 1 March: the Franco-Belgian authorities threaten the death penalty to those who know the means of transport in the Ruhr region.
• 2nd of March: in Madrid, at the Teatro Eslava, the playwright and journalist Luis Antón de Olmet is killed by his professional partner Alfonso Vidal and Planas.
• March 3: In the United States, Henry Luce and Britton Hadden founded Time magazine.
• 10 March:
  • In Colombia, the financial mission chaired by the American Edwin Walter Kemmerer arrives.
  • In Villarreal (Spain) is founded the Villarreal Sports Club, predecessor of the Villarreal Club of Football.
  • In Barcelona the anarchist leader Salvador Segui is shot dead.
• 13-31 March: In Moscow, the trial of Jan Cieplak and 17 other Catholic priests in the Soviet Union took place. Several will be sentenced to death.
• 22 March: in Mexico, the Government dictates very rigorous measures to prevent opium smuggling.
• 23 March: in Seville, the cantatata The altarpiece of Maese Pedro, by the Spanish composer Manuel de Falla.
• March 24: In the Chinese province of Sichuan there is an earthquake of 7.3 that leaves a balance of 4,800 dead.

April

• April 4th: Warner Bros. officially incorporated Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc.
• April 10: Adolf Hitler gives the speech "We will defeat the enemies of Germany."
• 14 April: another strong earthquake of 8.2 shakes the Kamchatka peninsula generating a much stronger tsunami that leaves a balance of 36 victims.
• April 28: Wembley Stadium opens its doors to the public for the first time. The final match of the 1923 Football Association Challenge Cup would be played between the Bolton Wanderers Club and the West Ham United Club.
• April 29: The General Elections of Spain of 1923 are held.

May

• 10 May: in Lausanne, Switzerland, the representative of the Vátslav Voróvsky Soviet Union was murdered.
• May 20: In Valencia, Spain, the Camp de Mestalla is inaugurated.
• May 22: Andrew Bonar Law, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, resigns because of cancer, from which he will die a few months later. The new prime minister will be Stanley Baldwin.
• May 24: The Irish Civil War is over.
• 27 May: in Paris (France) the Trocadéro - Saint-Augustin stations are opened on line 9 of the Paris metro.

June

• June 1st: In the city of Istanbul (Turkey), followers of the Turkish Orthodox Church strike and attempt to kidnap the Patriarch Melecio IV Metaxakis.
• June 3: Opening of the section of Saint-Augustin - Chaussée d'Antin on line 9 of the metro of Paris.
• 4 June: in Zaragoza the cardinal and archbishop of Zaragoza Juan Soldevilla is killed by the anarchist band of Los Solidarios.
• June 5: in Tafersit (Morocco), Rafael Valenzuela, head of the Spanish Legion, died in combat. His replacement becomes Francisco Franco.
• June 9: The coup d'etat in Bulgaria of 1923 takes place, several opposition groups led by Alejandro Tsankov depose the government of Alejandro Stamboliski, who was killed shortly afterwards.
• June 17: In Villarreal the stadium El Madrigal is inaugurated.
• June 20-21: In El Salvador there are serious floods.
• June 30: Juan Crisóstomo Gómez, vice president of Venezuela and brother of the president, is murdered in Caracas.

July

• July 8: The Communist Party of Spain celebrates its second congress, where Oscar Pérez Solís is elected as secretary general.
• July 20: in Mexico the popular leader Pancho Villa is murdered.
• July 23: In Bogotá, Colombia, the Bank of the Republic was founded.
• July 24: Switzerland signed the Treaty of Lausanne between the Allies and Greece and Turkey as part of the partition of the Ottoman Empire.

August

• August 2: President Warren G. Harding dies in the United States due to a heart attack. It's also Republican Calvin Coolidge.
• 5 August: in Spain, the Cultural and Deportiva Leonesa is founded.
• 9-13 August: There are serious disturbances in Germany that cause the resignation of Foreign Minister Wilhelm Cuno. He will be replaced by the leader of the German Popular Party Gustav Stresemann.
• 21 August: foundation of the Necaxa Club.
• August 23: In Spain the Real Club Celta de Vigo was founded.
• August 26: in Melilla the Spanish battleship Spain is pregnant in the rocks. After useless attempts to cool it, it will be torn apart.
• August 27: On the border between Albania and Greece several Italian military personnel are killed, Italy demands responsibility to Greece.
• 31 August:
  • The territory of Rwanda-Burundi becomes a Belgian "protected".
  • The Italians occupy the Greek island of Corfu.

September

• September 1: The devastating Kantō earthquake hits much of Japan, killing 142,807 people.
• September 2: The Anarchist group Los Solidarios attracts the Spanish bank in Gijón. The booty is half a million pesetas. It will be the most important attraction in the history of Spain.
• September 8: In California, seven U.S. warships stormed the rocks because of the fog, is considered the worst naval disaster in the U.S.. America in times of peace.
• 13 September: State coup in Spain, starring General Primo de Rivera, which suspends the Constitution, dissolves the Parliament establishes the first dictatorship in Spain of the twentieth century.
• September 20: Failed coup in Bulgaria. The Communists try to get power, but they are defeated.
• 29 September:
  • Opening of the Porte de Saint-Cloud section - Exelmans on line 9 of the Paris Metro.
  • The French Mandate of Syria officially began.
  • The British Mandate of Palestine officially began.

October

• 2 October: Efthimios Karahisarides, founder of the Turkish Orthodox Church in Sitia, holds the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Istanbul, located in the Fener district, appoints his own synod and proclaims himself the General Representative of all the Orthodox Communities (Bütün Ortodoks Cemaatleri Vekil-i Umumisi).
• October 16: Walt Disney and his brother Roy, with the animator Ub Iwerks, founded Disney Bros.
• 21 October: In Aquisgran, German city occupied by troops of occupation Belgas, separatists from Renanos proclaim the Republic of Renana.
• 22 October: In Athens, monarchical and conservative groups give a failed coup d'etat shortly before the elections. This would cause the fall of the monarchy shortly afterwards.
• October 23: In Hamburg, the Communists begin the failed Hamburg Uprising.
• October 27: In Iran, Reza Jan accesses the position of Prime Minister of Monarch Ahmad Shah Qayar.
• 29 October:
  • In Turkey, the republic is declared and Mustafa Kemal is elected the first president of the Turkish Republic by parliament.
  • Start by Seventh Vez the American Cup in Uruguay.

November

• 8 November: In Germany, an attempted coup d ' état began in Munich, carried out by members of the National Socialist Workers Party (NSDAP).
• 9 November: In Germany, the attempted coup d'etat in Munich fails, for which they were prosecuted and sentenced to prison, Adolf Hitler and Rudolf Hess, among other Nazi leaders.
• 16 November:
  • First flight on Antarctica
  • Transjordania and Palestine are separated.
  • Interpol is created.
  • France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr.
• November 23: in Germany, crisis of government. Chancellor Gustav Stresemann resigns by failing to overcome the SPD and DNVP censorship motions. The new Chancellor will be the politician of Zentrum Wilhelm Marx.
• November 24: In Paris, he appears dead in a taxi Philip Daudet, son of the ultra-nationalist politician Léon Daudet. The affair caused a big scandal all over France. The official cause was suicide, although his father always defended that he had been killed by anarchists.

December

• December 1st: In the Bergamasco Alps (Italy) there is a break from the Gleno dam, rooting several villages and causing 356 dead.
• 2 December: In Montevideo (Uruguay) the Americas Cup ends and Uruguay wins its third Cup.
• December 6: Turkey: the Ecumenical Synod chooses the Metropolitan of Kadiköy (Chalcedon), Gregory, as the new Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (Stambul) with the name of Gregory VII.
• 6 December: General elections are held in the United Kingdom. The Conservative Party wins the elections, but it loses the absolute majority.
• December 8: In Mexico General Guadalupe Sánchez attacks and conquers the city of Xalapa, giving start to the Rebellion delahuertista.
• December 18: In Paris, Spanish, French and English representatives signed the Tangier Protocol, turning the city of Tangier into an international zone.
• 19 December: After the elections of the parliament of Greece, it is decided that King George II will temporarily leave the country, establishing a temporary regimen until the final decision on the form of state.
• December 25: Alfred Douglas is sentenced to 6 months in prison for serious accusations against Winston Churchill, accusing him of intelligence with the Germans during the war, accusations that proved false.
• December 27: In Tokyo, a student tries to kill the Crown Prince Hirohito, who manages to leave unharmed.
• 30 December:
  • Opening of the section of line 10 of the metro of Paris: Invalides - Croix-Rouge.
  • The stations of Sèvres - Croix-Rouge of the A line of North-South (the 12th metro line of Paris) take their current name: Sèvres-Babylone.

Births

January

• January 2: Israel Cavazos, Mexican historian (f. 2016).
• 4 January: Tito Rodríguez, singer, orchestra director and Puerto Rican musician (f. 1973).
• January 5: Norberto Méndez, Tucho, Argentine soccer player (f. 1998).
• January 5: Sam Phillips, American musician (f. 2003).
• January 6: Jacobo Timerman, an Argentine journalist (f. 1999).
• January 6: Santiago Grisolía, Spanish biochemical (f.2022)
• January 7: Hector Mayagoitia Domínguez, a Mexican bacteriologist and politician.
• January 19: Jean Stapleton, American actress (f. 2013).
• January 21: Lola Flores, singer, dancer and Spanish actress (f. 1995).
• January 21: Alirio Ugarte Pelayo, politician, journalist, diplomat and Venezuelan lawyer (f. 1966).
• January 24: Javier Azagra Labiano, Spanish bishop (f. 2014).
• January 28: Fausto Papetti, Italian musician and orchestrator (f. 1999).
• January 31: Guillermo Ganoza Vargas, Peruvian lawyer and businessman, founder, creator and promoter of the Marinera National Competition in Trujillo, Peru. (f. 1988)

February

• February 4: Belisario Betancur, politician, lawyer and Colombian journalist, president between 1982 and 1986 (f. 2018).
• February 10: Cesare Siepi, under Italian (f. 2010).
• February 10: Franco Evangelisti: Italian politician (f. 1993).
• February 12: Franco Zeffirelli, Italian filmmaker.(f. 2019).
• 13 February: Pedro Gómez Valderrama, a Colombian writer and diplomat (f. 1992).
• 17 February: John Marco Allegro, British Philologist (f. 1988).
• February 18: Allan Melvin, an American actor (f. 2008).
• February 18: María Teresa Rodríguez, Mexican pianist (f. 2013).

March

• March 1st: Antonio Lancuentra, Spanish teacher (f. 1975).
• March 4: Patrick Moore, astronomer and British writer (f. 2012).
• March 5: Oscar Casco, Argentine actor (f. 1993).
• March 11: Herbert Richers, a Brazilian film producer and entrepreneur (f. 2009).
• 22 March: Marcel Marceau, French actor and mime (f. 2007).
• March 25: Pedro Coronel, Mexican painter (f. 1985).

April

• April 12: Dolores Castro, poetess, narrator, essayist and Mexican literary criticism. (f. 2022).
• April 17: Gianni Raimondi, Italian tenor (f. 2008).
• April 19: Carlos Lara Bejarano, radiotelegrafista ecuatoriano (f. 2006).
• April 20: Tito Puente, Puerto Rican musician (f. 2000).
• April 23: Manuel Mejía Vallejo, a Colombian writer (f. 1998).
• April 25: Albert King, American blues guitarist (f. 1992).
• April 27: Guillermo Evans, an Argentine Olympic athlete (f. 1981).

May

Henry Kissinger

• May 8: Cheikha Remitti, Algerian singer (f. 2006).
• May 9: Carlos Bousoño, Spanish poet and literary critic (f. 2015).
• May 10: Henry Fok Ying-tung, Chinese entrepreneur (f. 2006).
• May 22: Julio Garrett Ayllón, Bolivian politician (f. 2018).
• May 27: Henry Kissinger, American politician.
• May 28: György Ligeti, Hungarian composer (f. 2006).
• May 29: Eugene Wright, U.S. counter- bassist (f. 2020).
• May 31: Rainier III, King Monegasque (f. 2005).

June

• June 26: Juan Ramón Cabrera (f. 1973).
• June 29: Chou Wen-chung, Chinese-American composer (f. 2019).

July

• 1 July: Herman Chernoff, American statistical mathematician.
• 5 July: Olimpo Cárdenas, Ecuadorian singer (f. 1991).
• July 7: Eduardo Falú, guitarist, singer and Argentine composer (f. 2013).
• July 8: Manuel Alvar, Spanish philologist (f. 2001).
• July 12: Miguel Artola Gallego, Spanish historian (f. 2020).
• July 12: Jonás Gómez Gallo, a Chilean businessman and politician (f. 2019).
• July 15: Anilda Leão, poetess, writer, feminist activist, Brazilian actress and singer (f. 2012).
• July 17: Enrique Angelelli, Argentine bishop (f. 1976).
• July 18: Héctor Tosar, Uruguayan composer and pianist (f. 2002).
• July 20: Gonzalo de la Puente y Lavalle, lawyer, banker and Peruvian businessman.(f.2019).
• 25 July: Dori Parra de Orellana, Venezuelan politics (f. 2007).
• July 23: Cyril M. Kornbluth, American writer (f. 1958).
• July 31: Ahmet Ertegün, American musical producer (f. 2006).

August

• August 8: Antonio Quarracino, Argentine Catholic Cardinal (f. 1998).
• August 9: Mário Cesariny de Vasconcelos, poet and Portuguese painter (f. 2006).
• August 25: Samara de Córdova, Guatemalan actress (f. 2015).
• August 26: Wolfgang Sawallisch, director of German orchestra and pianist (f. 2013).
• August 29: Lord Richard Attenborough, British actor (f. 2014).

September

• 2 September: Paul Edwards, Austrian-American philosopher (f. 2004).
• September 8: Joy Laville, Mexican nationalised English painter and sculptor (f. 2018).
• September 10: Paulo de Carvalho Neto, anthropologist and Brazilian folklorist (f. 2003).
• September 10: Guillermo Gaviria Echeverri, a Colombian businessman, engineer, journalist and politician (f.2014).
• September 17: Hank Williams, American country singer and guitarist (f. 1953).
• September 18: Xavier Vals, a Spanish painter (f. 2006).
• September 22: Dannie Abse, a British physician and poet (f. 2014).
• September 25: Don Adams, American actor and humorist (f. 2005).

October

• October 2: Eugenio Cruz Vargas, Chilean poet and painter (f. 2014).
• October 5: Ricardo Lavié, Argentine actor (f. 2010).
• October 6: Yaşar Kemal, Turkish writer (f. 2015).
• 7 October: Irma Grese, prisoner supervisor at the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camps. (f.1945).

• 14 October: Nicholas Fisk, British writer (f. 2016).
• October 15: Italo Calvino, Italian writer (f. 1985).
• mid-October: Jorge Morello, Argentine ecologist (f. 2013).
• October 20: Cameron Macauley, American photographer (f. 2007).
• October 26: Joan Oró, Spanish biochemical (f. 2004).
• October 27: Roy Lichtenstein, American painter (f. 1997).
• October 29: Luis Bras, artist, graphic designer and Argentine filmmaker, pioneer of animation (f. 1995).
• October 29: Carl Djerassi, Austrian chemist and novelist (f. 2015).

November

Hachikō

• November 1: Victoria de los Angeles, soprano española (f. 2005).
• November 10: Hachikō, Japanese dog (f. 1935).
• 12 November: Rubén Bonifaz Nuño, Mexican poet and classicist (f. 2013).
• 12 November: Alirio Díaz, Venezuelan musician (f. 2016).
• November 19: María Isabel Chorobik de Mariani, human rights activist in Argentina (f. 2018).
• November 22: Arthur Hiller, Canadian filmmaker (f. 2016).
• November 23: Sathya Sai Baba, Indian guru (f. 2011).

December

• 2 December: Maria Callas, American soprano of Greek origin (f. 1977).
• December 8: Olga Gallego Domínguez, historian, academic and Spanish writer (f. 2010).
• December 10: Jorge Semprún, Spanish writer (f. 2011).
• December 11: Betsy Blair, American actress (f. 2009).
• 13 December: Pascual Enguídanos, a Spanish writer (f. 2006).
• December 13: Philip Warren Anderson, American physicist (f. 2020).
• 13 December: Alfonso Osorio, Spanish politician (f. 2018).
• December 14: Raquel Tibol, critique and scholar of Mexican art (f. 2015).
• December 20: María Rosa Gallo, Argentine actress (f. 2004).

Unknown date

• Francisco Pablo Quiroga Soria, known as Don Pelele (Francisco Quiroga), humorist and Argentine actor (f. 1991).
• Haydée Luján Martínez (Haydée Luján Martínez), a supporters of the River Plate football club (f. 1996).

Deaths

January

• January 3: Jaroslav Hašek, Czech novelist (n. 1883).

February

• 7 February: Julio Flórez, Colombian poet (n. 1867).
• February 10: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, German physicist, nobel physics award in 1901 (n. 1845).

March

• March 8: Johannes Diderik van der Waals, a Dutch physicist, a nobel physics award in 1910 (n. 1837).
• March 19: Vicente Climent, Spanish painter.

April

• April 4: John Venn, British mathematician (n. 1834).
• April 5: Lord Carnarvon, a British aristocrat, funded from the excavation of the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankamon (n. 1866).
• April 13: Marceliano Vélez, a Colombian military and politician (n. 1832).
• April 24: Rosario Bourdon, director of orchestra and Canadian chelist (n. 1885).

May

• May 5: Rosario de Acuña, a Spanish writer (n. 1850).

July

• July 7: Abilio Manuel Guerra Junqueiro, Portuguese poet (n. 1850).
• 15 July: Wilhelm Jerusalem, a philosopher and Austrian pedagogue (n. 1854).
• July 20: Pancho Villa, a Mexican revolutionary (n. 1878).

September

• 11 September: Marcelino Gilibert, French military, founder of the Colombian National Police (n. 1839).
• September 10: Baldomero Lillo, Chilean Cuentist (n. 1867).
• September 21: Fidel Pagés, a Spanish military doctor (n. 1886).

October

• 10 October: Andres Avelino Caceres, military colonel and 34th president of Peru (n. 1833)

November

• 19 November: Jacinto Octavio Picón, writer, painter, art critic and Spanish journalist (n. 1852).
• 27 November: Duilio Marzio, Argentine actor (f. 2013).

December

• December 21: Juan R. Escudero, a revolutionary Mexican worker leader (n. 1890).
• December 23: Nicolás Esguerra, a Colombian politician (n. 1838).
• December 27: Lluís Domènech i Montaner, Spanish architect (n. 1850).

Art and literature

• Jorge Luis Borges publishes his first book: Fervor de Buenos Aires.
• César Vallejo publishes Type scales and Wild Faucet.
• Rainer Maria Rilke publishes Elegías de Duino and The Sonnets to Orpheus.
• In Anekal (India), the sanscritologist Pandit Subbaraya Shastry (1866-1941), ends up composeing through mediumship the Vaimanika-shastra (written about the Vimana flying ships); then he will claim that it is an “extremely ancient text composed of the wise Bharadwash”.
• Edgar Rice Burroughs: Tarzan and the golden lion.
• Agatha Christie: Murder at the golf course.
• Yibran Jalil Yibrán: The prophet.

Sports

• January 10: The foundation of the Elche Club of Football.
• March 10: Founding the Villarreal Club of Football.
• January 15: Foundation of the Viveiro Club of Football.
• February 9: foundation of the Salamanca Sports Union.
• March 28: foundation of Real Club Celta de Vigo.
• April 2: Foundation of the Federation of Castile and Leon of Football.
• 19 May: construction of the field of the Valencia Club of Football (Mestalla).
• May 26: 24 Hours of Le Mans for the first time.
• August 5: the foundation of the Cultural and Deportiva Leonesa.
• September 17: the foundation of Luis Ángel Firpo, the Salvadoran football club of Usulután.
• October 28: Opening of the Sitges-Terramar San Pedro de Ribas (Barcelona).
• The Chatham Cup, New Zealand's oldest football championship, is founded.
• The Calahorra Sports Club is founded.

Cinema

• George Fitzmaurice: Eternal City.

Music

• George W. Thomas records "The Rocks", one of the precursor themes of boogie-woogie, with the pseudonym of Clay Custer.

Nobel laureates

• Physics: Robert Andrews Millikan.
• Chemistry: Fritz Pregl.
• Medicine: Frederick Grant Banting, John James Richard Macleod.
• Literature: William Butler Yeats.
• Peace: destined to the special fund of this section of the prize.